5 et 0. O*T. COMMUN. N)TW. ? JOL. 5, NO. > ? D)C)M<)R JOL. 5, NO. > ? D)C)M<)R 2331 ? 0. O*T. COMMUN.

Lim

Lim et5

Burst-Polling-Based Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Using Adaptive Minimum Guaranteed Bandwidth for EPO s
Wansu Lim, Changho Yun, Yeon-Mo Yang, Hyunju Lee, and Kiseon Kim
Abstract!he enhanced "urst-polling dynamic "andwidth allocation #EBDBA$ method is proposed to support "road"and access networ%s "ased on &uality of service for Ethernet passive optical networ%s #EPO s$' EBDBA adaptively increases or decreases the minimum guaranteed "andwidth of the three traffic clasess(e)pedited forwarding #E*$+ assured forwarding #A*$+ and "est effort #BE$ traffic(according to the re&uested "andwidth of an optical networ% unit' !herefore+ networ% resources are efficiently utili,ed and adaptively allocated to the three traffic classes for un"alanced traffic conditions' -imulation results using OP E! show that EBDBA outperforms conventional "andwidth allocation schemes in terms of the average pac%et delay #it decreases the ma)imum performance range to ./0$ and the networ% throughput #it increases the ma)imum performance range to 120$ at a given offered load of 3'1' Index TermsDynamic "andwidth allocation #DBA$4 Ethernet passive optical networ% #EPO $4 5uality of service #5o-$.

,!oad,and $a"a,i%i ies A5B. Cs de-ined in he I))) D32.7 s anda!d A2B, an )*ON uses a mu% i"oin $on!o% "!o o$o% -o! !esou!$e dis !i,u ion. In he u"s !eam, e#e!y o" i$a% ne &o!' uni (ONU+ sha!es he same $hanne%, so da a $o%%isions may o$$u!4 hus, an e--i$ien ,and&id h a%%o$a ion s !a egy is !e/ui!ed in o!de! o ensu!e ha he en i!e ,and&id h is -u%%y u i%iEed. To his end, K!ame! and Mu'he!jee A7B "!o"osed an o" i$a% %ine e!mina% (OLT+-,ased "o%%ing dynami$ ,and&id h a%%o$a ion (D<C+ me hod $a%%ed in e!%ea#ed "o%%ing &i h ada" i#e $y$%e ime (I*CCT+. In A6B, &hen an OLT a%%o$a es ,and&id h o ONUs, he minimum gua!an eed ,and&id h is used as he !e-e!en$e -o! ea$h ONUFs ,and&id h a%%o$a ion. C$$o!ding o he minimum gua!an eed ,and&id h A6B, ONUs a!e di#ided in o &o g!ou"s8 %igh -%oaded and hea#i%y %oaded ONUs. Go! %igh -%oaded ONUs, he !e/ues ed ,and&id h is sma%%e! han he minimum gua!an eed ,and&id h, &he!eas in hea#i%y %oaded ONUs, he !e/ues ed ,and&id h is g!ea e! han he minimum gua!an eed ,and&id h. Thus, he hea#i%y %oaded ONUs !e/ues addi iona% ,and&id h -!om he %igh %oaded ONUs. ;hami and <ai A=B added one signi-i$an $ondi ion o he ,and&id h a%%o$a ion o- A6B. I- he oa% e. !a ,and&id h demanded ,y he hea#i%y %oaded ONUs is sma%%e! han he o a% e.$essi#e ,and&id h o- he %igh -%oaded ONUs, he OLT does no a%%o$a e ad- di iona% ,and&id h o he hea#i%y %oaded ONUs. In "a! i$u%a!, Re-. A@B sugges ed he De% a D<C me hod, &hi$h "!e-e!en ia%%y a%%o$a es he e. !a ,and&id h o a high-"!io!i y !a--i$ $%ass, -o! $onside!ing he /ua%i y o- se!#i$e ,ased on $%ass ose!#i$e. I shou%d ,e no ed, ho&e#e!, ha a% hough he a,o#e D<C s$hemes im- "!o#e ne &o!' "e!-o!man$e, hey s i%% use a fixed minimum gua!an eed ,and&id h. Hen$e, as hey do no e--e$ i#e%y dea% &i h #a!ia ions in ne &o!' !a--i$, es"e$ia%%y in ,u!s !a--i$, ne &o!' de%ays and h!ough"u may a$ ua%%y &o!sen. The!e-o!e, mo!e e--e$ i#e D<C is !e/ui!ed in o!de! o o#e!$ome his "!o,%em.
I 2331 O" i$a% ;o$ie y o- Cme!i$a

