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FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF NURSING

NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPHY

HEALTH TEACHING ON DIFFERENT DIETS

SUBMITTED BY: ROSAS, FREDERICK T. BSN603

SUBMITTED TO: PROF. MARISA N. RUBIO RN RMT MAN MD

Regular diet The regular diet composed of all types of foods, is well balanced and capable of maintaining a state of good nutrition. It is intended for convalescing patients who do not require a therapeutic diet. Fruits and vegetables: Half of your plate should contain fruits and vegetables.

Fruits: Choose fresh, canned, or dried fruit instead of fruit juice as often as possible.
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1 cup of fruit juice 1 cup of sliced, diced, cooked, or canned fruit 1 large peach, orange, or banana cup of dried fruit

Vegetables: Eat more dark green, red, and orange vegetables. Dark green vegetables include broccoli, spinach, romaine lettuce, and collard greens. Examples of orange and red vegetables are carrots, sweet potatoes, winter squash, oranges, and red peppers.
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1 cup of cooked or raw vegetables 1 cup of vegetable juice 2 cups of raw leafy greens

Grains: Half of the grains you eat each day should be whole grains.

Whole grains:
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cup of cooked brown rice or cooked oatmeal 1 cup (1 ounce) of whole-grain dry cereal 1 slice of 100% whole-wheat or rye bread 3 cups of popped popcorn

Other grains:
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cup of cooked white rice or pasta of an English muffin

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1 small flour or corn tortilla 1 mini bagel

Dairy Foods: Choose fat-free or low-fat dairy foods.


1 ounces of hard cheese (mozzarella, Swiss, cheddar) 1 cup (8 ounces) of low-fat or fat-free milk or yogurt 1 cup of low-fat frozen yogurt or pudding

Meat and other protein sources:

Choose lean meats and poultry. Bake, broil, and grill meat instead of frying it. Include a variety of seafood in place of some meat and poultry each week. Eat a variety of protein foods. ounce of nuts (12 almonds, 24 pistachios, 7 walnut halves) or 1 tablespoon of peanut butter (1 ounce) cup of soy tofu or tempeh (1 ounce) 1 egg cup of cooked dried beans, peas, or lentils (1 ounce) 1 small chicken breast or 1 small trout (about 3 ounces) 1 salmon steak (4 to 6 ounces) 1 small lean hamburger (2 to 3 ounces)

Fats:

Limit saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol. These unhealthy fats are found in shortening, butter, stick margarine, and animal fat. Choose healthy fats such as polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats: 1 tablespoon of canola, olive, corn, sunflower, or soybean oil 1 tablespoon of soft margarine 1 teaspoon of mayonnaise 2 tablespoons of salad dressing of an avocado What foods should I limit? Try to limit the following types of foods in each group whenever possible. They are high in total fat, unhealthy fats, sugar, and calories.

Breads and starches:

Cookies, donuts, croissants, store-bought muffins, or other high-fat breads

Fruits and vegetables:


Fruit in pastries, ice cream, or rich desserts Fried vegetables such as French fries Vegetables made with cream sauces or topped with cheese

Dairy foods:

Cream and regular hard cheeses Regular and premium ice cream Whole milk, half and half, and regular eggnog

Meat and other protein sources:


Meats, seafood, or poultry that are fried or that are served with high-fat gravies and sauces High-fat meats such as sausages, bacon, lunch meats, and organ meats

Fats:

Butter, stick margarine, lard, and shortening Visible fat on any meat, fish, or poultry

What other guidelines should I follow?

Choose and prepare foods and drinks with less salt and added sugars. Use the nutrition information on food labels to help you make healthy choices. The percent daily value listed on the food label tells you whether a food is low or high in certain nutrients. A percent daily value of 5% or less means that the food is low in a nutrient. A percent daily value of 20% or more means that the food is high in a nutrient. Get 2 hours and 30 minutes or more of physical activity each week, such as brisk walking. Get 1 hour and 15 minutes of physical activity each week if the activity requires a higher level of effort, such as running. Spread physical activity throughout the week. Talk to your caregiver about the best exercise plan for you. Limit the amount of alcohol you drink. Alcohol can damage your brain, heart, and liver. It can increase your risk of a stroke and high blood pressure. Women should limit alcohol to 1 drink a day. Men should limit alcohol to 2 drinks a day. A drink of alcohol is 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1 ounces of liquor.

