PAPER 2 Two hours and thirty minutes

Section A ( 60 marks)
Instruction : Answer all questions in this section. The time suggested to answer Section A is 90
minutes

1
Substance Melting point/ °C Boiling point/ °C Physical condition
Benzene -55 16 P
Iodine 20 20 Q
Naphthalene 79 115 Solid
Sodium chloride 130 800 Solid
Table 1
Table 1 shows four types of substance at room temperature.
(a) State the condition of
i. P :
ii. Q: (2m)
(b) Name the particles in
i. Benzene :
ii. Sodium chloride : (2m)
(c) Explain why the boiling point to sodium chloride is high. (2m)
(d)i. Write down the chemical formula for iodine at room temperature and pressure. (1m)
ii. What is the bond formed between the particles of iodine. (1m)
iii. Give one example that can vapourise when heated. (1m)
(e) Explain why the temperature becomes even for a short time when the naphthalene
melts although the heating process continues. (1m)
 Answers:
(a)i. gas
ii. gas/solid
(b)i. molecule
ii. ions
(c) Strong electrostatic forces of attraction exist between sodium ion and chlorine ion. A
lot of energy are needed to break the attraction force.
(d)i. I 2
ii. Van der Waals bond
iii. dry carbon dioxide
(e) The heat energy used to break the bonds between the molecules of naphthalene.

2
Solution P Q R S
pH value 1 4 10 14
Table 2
Four types of solution with the same concentration are poured into four different test tubes.
The solutions are tested with universal indicator. The results are recorded in Table 2.
(a) Which of the following solutions is
i. strong acid? (1m)
ii. weak alkali? (1m)
(b)Why the pH values of solutions P and Q are different although their concentrations
are the same? (2m)
(c) If solution R is ammonia, write the equation for the ionization of ammonia in water.
(1m)
3 -3
(d) 20 cm of 0.5 mol dm reacts with 50 cm of sodium hydroxide completely.
3

i. Name the type of reaction that takes place. (1m)

ii. Write down the equation of the reaction. (1m)
−3
iii. Calculate the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution in mol dm . (2m)
 Answers:
(a)i. P
ii. R
(b) P ionises completely in water and produces a high concentration of H + ion.
Q ionises partially in water and produces a low concentration of H + ion.
(c) NH 3 (g) + H 2 O(l) +
NH 4 (aq) + OH - (aq)
(d)i. neutralisation
ii. HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(s) + H 2 O(l)
20 × 0.5
iii. concentration of NaOH = = 0.2 mol dm -3
50

3. When 250 cm 3 of 2 mol dm −3 calcium chloride solution is poured into a beaker containing
250 cm 3 of 2 mol dm −3 sodium carbonate solution, a white precipitate formed and the
temperature of the solution decreases by 3 °C .
[Heat capacity of solution: 4.2 J g -1 °C -1 ]
(a) Name the white precipitate formed. (1m)
(b) Write the equation for the reaction that takes place. (1m)
(c) Calculate the heat change for this experiment. (1m)
(d) Calculate the heat of precipitation. (2m)
(e) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction that takes place. (2m)
(f) 25 cm 3 of 2 mol dm −3 calcium chloride solution is mixed with 25 cm 3 of 2 mol dm −3
sodium carbonate solution. Will the change in the volume affects the drop in
temperature? Explain your answer. (2m)

Answers:
(a) Calcium carbonate
(b) CaCl 2 (aq) + Na 2 CO 3 (aq) → CaCO 3 (s) + 2NaCl(aq)
(c) ∆H = mcθ = 500 × 4.2 × 3
= 6300 J
2−
(d) Number of moles of Ca 2+ ion used = number of moles of CO 3 ion used
250 × 2
= = 0.5 mole
1000
 Ca 2+ (aq) + CO 3 (aq) → CaCO 3 (s)
2-

1 mole 1 mole 1 mole

2−
0.5 mole of Ca 2+ ion react with 0.5 mole CO 3 ion to produce 0.5 mole of
CaCO 3 precipitate, where 0.5 mole of CaCO 3 absorbs 6300 J heat energy.
∴ Heat of precipitation of one mole of CaCO 3 precipitate
1 × 6300
=
0.5 × 1000
= 12.5 kJ mol −1
(e)
CaCO 3 (s) + 2NaCl(aq)

Energy

∆H = +12.6 kJ
CaCl 2 (aq) + Na 2 CO 3 (aq)

(f) No, because the volume of solution changes but the concentration does not change.