I. INTRODUCTION he!ne "assi#e o" i$a% ne &o!'s ()*ONs+ $an ,e $onside!ed one o- he ,es $andida es -o! ne. gene!a ion a$$ess ne &o!'s ,e$ause o- %o& $os ) he!ne e/ui"men , -i,e! in-!as !u$ u!e, and e--i$ien

Manus$!i" !e$ei#ed 0une 1, 23314 a$$e" ed O$ o,e! 56, 23314 "u,%ished No#em,e! 57, 2331 Do$. ID 552667 . Wansu Lim (e-mai%8 &ansu119gis .a$.'!+ and Kiseon Kim a!e &i h he De"a! men o- In-o!ma ion and Communi$a ions, :&angju Ins i u e o- ;$ien$e and Te$hno%ogy O!yong-dong, <u'-gu, :&angju =33->52, Ko!ea. Changho Yun is &i h Ko!ea O$ean Resea!$h and De#e%o"men Ins i u e (KORDI+, ;inseong-gu, Daejeon 73=-767, Ko!ea. Yeon-Mo Yang is he &i h ;$hoo% o- )%e$ !oni$ )nginee!ing, Kumoh Na iona% Ins i u e o- Te$hno%ogy, 5, Yangho-dong, :umi, :yeong,u', >37->35, Ko!ea. Hyunju Lee is &i h ;ys em *a! ?De#e%o"men :!ou" 7, L: )%e$ !oni$s Co!"o!a ion, Ko!ea. Digi a% O,je$ Iden i-ie! 53.57@6?0OCN.5.333=16

5167-3@23?31?3>3=16-@?H5=.33

In his "a"e!, &e "!o"ose enhan$ed ,u!s -"o%%ing D<C ()<D<C+, &hi$h ada" i#e%y $hanges he minimum gua!an eed ,and&id h a$$o!ding o he ing!ess !a--i$ -%o& o minimiEe ,and&id h &as age. Conse/uen %y, i is e."e$ ed ha "a$'e de%ay &ou%d de$!ease and h!ough"u in$!ease. To #e!i-y he im"!o#emen in "e!-o!man$e, he a#e!age "a$'e de%ay and he ne &o!' h!ough"u -o! he h!ee !a--i$ $%asses de-ined in A>BKe."edi ed -o!&a!ding ()G+, assu!ed -o!&a!ding (CG+, and ,es e--o! (<)+ !a--i$K a!e ana%yEed ,ased on a se!ies o- simu%a ions.

oa

%
&hen an ONU

i L

B%igh

i ,

!em a

5 i

&he!e L is he se o- %igh -%oaded ONUs. In addi ion,

n L THH, &e $a%$u%a e an a#e!age #a%ue oa%% $onse$u i#e de-i$ien ,and- &id hs o$o!!es"onding hea#i%y %oaded ONUs, Ba#g i . Then, &e o, ain he sum o- a#e!age #a%ues o- a%% hea#i%y %oaded ONUs, B!e/ 8
TH
H

sa is-ies KH

hea o

R i n M j M BM i n M j
B
hea#y hea#y j L5

THH

B II. )NHCNC)D <UR;T-*OLLIN: D<C ()<D<C+

o a%
!e/

L
i H

Ba#g

i ,

The )<D<C s$heme s"e$i-ies ha e#e!y ONU is "o%%ed "e!iodi$a%%y in a ,u!s manne!, OLT-,ased ,u!s -"o%%ing s$heme A@B. Wi h he ,u!s -"o%%ing s$heme, h!ee g!an s a!e sen o ea$h ONU, $o!!es"onding o he )G, CG, and <), !es"e$ i#e%y. We $onside! an )*ON in &hi$h N ONUs a!e $onne$ ed o he OLT. Le he !ansmission s"eed o- he )*ON ,e R,"s,