High fiber diet It helps lower blood cholesterol levels and regulates blood sugar. And eating fiber-rich food fills you up, not outa real plus for your weight loss efforts. Fiber is found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts and seed. The diet provides 20 to 25 gm of dietary fiber daily. Start your day with a high-fiber breakfast cereal one with 5 or more grams of fiber a serving. Look for cereals with "whole grain," "bran" or "fiber" in the name. Or add a few tablespoons of unprocessed wheat bran to your favorite cereal. Then add some fruit, such as berries. In fact, it's a good strategy to have fruit with every meal. An easy way to bump up the fiber in your diet is to include more beans and legumes. At 15 grams of fiber, this tasty black bean burger is a smart alternative to a beef burger. Add a whole-grain bun (2 grams fiber) and a piece of fruit, such as an orange, for another 3 grams. Another easy fiber-boosting option is adding beans to salads and soups. As you plan dinner, keep in mind that fruits and vegetables should be about half your meal. The other half should be split between lean protein and whole grains. Salads are an easy way to accomplish this. This grilled flank steak salad with roasted corn vinaigrette has 10 grams of fiber. But if eating raw veggies isn't your thing, try adding cooked ones to sauces, soups and stews. For example, toss sauteed vegetables into your whole-wheat spaghetti. Have some fruit for dessert to boost the fiber count. Make your snacks count. Berries are a great source of fiber. Of course, other fresh fruits and vegetables are high-fiber snack options, and so are nuts and low-fat popcorn.

Vegetarian diet Diet is designed to utilize a combination of vegetable protein providing a similar quantity and quality of protein as animal protein.

Semi-vegetarian -Fruits, grains, legumes, nuts and seeds, vegetables, milk and milk products, eggs, chicken and fish are included in the diet. All other animal meats are excluded Lacto vegetarian -in this diet milk and milk products are allowed in addition to food items of plant origin. Pesco-vegetarian -in this diet, fish and fish products are added to the list of items of plant origin, all animals meat are excluded. Lacto ovo- vegetarian- eggs, milk and their products are both allowed in addition to food from plants.

Ensure that the client eats a sufficient amount of varied foods to meet normal nutrient and energy needs. Protein intake can be increased by consumption of a variety of vegetable protein sources based on whole grains, legumes, seeds, nuts and vegetables combined to provide all of the essential amino acids. Adequate energy intakes are important to ensure that dietary protein is used for protein synthesis.

Fiber restricted diet The diet supplies foods that are least likely to form an obstruction when the intestinal tract is narrowed by inflammation or scarring or when GI motility is slowed. It is used for inflammatory bowel disease, partial obstructions of the intestinal tract, enteritis, diarrhea or other GI disorders. Foods high in carbohydrate are usually low in residue and include white bread, cereals and pasta. Foods to be avoided are raw fruits (except bananas), vegetables, seeds, plant fiber and whole grains. Dairy products are limited to two servings a day. The following foods are generally allowed on a low-fiber diet:

Enriched white bread or rolls without seeds White rice, plain white pasta, noodles and macaroni Crackers Refined cereals such as Cream of Wheat Pancakes or waffles made from white refined flour Most canned or cooked fruits without skins, seeds or membranes Fruit and vegetable juice with little or no pulp, fruit-flavored drinks and flavored waters Canned or well-cooked vegetables without seeds, hulls or skins, such as carrots, potatoes and tomatoes Tender meat, poultry and fish Eggs

You should avoid the following foods:


Whole-wheat or whole-grain breads, cereals and pasta Brown or wild rice and other whole grains such as oats, kasha, barley, quinoa Dried fruits and prune juice Raw fruit, including those with seeds, skin or membranes, such as berries Raw or undercooked vegetables, including corn Dried beans, peas and lentils Seeds and nuts, and foods containing them Coconut Popcorn

Clear liquid diet The clear liquid diet is often prescribed for a short period after surgery to give your GI tract a rest. It consists of foods that are relatively transparent to light and are clear and liquid at room and body temperature. Foods include items such as water, bouillon, clear broth, carbonated beverages, gelatin, Hard candy, lemonade, popsicles, and regular or decaffeinated coffee or tea. Limit the amount of caffeine consumed by the client because it can cause stomach upset and sleeplessness. Client mat have salt or sugar. Dairy products are not allowed.

Some foods that are allowed: Hot tea Strained fruit juice Plain gelatin Fat free broth

Full liquid diet The full liquid diet is prescribed after surgery as a transition from clear liquids to a regular diet. The diet includes clear and opaque liquid foods and those that liquify at body temperature.

Beverages

Coffee, tea, cream, carbonated beverages Fruit and vegetable juices Milk Milkshakes Nutritional supplements (e.g. Boost, Ensure, etc.) Desserts

Custard-style yogurt, pudding, custard Plain ice cream, sherbet, sorbet Gelatin Whipped topping

Soups

Cream soups, strained Breads and Cereals Cream of wheat, cream of rice Farina Coco Wheats Pureed soups (may include pureed meats, pureed bland vegetable and pureed white potatoes) Miscellaneous

Tomato puree Salt, mild flavored seasonings Chocolate flavoring Gravy, margarine Sugar, syrup, jelly, honey

Soft diet A soft diet generally eliminates foods that are difficult to chew or swallow, and also spicy, fried, or gassy foods. Foods permitted on a soft diet may be naturally soft, or if not, they may be mashed, chopped, or cooked to achieve a soft consistency. Foods that are generally eliminated include: Tough meats Raw fruits and vegetables Chewy or crispy breads Nuts and seeds