4
Dropper
Bromine water

Test tube

Iron(II) chloride solution

Figure 1
Bromine water is added drop by drop into iron(II) chloride solution as shown in Figure 1.
The test tube is shaken until there is no more changes.
(a) State the chemical change that occurs to
i. iron(II) chloride solution (1m)
ii. bromine water (1m)
(b) Name the chemical process that takes place to iron(II) ion. (1m)
(c) What is the change in oxidation number of bromine in this reaction? (1m)
(d) In the above reaction, name the substance that acts as
i. oxidising agent. (1m)
ii. reducing agent. (1m)
(e) Write the ionic equation for the overall reaction. (1m)
(f)i. Give one substance that can change iron(III) ion to iron(II) ion in the laboratory. (1m)
ii. How can you confirm the presence of iron(II) ion? (1m)
Answers:
(a)i. The colour change from light green to yellow
ii. The colour change from brown to colourless
(b) Oxidation
(c) 0 to -1
(d)i. Bromine
ii. Fe 2+ ion
(e) 2Fe 2+ (aq) + Br2 (aq) → 2Fe 3+ (aq) + 2Br - (aq)
 (f)i. Zinc powder
ii. Add potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution and blue precipitate formed.

5 Figure 2 shows the flow chart for the reactions of substances W, X, Y and Z.
Liquid W Excess concentrated H 2SO 4

burnt
Gas X bromine water
sodium
blue flame colour bleached

The gas released burns with a

‘pop’ sound

Liquid X

pH paper +W
Water heated
3.5 value
Colourless solution Steam Y with a nice smell
Figure 2
(a) Introduce W, X, Y and Z by writing the names of each of them.
W: Y:
X : Z: (2m)
(b) Write the equation that represents combustion of W. (1m)
(c) Write the equation that represents the formation of Y from W and X. (1m)
(d) What is type of reaction between Z and bromine? Write a chemical equation to
represent this process. (2m)
(e) What is the name of the process of the formation of Z from W? Write a chemical
equation to represent this process. (2m)
 Answers:
(a)W : Ethanol
X :Ethanoic acid
Y :Ethyl ethanoic
Z : Ethene
(b) C 2 H 5 OH + 3O 2 → 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O
(c) CH 3 COOH + C 2 H 5 OH CH 3 COOC 2 H 5 + H 2 O
(d) The addition reaction, C 2 H 4 + Br2 → C 2 H 4 Br2
(e) Dehydration C 2 H 5 OH → C 2 H 5 + H 2 O

6 Four homologous series of organic compound can be represented by the following general
formulae:
Series A C n H 2n Series C C n H 2n +1COOH
Series B C n H 2n + 2 Series D C n H 2n +1OH
(a) Name an important natural source for the compounds in Series B. (1m)
(b) Using chemical equation, show a way where…
i. A compound chosen from Series A can be changed into a compound in Series B. (1m)
ii. A compound chosen from Series D can be changed into a compound in Series A.(1m)
(c) Write the balanced chemical equations to show how a compound chosen from Series
C can react with:
i. magnesium tape (1m)
ii. sodium carbonate (1m)
iii. sodium hydroxide (1m)
iv. a compound chosen from Series D (1m)
 Answers:
(a) Petroleum
(b)i. C 2 H 4 + H 2  → C 2 H 6
Ni(Catalyst)

ii. C 2 H 5 OH     4 → C 2 H 5 + H 2 O
Concentrated H SO
2

Excess
(c)i. 2CH 3 COOH + Mg → (CH 3 COO) 2 Mg + H 2
ii. 2CH 3 COOH + Na 2 CO 3 → 2CH 3 COONa + H 2 O + CO 2
iii. CH 3 COOH + NaOH → CH 3 COONa + H 2 O
iv. CH 3 COOH + C 2 H 5 OH CH 3 COOC 2 H 5 + H 2 O

7 (a) Glass and ceramic are two important substances in trading. Name the main raw
material to make
i. glass. (1m)
ii. ceramic. (1m)
(b) What extra chemicals are added to glass to obtain
i. borosilicate glass? (1m)
 ii. lead glass? (1m)
(c) State two uses of borosilicate glass. (2m)
(d) Give one main difference between ceramic and glass. (1m)
(e) State one advantage of glass compared to ceramic. (1m)

Answers:
(a)i. sand
ii. clay
(b)i. Boron oxide
ii. Lead(II) oxide
(c)1. Make plates and bowls
2. Make flask and test tube
(d) The glass is transparent, whereas ceramic is opaque
(e) Glass can be melted to other shapes but ceramic cannot.