&he!e H is he se o- hea#i%y %oaded ONUs. Step 2. C- e! $a%$u%a ing he a,o#e "a!ame e!s in ; e" 5, i- %igh -%oaded and hea#i%y %oaded ONUs e.is , &e &i%% $hange BM i n as -o%%o&s8 N 5+ The %igh -%oaded ONU
%i M M a#g

&hi$h is he same -o! ,o h he u"s !eam and do&n- s !eam %in's. We de-ine he g!an ing $y$%e ime T$y$%e
as he ime in e!#a% du!ing &hi$h a%% a$ i#e ONUs $an !ansmi "ay%oad da a and?o! !e"o! messages o he OLT. The!e a!e &o %imi "oin s, T MIN and

B i n LB i nM5 MB N 2+ The hea#i%y %oaded ONU Bhea#y

M M !e/ o a%

i.

7
a#g

TMCP. When he !e/ues ed siEe is %ess han one--ou! h o- TMCP, T$y$%e &i%% ,e TMIN4 e%se i is TMCP. :ua!d in e!- #a%s Tg a!e ne$essa!y o a#oid $o%%isions -!om he im- ing -%u$ ua ions o- he ONUs. Gu! he!mo!e, &e de-ine BM i n as he minimum gua!an eed ,and&id h a
he i h ONU and n h $y$%e. The im"o! an hing o

B i n LB i nM5 O The "seudo$ode -o! modi-i$a ion o- he minimum gua!an eed ,and&id h is sho&n in C%go!i hm 5.
Algorithm 3. *seudo$ode -o! Modi-i$a ion o- he Minimum :ua!an eed <and&id h for (i NUM OG ONUs+ do

!em o a% .

B B

o a%
!em

o a%

no e &i h !ega!d o he )<D<C, &hi$h is di--e!en -!om A6N@B, is ha &e ada" i#e%y $hange BM i n a$-

L3, B!e/ L34 if KL i n LTHL then

Ca%$u%a e B%igh end if if KH

o a%

$o!ding Step i n ea$h KL i

o he !a--i$ -%o&. De ai%s )G a!e "!esen CG ed ,e%o&8 <) 1. Le R i n LR i n OR i n OR ,e he sum o- he !e/ues ed ,and&id h -o! !a--i$ $%ass a he i h ONU and n h $y$%e,

a#g i and B!em a$$o!ding o )/s. (5+ i n LTHH then a#g

i and B!e/ a$$o!ding o )/s. (2+

,e he num,e! o- $onse$u i#e%y

%igh -%oaded $ases -o!

he

i h ONU, KH i he num,e! o-

,e

Ca%$u%a e B end if end for

hea#y

for (i NUM OG ONUs+ do if (KL i n L THL and B!e/ Ca%$u%a e BM else BM i end if
H

o a%

$onse$u i#e%y hea#i%y %oaded $ases -o! he i h ONU, THL ,e he h!esho%d #a%ue o- KL i n , and

i n a$$o!ding o )/. (7+

o a%

3+ then

o- a%% $onse$u i#e su!"%us ,and&id h o- $o!!es"onda#g ing %igh -%oaded ONUs, B%igh i . Then, &e o, ain

THH ,e he h!esho%d #a%ue o- KH i n . When an ONU sa - is-ies KL i n L THL, &e $a%$u%a e an a#e!age #a%ue he sum o- a#e!age #a%ues o- a%% %igh %oaded ONUs,
!em o a%

n L BM i n 5 4
H !em

if (K i n L TH and B 3+ then Ca%$u%a e BM i n a$$o!ding o )/. (6+ else BM i n L B M i n 5 4 end if end for

B
TH
L

BM i n M j M R i n Mj
Ba#g i L
%igh jL5

Le Bg ,

i n ,e he g!an ed ,and&id h -o! he i h

M

TH

ONU and n h $y$%e. C- e! ada" i#e%y $hanging B n , &e a%%o$a e Bg i n o he i h ONU as

