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TABLE OF CONTENT
.................................................................................................2
Summery
..................................................................................................3
Introduction
Theory
.........................................................................................4
Experimental Procedure.........................................................................................6
.........................................................................................7
Schematic diagram
.................................................................................................9
Results
................................................................................................17
Discussion
...............................................................................18
Conclusion
............................................................................... 19
Appindex
Cooling tower
:Summary .1
Cooling tower is the name of experiment that doing in the lab. mass and energy
balance was performed over a cooling tower also
determined the number of transfer unit and the over all mass transfer coefficient. In
this experiment warm water is contact with dry air and the heat transfer from water to
air and the out water be come cold. We use two heat source one at 1 kw and other at
1.5 kw
: Experiment objective
perform mass and energy balance (1
.Determine the mean driving force (2
.Determine the number of transfer unit (3
.Determine the over all mass transfer coefficient (4
Cooling tower
: Introduction .2
Open pond or by the spray pond technique in which it is dispersed in spray form and
then collected in a large, open pond. Cooling takes place both by the transference of
sensible Heat and by evaporative cooling as a result of which sensible heat in the
water provides the latent heat of vaporization.
On the large scale, air and water arc brought into countercurrent contact in a
cooling tower which may employ either natural draught or mechanical draught. The
water flows down over a series of wooden slats which give a large interfacial area
and promote turbulence in the liquid. The air is humidified and heated as it rises,
while the water is cooled mainly by evaporation.
The natural draught cooling tower depends. on the chimney effect produced by the
presence in the tower of air and vapor of higher temperature. and therefore of lower
density than the surround. atmosphere. The atmospheric conditions and the
temperature and quantity of the water will exert a very Important effect on the
operation of the tower. Not only will these factors influence the quantity of air drawn
through the tower, but they will also affect the velocities and flow patterns and hence
the transfer coefficients between and liquid.
Cooling tower
:Theory .3
:Over all mass balance *
Input = output
L2 L1 = G 2 G1
Where L2 water inlet , L1 water outlet ,G1 air inlet G2 air outlet
G 2 = G1 = G
L2 L1 = G * ( H 2 H 1 )
: Energy balance *
H Y = C S * (T T ) + H *
C S = 1.005 + 1.88 * H
Q = G * (H Y 2 H Y1 )
Is latent heat
Cooling tower
dH Y
HY 2
H HY
N OG =
*
Y
H Y 2 H Y1
ln( H Y 2 H Y 1 )
G
M B * P * KGa
Where is HOG is height of transfer unit (m) ,MB is molecular weight , P is the pressure
. , and KGa is mass transfer coefficient
Temperature and concentration profiles at interface
Cooling tower
:Experimental procedure .4
.Introduce water and record its flow rate -1
.Put the heaters on so that water is heated to the required temperature -2
.Introduce air and record its flow rate -3
Wait for steady state then record steady state dry and wet bulb -4
.temperature of air at the entrance and exit
Record the inlet and outlet temperature and flow rate of water also record
.temperature at different stages
.Change the air flow rate and repeat step 3 on -6
-5
Cooling tower
:Schematic Apparatus .5
Cooling tower
Dry bulb T3
Wet bulb T4
packing
T5
Dry bulb T1
Wet bulb T2
Fan
Flow meter
Pump
Heater
Manometer
Make up tank
Figure 2. setup of experiment
Cooling tower
T1 C
21
21
21
22
22
X
)
(1 + H ) * v H
X = 38 31 = 7 mm H2O
H = 0.013 kg water/kg air & T= 273 + 22
v H = (H)(T*10-3*4.56 + 10-3*2.38)
v H = 0.719 m3/kg air
G1 = 0.0424 kg/sec
L2 = 40 (g/sec)/1000(g/kg) L2 = 0.04 kg/sec
T5 C 0
39
39
28
28
28
T6 C 0
26
22
22
22
22
Cooling tower
10
* : Energy balance
) Q = G * (HY 2 HY1
)Q = 0.0424*(66.3738 25.899
Cooling tower
11
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
TLm = 25oC
Hm/HY1 = 1.34
Hm/HY2 = 44.12/56.63
Hm/HY2 = 0.79
Cooling tower
12
H OG =
G
M B * P * KGa
5
H lom =
H Y 2 H Y1
ln( H Y 2 H Y 1 )
Cooling tower
13
X
)
(1 + H ) * v H
X = 38 31 = 7 mm H2O
H = 0.013 kg water/kg air
v H = (H)(T*10-3*4.56 + 10-3*2.83)
v H = 0.852 m3/kg air
G1 = 0.0390 kg/sec
L2 = 40 (g/sec)/1000(g/kg) L2 = 0.04 kg/sec
C 0 T5
38
35
34
34
34
C 0 T6
25
24
24
24
24
Cooling tower
14
* : Energy balance
) Q = G * (HY 2 HY1
)Q = 0.039*(83.282 55.165
Cooling tower
15
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
TLm = (34+24)/2
TLm = 29oC
Cooling tower
16
H OG =
G
M B * P * KGa
H Y 2 H Y1
ln( H Y 2 H Y 1 )
Cooling tower
17
:Discussion .7
1)
In this experiment There are tow level of heat source first we use 1 kw then
we use 1.5 kw .
2)
3)
The air humidity inlet in second case is more than first case that mean the air
there is error coming from water evaporation from tower in side laboratory .
4)
the amount of heat transfer from liquid to the gas in second case less than
first case.
5)
The number of transfer unit in second case is larger than the first case.
6)
7)
Cooling tower
18
8. Conclusions :
The mass transfer and heat transfer is decreased with increase inlet air humidity and,
the objective of use packing is to increase area of contact between water and air. The
cooling tower does not use in the place which the air have high humidity.
19
Cooling tower
Appendix
20
Cooling tower
21
Cooling tower
Cooling tower
22
:B.Variable Listing
(NOG = number of transfer unit(dimensionless
(HOG = height of transfer unit (m
(L
(G
(H
Cooling tower
23
C. Reference:
1) Colunson , J.M and Rechardson , j.F Chemical Engineering vol 1 , 3 th edition ,
BUTTERWORTH HEINEMANN , 1999 .
2) Christie john geankoplis," transport processes and separation process principles",4 th
edition, prentice hall (2003) .
3) "Chemical Engineering Laboratory 2",Dep. of Chemical engineering .