Mechanical soft diet Foods allowed on the mechanical soft diet include milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, ice cream, cheese, tender meats, tuna salad, meatloaf, meatballs, eggs and egg salad, smooth peanut butter, casseroles, juices, bananas, melons, applesauce, berries, soft cooked or pureed vegetables, tomato soup and juice, soft breads, hot cereal, noodles, rice, pancakes and waffles. Advise client to choose soft rolls, bread, and biscuits instead of crusty breads and crisp rolls. Buy or prepare foods without seeds, dried fruits, or nuts. Teach client to chopped, flaked, or pureed large pieces of food. Fruits and vegetables may be soft cooked or pureed. Vegetables may also be softened in soups and sauces.

Liberal bland diet The diet consists of any variety of regular foods and beverages, which are prepared or consumed without black pepper, chili powder, or chili pepper. Chocolate, coffee, tea, caffeinecontaining products, and decaffeinated coffee are not included in the diet. The diet should be as liberal as possible and individualized to meet the needs of the patient. Foods, which cause the patient discomfort, should be avoided. Small, frequent feedings may be prescribed to lower the acidity of the gastric content and for the physical comfort of the patient.

Soft bland diet The soft bland diet consists of foods that are easily digestible, mildly seasoned and tender .The bland or soft diet is designed to decrease peristalsis and avoid irritation of the gastro intestinal tract. It is prescribed for patients unable to tolerate a regular diet
FOODS RECOMMENDED FOODS TO AVOID

MILK & DAIRY 2-3 servings each day

MILK & DAIRY

All milk and milk products Plain mild cheeses Cottage cheese
VEGETABLES 3-5 servings each day

None

VEGETABLES

Mild flavored vegetable juices Cooked, frozen or canned vegetables as tolerated (asparagus tips, beets, carrots, green or waxed beans, mushrooms, pumpkin, green peas, white or sweet potato, spinach, summer or winter squashes) Lettuce in small amounts Salads made from allowed foods
FRUIT 2-4 servings each day

Raw vegetables, dried peas and beans, corn Gas forming vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, onions, cauliflower, cucumber, green pepper, corn, rutabagas, turnips and sauerkraut

FRUIT

All fruit juice Cooked or canned fruit without skins, seeds, or tough fibers

All other fresh and dried fruit Berries and figs

Avocado and banana Grapefruit and orange sections without membrane


BREADS & GRAINS 6-11 servings each day BREADS & GRAINS

White, refined wheat, seedless rye breads. Plain white rolls, white melba toast, matzo, English muffin, bagel, pita bread, tortilla Saltine, graham, soda or plain crackers Cooked, refined cereals such as cream of wheat, oatmeal, farina, cream of rice. Dry corn and rice cereals such as puffed rice or corn flakes Potatoes Enriched rice, barley, noodles, spaghetti, macaroni, and other pastas Couscous
MEAT & MEAT SUBSTITUTES 2-3 servings each day

Whole grain and very coarse cereals such as bran Seeds in or on breads, and crackers Bread or bread products with nuts or dried fruit Potato chips, fried potatoes, wild rice

MEAT & MEAT SUBSTITUTES

All lean, tender meats, poultry, fish and shellfish Eggs, crisp bacon Smooth nut butters Soybean curd (Tofu) and other meat substitutes Soups Mildly seasoned meat stock, broth bouillon, or cream soups made with allowed foods
FATS & SNACKS (use sparingly)

Highly seasoned, cured or smoked meats, poultry or fish such as corned beef, luncheon meats, frankfurter and other sausages, sardine anchovies, strong flavored cheeses and chunky peanut butter

FATS & SNACKS

Highly seasoned salad dressings with

Butter or fortified margarine Mild salad dressings such as mayonnaise, French or vinegar and oil All fats and oils Sugar, syrup, honey, jelly seedless jam, hard candies plain chocolate candies molasses, marshmallows Cakes, cookies, pies puddings, custard, ice cream sherbet, and Jell-O made with allowed foods
MISCELLANEOUS

seeds or pickle relish All sweets and desserts containing nuts, coconut or fruit not allowed Fried pastries such as doughnuts

MISCELLANEOUS

All beverages as tolerated Herb teas, fruit drinks

Caffeine-containing beverages (coffee, tea, colas, orange soda, Dr. Pepper) Alcoholic beverages

Iodized salt, flavorings Seedless jams, taffy, sugar, honey, jelly Marshmallows, molasses Mildly flavored gravies and sauces Pepper, herbs, spices, ketchup, mustard and vinegar in moderation Strongly flavored seasonings and condiments such as garlic, barbecue sauce, chili sauce, chili pepper, horseradish, pepper, chili powder and other highly spiced foods Pickles, seed spices, olives, popcorn, nuts and coconut Aspirin and aspirin-containing medicines

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