-o%%o&s8

Step 1. When B i n su! R i n , &e M $a%$u%a e a o a% surplus ,and&id h, B L i n M i R i n

du"%e. 5 :,i ?s %in's. The -o%%o&ing $ondi ions a!e a%so used in his $on-igu!a ion. The -i,e! %eng hs ,e&een an OLT and ea$h ONU a!e uni-o!m%y gi#en as 23 'm ,e$ause he !anging "!o,%em asso$ia ed &i h nonuni-o!m dis an$es $an ,e !easona,%y $om"ensa ed -o! ,y using a se o- -i,e! s"oo%s in "!a$ i$e A7N=B. The !ansien s a e au odis$o#e!y "!o$ess has a%!eady -inished, and ea$h OLT 'no&s he !ound- !i" de%ay ime o- a%% ONUs a he ,eginning o- he simu%a ion, gi#en he!e as 7= s. T&o g!ou"s o- ONUs e.is . One is a %o&- !a--i$ g!ou" o- ONUs (53 ONUs, %igh -%oaded+ B gene!a ing a %o& !a--i$ %oad, and he o he! is a high!a--i$ g!ou" (@ ONUs, hea#i%y %oaded+ gene!a ing a high !a--i$ %oad. TMCP is 5.@ ms, and T MIN is 3.65

o a%

When B i n R dei n , &e $a%$u%a e a M o a% deficient 2 ,and&id h, B ing L B su!R and i nB MdeBi , iOLT n .a%%oStep . C- e! $a%$u%a $a es he ,and&id h o he ONUs as -o%%o&s8 isu! Bde- o! R i n RM i n , Bg i n L BM i n . O he!&ise, Bg
o a% o a% o a%

i n is as -o%%o&s8
M demand o a%

Bg i n L RM i n O R i n M B

i n B su! = o

a%

The "seudo$ode -o! he in e!-ONU s$hedu%ing is sho&n in C%go!i hm 2. The $a%$u%a ed ,and&id h &i%% hen ,e he in"u "a!ame e! o he in !a-ONU "!io!i y s$hedu%ing o $a%$u%a e ea$h g!an siEe -o! he <), CG, and )G s%o siEes, !es"e$ i#e%y. ;u,se/uen %y, a- e! -in- ishing he in !a-ONU "!io!i y s$hedu%ing a he OLT, he OLT on%y needs o send one :CT) message ha in- $%udes h!ee g!an siEes o ea$h ONU.

Algorithm 1. *seudo$ode -o! In e!-ONU ;$hedu%ing for (i NUM OG ONUs+ do R i L REF i O RAF i O RBE i , B su! B L 34 o if Bsu! L Bsu! O BM i n R i n 4 o a%
o a% o a%

oMa% B i n

R i n

dea% L3, then

he *a!e o dis !i,u ion &i h he Hu!s "a!ame e! (H*+, su$h ha H* L 3.D. )G, CG, and <) !a--i$ $%asses gene!a e 23Q, 63Q, and 63Q o- he ONU !a--i$, !es"e$ i#e%y. The siEe o- he )G "a$'e is on%y @6 ,y es. The CG "a$'e siEe is uni-o!m%y $hosen -!om among @6, =52, o! 5=5D ,y e #a%ues. The "a$'e siEes o- he <) and CG "a$'e s a!e iden i$a% !andom #a!ia,%es. B Si!ul"ti#n Results Gigu!e 5 $om"a!es he a#e!age "a$'e de%ay o- )G A Si!ul"ti#n En$ir#n!ents

ms. The gua!d ime is 5.@ s. THL and THH a!e se o =, !es"e$ i#e%y. In addi ion, he -o%%o&ing in-o!ma ion shou%d ,e no ed !ega!ding !a--i$ gene!a ion A1B. )a$h ONU in a !a--i$ g!ou" gene!a es h!ee di--e!en !a-- -i$ $%asses ()G, CG, and <) !a--i$+, and ea$h !a--i$ $%ass is mode%ed as a s o$has i$ "!o$ess go#e!ned ,y

else Bde- L Bde- O R i n BM i n 4 end if end for for (i NUM OG ONUs+ do su! Rde- o! R i n B M i n + then if (R o a% o a% Bg i n L R i n 4 else Ca%$u%a e B end if end for
g o a%

i n a$$o!ding o )/. (=+

Go! ou! simu%a ions, he )*ON $onsis s o- one OLT and 5@ ONUs in a s a! o"o%ogy $onne$ ed ,y -u%%-