Section B ( 20 marks)
Instruction : Answer any one question in this section. The time suggested for Section B is 30
minutes.

1
The rusting of steel is an example of chemical corrosion that creates a lot of problem
in the metal industries today.
(a) Explain the meaning of metal corrosion. (2m)
(b) Explain in detail how the corrosion of steel occurs. Your explanation must include
i. a suitable diagram (2m)
ii. the condition for the formation of rust (2m)
iii. the rusting process (8m)
(c)
Experiment I II
Condition

Steel nail
Steel nail Metal T wire
Metal R wire Sodium nitrate
Sodium nitrate solution+ a little
solution+ potassium potassium
hexacyanoferrate hexacyanoferrate
solution solution

Observation after No dark blue colour. Dark blue colour formed.

two days Steel nail does not rust. Steel nail rusts.
Table 1
A student carried out two experiments to investigate the effect of metals R and T
towards rusting. The observations obtained are shown in Table 1.
Compare both experiments and explain the observations. (6m)
Answers:
(a) A process of changing metal atoms into their positive ions by losing of electrons in
the presence of air(oxygen), electrolyte and water, and metals that are less
electropositive than the metal that corrode. (2m)
(b)i. Water droplet

Cathode
iron
O 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(l) + 4e - → 4OH -
Anode
Fe(s) → Fe 2 + (aq) + 2e
(2m)
ii. Steel rusts in the presence of water and air. (2m)
iii.- The air layer at the edge of the water droplet is thinner than the center causing the
concentration of dissolved oxygen higher at the edge. (1m)
- The edge of the water droplet acts as cathode and the center of the water droplet
acts as anode.
- At anode : Fe(s) → Fe 2 + (aq) + 2e - (1m)
2+
Iron metal corrodes to form Fe ion through oxidation by losing electron. (1m)
- The electron released at anode flows to cathode. (1m)
- The water and oxygen molecule receive electron and produce OH − ion by
reduction. (1m)
- At cathode: O 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(l) + 4e → 4OH (aq)
- -
(1m)
− 2+
- OH ion combines with Fe ion to form iron(II) hydroxide which is a green
solid. (1m)
- Then iron(II) hydroxide is oxidised by oxygen in the air to hydrated iron(III) oxide
( Fe 2 O 3 .2H 2 O ) or rust.
Fe(OH) 2 (s) Oxidised
 → Fe 2 O 3 .2H 2 O(s) (1m)
rust
(c) In experiment I, metal R is more electropositive than steel.
- This causes metal R corrode through oxidation by losing electron to become metal
R ion. (1m)
- Therefore, the steel nail will be protected from corroding. (1m)
- Hence iron(II) ion will not be produced and steel will not rust. (1m)
- In experiment II, steel is more electropositive than metal T. (1m)
- This causes steel nail corrode through oxidation by releasing electron to become
iron(II) ion. (1m)
- Iron(II) ion react with potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) to produce dark blue
precipitate and changed to rust by the air. (1m)
- Metal T is protected from corrosion. (1m)
Maximum: 6 marks
2
Salt is an ionic compound prepared from acid. (a) Based on the
statement above, state four methods of preparing soluble salt from
acid. Each method must be accompanied with suitable examples. (8m)
(b) A student wants to determine the pH value of two types of acidic solution with the
same concentration. Table 2 shows two results obtained.
Type of acid

Hydrochloric acid Ethanoic acid

Concentration 0.1 mol dm −3 0.1 mol dm −3
pH 2 6
Table 2
i. What is represented by the pH value? (2m)
ii. Compare the type of acid, explain why there is a difference in pH value for every
solution. (6m)
−3
(c) 5.0 g of zinc powder is left to react with 50 cm of 0.2 mol dm sulphuric acid.
3

Calculate the maximum volume of hydrogen gas produced?

