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Cylinder Rings

Contents

Introduction Sealing and Guidance of Pistons Manufacturing of Rings at HRP Piston Rings Basic Understanding Standard Piston Ring Types Rider Rings Basic Understanding Standard Rider Ring Types Ring Mounting Instructions

Basic Understanding
Sealing and Guidance of Pistons

Piston Rings
Seal the compression chamber between the piston and the liner

Rider Rings
Support the weight of the piston and half of the rod weight, but should not seal gas pressure.

Other designs:
Labyrinth Piston Grooved piston with or without PTFE coating

Basic Understanding
Manufacturing of Rings at HRP
for differential pressures Cylinder for piston diameters Rings made of metals and non metallics 0.1 to 400 bar 20 to 1400 mm cast iron, bronze filled PTFE, PEEK, PPS, Carbon

Piston Rings
for Compressors

Basic Understanding

Ring Types

Basic Understanding
Contents

Design Criteria Gliding Area for Rings Ring Styles Number of Rings

Basic Understanding
Design Criteria
Liner Piston Ring cut

Design pressure Forces on the ring

maximum differential pressure on the piston differential pressure, friction, dynamic forces (acceleration), piston movement, forces exerted by the expander

Single acting rings Double acting rings

Seal only in one direction Seal in both directions

Basic Understanding
Gliding Area for Piston Rings
Uninterupted Cylinder Length
bearing surface

Over-run:
The piston ring stack should never leave the cylinder liner.

ring stack lenght

UCL
Uninterupted Cylinder Length

over-run < 3 mm or < 25 % of ring width

UCL = piston ring stack length + piston stroke - 2 x over-run

Basic Understanding
Ring Styles
Cut
straight cut angle cut overlapped cut or step cut

Ring Profiles
without expander with expander twin ring pressure balanced

Basic Understanding
Increasing Sealing Ability
Cut Rings with expander Cut rings, pegged together.

Rings for low pressure applications,large diameters


Sealing is improved by springing the ring to the liner.

Twin Piston Ring single acting:


The smaller ring blocks the gap in the L-shaped ring in one direction

Double Twin Piston Ring:


Double twin piston rings seal in both directions.

Basic Understanding
Pressure Compensation
Piston ring designs for high pressure application: without pressure balancing with pressure balancing
unbalanced force unbalanced force

force profile

torsion

force profile

torsion

Piston rings without pressure balancing will wear quick at high differential pressures due to high contact pressure between the piston ring and the liner. Grooves and radial holes of pressure balanced rings allow a controlled leakage to the outer ring diameter; thereby reducing the unbalanced force and torsion moment promoting reduced wear.

Basic Understanding
Number of Rings According to Experience
Differential Pressure bar gauge psig Recommended Number of PTFE-Rings per Piston

0 10 15 25 30 50 100 200 320

- 10 - 15 - 25 - 30 - 50 - 100 - 200 - 320 - 400

0 150 225 375 450 750 1500 3000 4725

- 150 - 225 - 375 - 450 - 750 - 1500 - 3000 - 4725 - 6000

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Differential pressure for


single acting compressors : Outlet pressure minus atmospheric pressure double acting compressors: Outlet pressure minus inlet pressure

Standard Piston Ring Types


Important Ring Types

Ring - Type 0800 Ring - Type 0801 Ring - Type 0804 Ring - Type 0808 Ring - Type 0811 Pressure Balanced Ring - Type 0803 Pressure Balanced Ring - Type 0805 Twin Ring - Type 0820 T-Section Double Twin Ring - Type 0816

Standard Piston Ring Types


Ring Type 0800
Description:
Simplest ring with rectangular section and straight cut (gap).

Ring will not spin, therefore preferred on soft aluminium piston

straight cut

Application:
Standard piston ring.

Standard Piston Ring Types


Ring Type 0801
Description:
Ring with rectangular section and angle cut.

Greater sealing efficiency


created by longer leakage path for gas due to angle cut.

Ring gap will not form witness


lines on the cylinder liner.

angle cut

Application:
Standard piston ring for non brittle materials.

Standard Piston Ring Types


Ring Type 0804
Description:
Ring with rectangular section and angle cut, 2 piece design.

angle cut

Application:
For smaller ring diameters and less flexible materials, to mount without warming up.

Standard Piston Ring Types


Ring Type 0808
Description:
Ring with rectangular section and step cut, greater sealing efficiency created by smaller gaps, more expensive.

step cut, (overlapped gap)

Application:
Piston ring for greater sealing efficiency. Not for brittle materials!

Standard Piston Ring Types


Ring Type 0811
Description:
Ring with rectangular section and step cut, 3 piece design, greater sealing efficiency created by smaller gaps, more expensive.
step cut (overlapped gap)

Application:
For smaller ring diameters and less flexible materials, (especially metallic rings, e.g. Bronze).

Standard Piston Ring Types


Pressure Balanced Ring Type 0803
Description:
Pressure balanced ring with rectangular section and angle cut. Less pressure load but approx. the same cross sectional area.

angle cut

Application:
For high differential pressure per ring. Longer life than plain rings.