III. *)RGORMCNC) )JCLUCTION In o!de! o #a%ida e he "!o"osed s$heme, &e "e!-o!med $om"u e! simu%a ions simi%a! o hose in A7B -o! a s$ena!io $onsis ing o- a sim"%i-ied a$$ess *ON ne &o!' &i h 5@ ONUs. To do his, &e used he O*N)T ne &o!' simu%a o! AD,1B and hen $om"a!ed he )<D<C me hod &i h h!ee di--e!en D<C me hods (A=B, CD<C4 A@B, ;D<C4 and A>B, YD<C+. Ta,%e I gi#es a /ua%i a i#e $om"a!ison ,e &een )<D<C and some o he! y"i$a% D<C s$hemes in !odu$ed ea!%ie!. Gina%%y, &e $hoose &o me !i$s o e#a%ua e he "e!-o!man$e o- )<D<C8 5+ he a#e!age "a$'e de%ay and 2+ he ne - &o!' h!ough"u .

!a--i$ &i h !es"e$ o he $on#en iona% CD<C me hod o- A6B, he ;D<C me hod o- A=B, and he YD<C me hod o- A@B. He!e, he a#e!age "a$'e de%ay is de-ined as he a#e!age ime measu!ed in se$onds ,e &een he gene!a ion o- "a$'e s and hei! a!!i#a% in an OLT. Cs sho&n in Gig. 5, &hen he o--e!ed %oad is a!ound 3.1, he a#e!age de%ay o- )G !a--i$ &i h CD<C !ises o a%mos 3.3= s4 ho&e#e!, he "a$'e de%ay in$!ease unde! )<D<C goes o 3.3= s a a %oad o- 5.5, &hi%e s i%% ,eing %o&e! han ha o- CD<C. Mo!eo#e!, a% hough )<D<C uses ,u!s "o%%ing, jus as YD<C does, he a#e!age "a$'e de%ay in )<D<C de$!eases ,y a%mos 7@Q $om- "a!ed &i h ha in YD<C. This is a$$om"%ished ,y $hanging he minimum gua!an eed

,and&id h &hen he o--e!ed %oad is high (5.2+. This "henomenon is simi%a! in ,o h he CG and <) !a--i$ $%asses. Gigu!e 2 sho&s he a#e!age "a$'e de%ay a$$o!ding o ea$h me hod o- D<C &hen he o--e!ed %oad is 5.3. This %oad !esu% s in a $onside!a,%e im"!o#emen in "a$'e de%ay unde! he )<D<C s$heme. Gigu!e 7 sho&s he !e%a ionshi" ,e &een he ne &o!' h!ough"u and he en i!e ne &o!' %oad (i.e., he o--e!ed %oad+ unde! )<D<C, YD<C, ;D<C, and CD<C. The de-ini ion o- ne &o!' h!ough"u is he sum o- he ,i s a!!i#ing a an OLT in 5 s. In he -igu!e, &e o,se!#e ha &hen he o--e!ed %oad is !e%a i#e%y %o&

COM*CRI;ON

OG

TC<L) I DIGG)R)NT D<C ;CH)M); "

*o%%i I*CCT A7B

I*CC

CD<C A6B

;D<C A=B

To;, y"e o- se!#i$e4 Co;, $%ass o- se!#i$e4 N, num,e! o- ONUs.

"

(say, 3.7+, he ne &o!' h!ough"u &i h )<D<C is simi%a! o he o he! h!ee D<C me hods. <eyond a %oad o- 5.3, ho&e#e!, )<D<C sho&s ,e e! "e!-o!man$e han he o he! h!ee D<C me hods. The ne &o!' h!ough"u &i h )<D<C is simi%a! o he o he! h!ee D<C me hods &hen he o--e!ed %oad is !e%a i#e%y %o&4 ,eyond a %oad o- 5.3, ho&e#e!, )<D<C in$!eases )<D<C o a #a%ue highe! han ha o- a%% !a--i$ $%asses -o! he o he! D<C me hods. Go! e.am"%e, a a gi#en o--e!ed %oad o- 5.2, he h!ough"u using )<D<C in$!eases ,y