[Relative atomic mass: Zn,65; Molar volume of gas: 24 dm 3 mol -1 at room
condition] (4m)
Answers:
(a) The method of preparation of soluble salt by acid :
- Reaction between acid and alkali. (1m)
Example: The reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide produces
sodium chloride solution.
- HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(l) (1m)
- Reaction between acid and metal oxide. (1m)
Example: The reaction between copper(II) oxide and sulphuric acid to produce
copper sulphate solution.
- CuO(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) → CuSO 4 (aq) + H 2 O(l) (1m)
- Reaction between acid and reactive metal. (1m)
Example: The reaction between zinc and sulphuric acid produces zinc sulphate
solution.
- Zn(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) → ZnSO 4 (aq) + H 2 (g) (1m)
- Reaction between acid and metal carbonate. (1m)
Example: The reaction between nitric acid and copper carbonate produces
copper(II) nitrate salt.
- 2HNO 3 (aq) + CuCO 3 (aq) → Cu(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) (1m)
(b)i.- The pH value represents the acidity strength for any acidic solution that is closely
+
related to the concentration of H + ion or hydroxonium ion, H 3 O which exist in
solution. (1m)
+
- The concentration of H ion depends on the degree of ionisation of acid when
dissolves in water. (1m)
ii.- Dilute hydrochloric acid is a strong acid which has a complete ionisation in water
when dissolves in water. (1m)
- This is because the HCl molecule will dissociate completely to form H and Cl −
+

ions.
HCl(aq) → H + (aq) + Cl - (aq) (1m)
- Therefore, the concentration of H + ion in HCl solution is higher and the pH value
is low. (1m)
+
- Ethanoic acid is a weak acid that ionises partially to produce H ions and its
anions. (1m)
- This causes the pH value for weak acid is high. (1m)
- Strong acid has a lower pH value than weak acid because it has a higher
concentration of H + ion than the concentration of H + ion in weak acid of the same
concentration. (1m)
(c)- Zn(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) → ZnSO 4 (aq) + H 2 (g) (1m)
- Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 reacted
MV 50 × 0.2
= = = 0.01 mole (1m)
1000 1000
- From the equation, 1 mole of sulphuric acid reacted will release hydrogen gas of
0.01 x 24 dm 3 =0.24 dm 3 (1m)
Section C ( 20 marks)
Instruction : Answer any one question in this section. The time suggested for Section C is 30
minutes

3 (a) Salt plays an important role in our daily lives. Give two uses of salt in our daily
lives. (2m)
(b) Figure 1 shows an incomplete flow chart for the anion and cation tests of salt X.

Salt X

Cation test Anion test

Cu 2+ NO 3
−

Figure 1
Use suitable reagents to confirm salt X in copper(II) nitrate solution. State your
observations. (8m)
(c) Your are required to prepare dry copper(II) sulphate salt. The substance provided are
• Copper(II) sulphate
• Suitable acid solution
Explain one laboratory experiment on how you prepare the salt. In your explanation,
include the equations involved. (10m)

Answers:
(a)1. Fertiliser (1m)
2. Flavouring (1m)
(b) Experiment to confirm the presence of cation and anion in salt solution M:
 1 g of solid copper(II) nitrate is dissolved with 5 cm 3 of water to produce aqueous
solution. (1m)
2+
i. Confirmation test of cation, Cu
- 2 cm 3 of aqueous copper(II) sulphate solution is poured into a test tube. (1m)
- Sodium hydroxide solution is added drop by drop and shaken until precipitate
formed. (1m)
- Observation: Aqueous copper(II) ion solution produces blue copper(II) hydroxide
precipitate which is insoluble in excess sodium hydroxide. (1m)
2+ +
Cu (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Cu(OH) 2 (s) + 2Na (aq) (1m)
−
ii. Confirmation test of anion, NO 3
- 2 cm 3 of aqueous copper(II) sulphate solution is poured into a test tube. (1m)
- 2 cm 3 of dilute sulphuric acid is added, followed by 2 cm 3 of iron(II) sulphate
solution and shaken. (1m)
- Concentrated sulphuric acid is dropped slowly on the wall of the tilted test tube
without shaking the test tube. (1m)
- Observation: A brown ring formed between concentrated sulphuric acid and
solution. (1m)
- The reaction between nitrate ion and concentrated sulphuric acid is reduced by
iron(II) sulphate to nitrogen monoxide. Then, nitrogen monoxide will combine with
iron(II) sulphate to produce brown FeSO 4 .NO compound (brown ring). (1m)
Maximum: 8 marks
(c) The experiment to prepare copper(II) sulphate crystals through the following
equation:
CuO(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) → CuSO 4 (aq) + H 2 O(l) (1m)
Glass rod Copper(II) oxide powder

