Viscosity Viscosity can be described as it is the internal resistance of the molecules of any liquid to flow called viscosity Or Viscosity

is the internal friction of a moving fluid Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid when it tries to flow. Viscosity is the fundamental tool to checkup the internal friction of any liquid likewise water is thin so it has lower viscosity and on the other hand vegetable oil is thick so it has higher viscosity. Viscosity Measurement
Viscosity is measured with various types of viscometers and rheometers. A rheometer is used for those fluids that cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity and therefore require more parameters to be set and measured than is the case for a viscometer. Close temperature control of the fluid is essential to acquire accurate measurements, particularly in materials like lubricants, whose viscosity can double with a change of only 5 C. Viscometer (Ostwald viscometer) A viscometer is an instrument used to measure the viscosity of a fluid. For liquids with viscosities which vary with flow conditions, an instrument called a rheometer is used. Viscometers only measure under one flow condition. Applications in pharmacy viscosity is mainly related to fluids,,,n so in pharmacy it have many applications.it is useful in formulations lyk ointments,syrups,suspensions.n all Viscous applications means thick mixtures that can be applied to the skin or thick mixtures that can be drunk orally. Such mixtures include many lotions for dry skin, creams used to treat fungus, ointments used to treat viral infections of the skin or other oral solutions like Tylenol, cough syrup, and mylanta. Viscosity enhancers are used in ophthalmic solutions to increase their viscosity. This enables the formulation to remain in the eye longer and gives more time for the drug to exert its therapeutic activity or undergo absorption. To reduce friction between the two moving surfaces which are in contact

Ionization Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons. The formation or separation into ions by heat, electrical discharge, radiation, or chemical reaction

Atoms and molecules are electrically neutral in that the number of negatively charged electrons is exactly equal to the number of positively charged protons. Much of the "normal matter" that we find around us is in this form. However, particularly when there are energy sources available, atoms or molecules can gain or lose electrons and acquire a net electrical charge. This process is called ionization.