YD<C A@B

<u!

a%mos >.DQ &hen $om"a!ed &i h YD<C. This highe! h!ough"u is a$hie#ed ,e$ause )<D<C u i%iEes he su!"%us ,and&id h mo!e e--e$ i#e%y in a ,u!s !a--i$ en#i!onmen ,y $hanging he minimum gua!an eed ,and&id h. IJ. CONCLU;ION In his "a"e!, &e "!o"osed an )<D<C me hod ha $onside!s /ua%i y o- se!#i$e in )*ONs. )<D<C im-

<u!

3.2 3.5D 3.5@ 3.56 3.52 3.5 3.3D 3.3@ 3.36 3.32 3 3.= 3.@

)<D<C YD<C ;D<C CD<C

5 3.1 3.D 3.> 3.@ 3.= 3.6 3.7 3.2 3 3.2

)<D<C YD<C ;D<C CD<C

E F p a c %

e t w o r % t h

3.>

3.D

3.1

5.5

5.2

3.6

3.@

3.D

5.2

Offered load

Offered load

Gig. 5.

C#e!age "a$'e de%ay -o! )G !a--i$ $%ass.

Gig. 7. Ne &o!' h!ough"u h!ee o he! D<C me hods.

$om"a!ison ,e &een )<D<C and

"!o#es he ne &o!' "e!-o!man$e ,y ada" i#e%y $hanging he minimum gua!an eed ,and&id h -o! )*ONs, e--e$ i#e%y a%%o&ing a%% ONUs o modi-y he minimum gua!an eed ,and&id h a$$o!ding o ,and&id h demand. In o he! &o!ds, )<D<C ensu!es ha a%% se!#i$e $%asses "!o"o! iona%%y sha!e he ,and&id h ,ased on he !a io o- demand -o! a sing%e $%ass o o a% demand. Go! e.am"%e, he a#e!age "a$'e de%ay &i h )<D<C de$!eases ,y @DQ &hen $om"a!ed &i h CD<C. Gu!- he!mo!e, he ne &o!' h!ough"u &i h )<D<C in- $!eases 23Q -o! a gi#en o--e!ed %oad o- 5.2 &hen $om- "a!ed o CD<C. <ased on hese !esu% s, i is e."e$ ed ha )<D<C $an ,o h im"!o#e he o#e!a%% ne &o!' h!ough"u and de$!ease he a#e!age "a$'e de%ay &hen $om"a!ed o he h!ee o he! D<C me hods un- de! simi%a! !a--i$ %oad en#i!onmen s. G!om ou! simu- %a ion !esu% s, i $an ,e $on$%uded ha a ,u!s -"o%%ing- ,ased ,and&id h s$hedu%ing a%go!i hm &i h ada" i#e minimum gua!an eed ,and&id h is an e--i$ien D<C s$heme -o! )*ONs.
3.7= EF 3.7 3.2= 3.2 3.5= 3.5 3.3= AF BE

CCKNOWL)D:M)NT; This &o!' &as "a! ia%%y su""o! ed ,y he Cen e! -o! Dis !i,u ed ;enso! Ne &o!'s a he :&angju Ins iu e o- ;$ien$e and Te$hno%ogy (:I;T+, ,y he Wo!%d C%ass Uni#e!si y (WCU+ "!og!am (R75-2333D-3335332@-3+, and ,y he *%an Te$hno%ogy Cd#an$emen *!og!am (3>;eaHe!o<35-37+ -unded ,y he Minis !y o- Cons !u$ ion and T!ans"o! a ion, Ko!ea.