Beaker

Wire gauze

Tripod stand Dilute sulphuric acid

solution

Retort
stand Heat
Glass rod Evaporating dish (1m)
Copper(II)
mixture sulphate
solution
Filter paper
Filter funnel
Residue, excess
copper(II) oxide
powder Heat
(1m) (1m)
Filtrate, copper(II)
sulphate
 Method:
- 50 cm 3 of dilute hydrochloric acid solution is measured and poured into a beaker.
The solution is heated. Copper(II) oxide powder is added until saturated. (1m)
- The mixture is stirred a glass rod so that the reaction takes place perfectly. Heating
is done to fasten the reaction. (1m)
- The mixture is filtered to eliminate the excess copper(II) oxide powder. (1m)
- The filtrate is copper(II) sulphate solution which is soluble salt. (1m)
- The filtrate is transferred to an evaporating dish. Heating is continued until the
solution left is 1/3 of the initial volume of the solution. (1m)
- The concentrated solution is left to cool at room temperature. (1m)
- The copper(II) sulphate crystals is filtered, rinsed with distilled water, and dried
between two filter papers. (1m)
Maximum: 10 marks

4 (a) Define heat of neutralisation. (1m)

(b) The following figure shows two energy profile levels for endothermic and
exothermic reactions.

Energy Energy

Figure 2(a) Figure 2(b)

Compare both energy levels in Figure 2, then explain how both of them is related to the
breaking and the formation of bonds. (9m)
(c) Explain one experiment to determine the heat of neutralisation between nitric acid
and potassium hydroxide. In your answer, include
• Labelled diagram
• Precaution steps while carrying out the experiment
• An energy level diagram for the neutralisation reaction
• Explain why the heat of neutralisation obtained from this experiment is less than
the real heat of neutralisation. (10m)
Answers:
(a) Heat of neutralisation is the heat released when one mole of H + ion from the acid
neutralises one mole of OH − ion from the alkali to form one mole of water. (1m)
(b)- Figure 2(a) is an exothermic reaction that releases heat. (1m)
- Heat is released during the formation of bond. (1m)
- The total energy released depends on the strength of bond (1m)
- In an exothermic reaction, the total energy released for the formation of bond is
higher than the total energy absorbed for the breaking of bond. (1m)
- Hence heat is released to the surrounding. (1m)
- Figure 2(b) is an endothermic reaction that absorbs heat. (1m)
- Heat is absorbed during the breaking of bond (1m)
-In an endothermic reaction, the total energy absorbed for the breaking of bond is
higher than total energy released for the formation of bond. (1m)
- Hence heat is absorbed from the surrounding. (1m)
(c)
1 mol dm −3 nitric acid Thermometer

1 mol dm −3 potassium hydroxide solution

Plastic cup

(2m)
3 −3
- 10 cm of 1 mol dm KOH is poured into a plastic cup and the initial temperature
of KOH and HNO 3 are recorded. (1m)
- 10 cm 3 of 1 mol dm −3 HNO 3 is measured and poured into KOH and the mixture is
stirred with thermometer. (1m)
- Record the highest temperature reached by the solution. (1m)
- Calculation step:
If T1 = initial temperature of KOH, T2 = initial temperature of HNO 3
Average initial temperature = T1 + T2
= T3 (1m)
T4 = highest temperature reached by the mixture
Temperature change, θ = T4 – T3
=T
Mass of solution = 10 + 10 = 20 g (1m)
- Assume the density of solution = 1 g cm −3
Heat capacity of solution = 4.2 J g -1 °C -1
Using the heat change formula, ∆H = mcθ
where m = mass of solution
c = heat capacity of solution
θ = change in temperature (1m)
- Precaution steps during the experiment:
• Use plastic cup so that less heat is absorbed
(1m)
• Mixture of solutions is stirred frequently and left for a while until the highest
temperature recorded.
(1m)
• When taking the initial reading of KOH and HNO 3 , stir the solution with
thermometer so that an even temperature is obtained.
(1m)
- Energy level diagram for the reaction (1m)

HNO 3 (aq) + KOH(aq)

Energy ∆H = negative

H 2 O(l) + KNO3 (aq)

- The value obtained from the experiment is less than the standard value because heat
is absorbed by the apparatus used and also released into the air. (1m)
Maximum:10 marks