Standard Piston Ring Types


Pressure Balanced Ring Type 0805
Description:
Pressure balanced ring with rectangular section and angle cut, 2-piece design. Less pressure load but approx. the same cross sectional area.

angle cut

Application:
For high differential pressure per ring, longer life than plain rings. For non-flexible materials.

Standard Piston Ring Types


Twin Piston Ring Type 0820
Description:
Twin ring consisting of an L-ring and a rectangular ring both straight cut and pegged together so that the gap of the rectangular ring is covered by the L-ring.
rectangular ring L-ring

gap

Application:
The Twin Piston Ring is single acting and only seals against the small rectangular ring. For light gases.
L-ring rectangular ring

gap

Standard Piston Ring Types


T-Section Double Twin Ring Type 0816
Description:
Double Twin Ring consisting of a T-ring type 0816 and 2 rectangular rings all straight cut and pegged together so that the gaps of the rectangular rings are covered by the T-ring.

rectangular rings T-ring type 0816

Application:
Double Twin Rings seal in both directions.
T-ring Rectangular rings

Rider Rings
for Compressors

Basic Understanding

Ring Types

Basic Understanding
Contents

Task - Calculation Factors which influence wear Axial Clearance

Basic Understanding
Task - Calculation
Task:
to prevent the piston from contacting the cylinder liner. the rider ring should not seal the gas.

Design Criteria:
bearing load piston and liner material hardness of the liner surface quality of the liner lube or non lube gas type

Specific load values:


lube non lube 0,07 MPa 0,035 MPa

OD

width of rider ring

Calculation of load:
=

weight of the piston* + half the rod weight* OD of rider ring x width of all rider rings

* for V- and W-form compressors only the component of weight vertical to the liner

Basic Understanding
Factors which Influence Wear

piston rider ring liner

specific bearing load ring projection piston velocity liner surface quality liner cooling gas type gas condition bedding in procedure

Basic Understanding
Axial Clearance
axial clearance

Correct design of axial clearance is important for good operation

axial clearance is too great

The ring moves backwards and forwards in the piston groove hitting both groove side faces causing the ring and the groove side faces to be damaged.

axial clearance is too small

Ring is deformed so that it bellows within the groove.

Rider Rings
Important Ring Types

Ring - Type 0841 Ring - Type 0849 Ring - Type 0854 Ring - Type 0873 Combination Ring -Type 0881

Rider Rings
Ring Type 0841

Description:
Solid Ring - without any gap or grooves

Function:
Guides the piston in the liner.

Application:
Rings mounted at the ends of the piston running over the valve port or over guidance.

Rider Rings
Ring Type 0849

Description:
Straight cut ring with side grooves

Function :
Guide the piston in the liner. The grooves allow gas to pass across the ring, preventing the ring from becoming pressurised.

Application:
Ring design where radial thickness is limited and small side grooves are sufficient to avoid pressure loading of the ring.

Rider Rings
Ring Type 0854

Description:
Ring with angle cut, side and face grooves.

Function:
Ring guides the piston in the liner. The grooves allow gas to pass across the ring, preventing the ring from becoming pressurized. The grooves are arranged in alternate directions to prevent the ring from turning in service. This will limit the velocity of the ring in relation to the cylinder liner. Application: Standard ring design

cut

Rider Rings
Ring Type 0873

Description:
2 piece design, straight cuts, side and face pressure relief grooves.

Function:
Guide the piston in the liner. The grooves prevent the ring from being pressure loaded.

Application:
For smaller diameters and brittle materials.

Combined Piston and Rider Ring


Combination Ring Type 0881
filler rings are piston rings

T shaped ring

Description:
Rings with straight cut: T-shaped rider ring and two piston rings.

Function:
Rider ring guides the piston in the liner, piston rings seal.

Application:
For additional sealing. For retrofits, when the width of the rider ring has to be reduced, e.g. change from non lube to lube. For retrofit from cast iron to non metallic rings.

Mounting Instructions
for Piston and Rider Rings

Nomenclature of Dimensions Mounting of Piston Rings Mounting of Solid Rider Rings

cylinder DIA

Liner

axial ring width

outer DIA of piston piston ring groove DIA inner DIA of piston ring piston ring radial width

width of piston ring groove

. clearance

axial

width of rider ring groove

rider ring grooveDIA inner DIA of rider ring

axial rider ring width

running clearance

Piston
Trained for Competence

rider ring radial width

axial clearance

All rights reserved - Jonathan White HRPU, Bradford and G. KINDL Training Center HOERBIGER Compression Technology Sep. 2001

6.6.1

Piston Rings
Mounting Instructions
piston ring

sleeve

Use thin sleeves for preventing rings jumping into grooves. For small cylinder diameters and/or brittle materials heat rings up to 150C.

Rider Rings
Mounting Instructions for Solid Rider Rings
Pusher ring, with straight cut Fitting cone Solid rider ring Slipover diameter Rider ring groove Piston diameter

Special information :
Heat rider ring up to 150C Cone angle 12 Rings should be pushed down the cone by the pusher ring in a smooth continuous action. If possible, a press should be used.

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