R)G)R)NC);
A5B G. )--en,e!ge!, D. C%ea!%y, O. Ha!an, :. K!ame!, R. D. Li, M. O!on, and T. *-ei--e!, RCn in !odu$ ion o *ON e$hno%ogies A o"i$s in o" i$a% $ommuni$a ionsB,S %EEE &#!!un M"g , #o%. 6=, no. 7, "". s5>Ns2=, Ma!. 233>. A2B RI))) s anda!d -o! in-o!ma ion e$hno%ogyK e%e$ommuni$a ions and in-o!ma ion e.$hange ,e &een sys emsK%o$a% and me !o"o%i an a!ea ne &o!'sKs"e$i-i$ !e/ui!emen s,S I))) ; d. D32.7ah-2336, 2336. A7B :. K!ame! and <. Mu'he!jee, RIn e!%ea#ed "o%%ing &i h ada"-

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Gig. 2. Com"a!ison o- he a#e!age "a$'e de%ay a$$o!ding o ea$h D<C s$heme &hen he ma.imum o--e!ed %oad is 5.3.

i#e $y$%e ime (I*CCT+8 a dynami$ ,and&id h dis !i,u ion s$heme in an o" i$a% a$$ess ne &o!',S '(#t#nic Net)#r* &#!!un , #o%. 6, "". D1N53>, 0u%y 2332. C. M. Cssi and Y. Ye, RDynami$ ,and&id h a%%o$a ion -o! /ua%iy-o--se!#i$e o#e! ) he!ne *ONs,S %EEE + Sel Are"s &#!!un , #o%. 25, "". 56@>N56>>, No#. 2337. C. ;hami and P. <ai, RTo; $on !o% s$hemes -o! &o-s age ) he!ne "assi#e o" i$a% a$$ess ne &o!'s,S %EEE + Sel Are"s &#!!un , #o%. 27, "". 56@>N56>D, Cug. 233=. Y. Yang, <. Chn, and 0. Nho, R;u""o! ing /ua%i y o- se!#i$e ,y using de% a dynami$ ,and&id h a%%o$a ions in ) he!ne "assi#e o" i$a% ne &o!'s,S + ,pt Net) , #o%. 6, "". @DND5, Ge,. 233=. R. <%ess and K. Weh!%e, RI*Mu% i$as in di--e!en ia ed se!#i$e (D;+ ne &o!'s,S Ne &o!' Wo!'ing :!ou" RGC 7>=6, C"!. 2336, h "8??&&&.!-$-edi o!.o!g?!-$?!-$7>=6. . . O*N)T Te$hno%ogies, In$., &&&.o"ne .$om. 0. *o emans, <. J. den <!oe$', 0. Theunis, *. Leys, ). J. Li%, and C. J. de Ca"e%%e, RIm"%emen a ion o- an ad#an$ed !a--i$ mode% in O*N)T Mode%e!,S "!esen ed a O"ne Wo!' 2337, <ehesda, MD, 0une 1, 2337.

6ansu 7im !e$ei#ed his <.;. deg!ee in in-o!ma ion and e%e$ommuni$a ion enginee!ing -!om Ko!ea Ce!os"a$e Uni#e!si y (KCU+, in 233@, and his M.;. deg!ee in in-o!ma ion and $ommuni$a ions -!om :&angju Ins i u e o- ;$ien$e and Te$hno%ogy (:I;T+, :&angju, Ko!ea, in 233>. His !esea!$h in e!es s in$%ude o" i$a% and &i!e%ess $ommuni$a ion sys ems. *!esen %y, he is "u!suing a *h.D. deg!ee a :I;T, &o!'ing on mode%ing o- ) he!ne "assi#e o" i$a% ne &o!'s ()*ON+ and he "e!-o!man$e ana%ysis o- -!ee-s"a$e o" i$a% (G;O+ sys ems. 8hangho 9un &as ,o!n in <usan, ;ou h Ko!ea, on ;e" . 27, 51>@. He !e$ei#ed he M.;. and *h.D. deg!ees in he De"a! men o- In-o!ma ion and Communi$a ion -!om :&angju Ins i u e o- ;$ien$e and Te$hno%ogy (:I;T+ in 2336 and 233>, !es"e$ i#e%y. He &as a *os do$ Resea!$he! in he De"a! men o- Com"u e! ;$ien$e a No! h Ca!o%ina ; a e Uni#e!si y. Cu!!en %y, he is a ;e- nio! Resea!$he! in he De"a! men o- O$ean )nginee!ing Resea!$h o- he Ko!ea O$ean Resea!$h and De#e%o"men Ins i u e (KORDI+. He is a%so an Cssis an *!o-esso! in he De"a! men o- Unde!&a e! C$ous i$ Communi$a ion )nginee!ing a he Uni#e!si y o- ;$ien$e and Te$hno%ogy (U;T+. His $u!!en !esea!$h in e!es s in$%ude ,!oad,and $on#e!gen$e ne &o!'s (<$Ns+, ne. -gene!a ion ne &o!'s (N:Ns+, I* mu% imedia su,sys ems (IM;s+, and unde!&a e! a$ous i$ ne &o!'s (UCNe s+. :yun;u 7ee !e$ei#ed he! <.;. deg!ee in e%e$ !oni$s enginee!ing -!om he Kyunghee Uni#e!si y in 233@ and he! M.;. deg!ee in in-o!ma ion and $ommuni$a ions -!om :&angju Ins i u e o- ;$ien$e and Te$hno%ogy (:I;T+, :&angju, Ko!ea, in 233D. He! !esea!$h ine!es s in$%ude o" i$a% "a$'e s&i $hing. *!esen %y, she is &o!'ing in ;ys em *a! ?De#e%oemn :!ou" 7, L: )%e$ !oni$s Co!"o!a ion, Ko!ea.

9eon-Mo 9ang is a *!o-esso! in he De"a! - men o- )%e$ !oni$ )nginee!ing, Kumoh Na- iona% Ins i u e o- Te$hno%ogy, :umi, Ko!ea. He !e$ei#ed his <.)ng. deg!ee in he -ie%d o- e%e$ !i$a% and e%e$ !oni$ enginee!ing -!om he Ko!ean Cd#an$ed Ins i u e o;$ien$e and Te$hno%ogy (KCI;T+, Daejeon, Ko!ea, in 5113 and his *h.D. deg!ee -!om he :&angju Ins i u e o- ;$ien$e and Te$hno%ogy (:I;T+, :&angju, Ko!ea, in 233@ in he -ie%d o- o" i$a% ne &o!'s. G!om 233= o 233@ he &as a *os do$ o!a% Ge%%o& a No! h Ca!o%ina ; a e Uni#e!si y (NC;U+, Ra%eigh, in ne &o!' enginee!ing. G!om 233@ o 233D, he &as a he Daegu-:yeong,u' Ins i u e o- ;$ien$e and Te$hno%ogy (D:I;T+ as a ;enio! )nginee!, &he!e he has ,een a *!oje$ Leade! in he de#e%o"men o- &i!e%ess senso! ne &o!'s. His $u!!en !esea!$h in e!es s in$%ude &i!e%ess senso! ne &o!'s ana%ysis and im"%emen a ion ,o h a he "hysi$a% %aye! and a he ne &o!' %aye!, dynami$ ,and&id h a%%o$a ion s$hemes in "assi#e o" i$a% ne &o!'s, and !ea%iEa ions o- hy,!id em,edded sys ems $onne$ ed ,y me$h!oni$s and in-o!ma ion e$hno%ogy. <iseon <im !e$ei#ed his <.)ng. and M.)ng. deg!ees, ,o h in e%e$ !oni$s enginee!ing, -!om he ;eou% Na iona% Uni#e!si y, ;eou%, Ko!ea, in 51>D and 51D3, and his *h.D deg!ee -!om he Uni#e!si y o- ;ou he!n Ca%i-o!nia, Los Cnge%es, in 51D>, in e%e$!i$a% enginee!ing sys ems. G!om 51DD o 5115, he &as &i h ;$h%um,e!ge! in Te.as as a ;enio! De#e%o"men )nginee!, &he!e he &as in#o%#ed in he de#e%o"men o- e%eme !y sys ems. G!om 5115 o 5116, he &as a Com"u e! Communi$a ions ;"e$ia%is -o! he ;u"e!$ondu$ ing ;u"e! Co%%ide! La, in Te.as, &he!e he ,ui% da a %ogging and ana%ysis sys ems -o! high-ene!gy "hysi$s ins !umen a ion. ;in$e joining :&angju Ins i u e o- ;$ien$e and Te$hno%ogy, Ko!ea, in 5116, he has ,een a *!o-esso!. His $u!!en in e!es s in$%ude &ide,and digi a% $ommuni$a ions sys em design, ana%ysis, and im"%emen a ion.