History and Culture of Pakistan

War of Independence 1857

Reasons

The collapse of the Mansabdari System. The religious policies of the Aurang eb Arri!al of the "ritish

The local rulers that were ruling the parts of Mughal Empire on behalf of the Mughals started rising after the death of Aurangzeb as there was not strong ruler in Delhi. The religious policies of Aurangzeb such as ban on Suttee, Gambling, and drin ing wine offended the large !indu contingent of the Mughal Empire. The "ritish soon became strong as there was no chec on their acti#ities from a strong ruler in the center. The$ also attracted the people b$ bring new inno#ations to the infrastructure in %ndia. &ot onl$ this the$ also assisted the local rulers to rise against the Mughals and wea en the foundation of the Empire.

#oreign intruders li$e the %ersians &adir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali. Wars of Succession bet'een the Mughal (oyal #amilies.

The 'ersians has been loo ing forward to the wea ening Mughal Empire since the death of Aurangzeb and &adir Shah seized the opportunit$ to plunder the Mughal Empire in ()*+. AD

Failure

)ac$ of *oordination

There was no coordination what so e#er among the rebels. The lac of national leaders during the war was $et another reason for the war to fail. The rebels did not ha#e an$ coordination and could not communicate and the need of reinforcements was also not fulfilled whene#er re,uired.

&o general plan of action

The rebels were fairl$ disorganized and therefore did not ha#e contingenc$ plans in case the actual plans failed. -n the other hand the "ritish were #er$ well prepared and far more organized to win the war. The war started and continued in an abrupt manner and e#en ended in a disorganized manner.

+prising at Meerut, "engal "ritish 'ere able to con-uer .elhi

The simultaneous uprising at the "engal and Meerut cantonments caused problems for the rebels and forced them to di#ert their attention from the main stream of war. The "ritish were #er$ ,uic in responding to the attac s of the rebels and captured Delhi with in few month of fighting. This was a ma.or setbac to the rebels as the fall of Delhi was a ps$chological factor that helped the "ritish to o#erpower the rebels.

"ritish Strength

The "ritish were e/perienced and had well0e,uipped troops unli e the rebels. The le#el of discipline, organization and planning for counterattac s was far better than the rebels and became a ma.or difference between the two. Diplomac$, briber$ and the communities to fight on another side with "ritish were also some important reason that caused the failure of the rebels in the war of independence. 1urthermore the technolog$ and modern warfare tactics also helped the "ritish to o#erpower the rebels in such a small time.

)ac$ of +nity

(. 1ighting for different ob.ecti#es. 2. 3ea Mughal Emperor had no concern for leading the war. *. &o nationalism 4Sindh, 'un.ab, "engal5

Causes

Military *auses

(. Greased 6artridge incident. 2. -fficer ran was "ritish onl$. 'a$ scales differed. *. Soldiers feared the$ might be forced to con#ert. 7. 8oose cast didn9t want to fight in Afghanistan

(eligious/Social %roblems

(. :esentment of "ritish culture, language and wa$ of life 2. %ndians were treated inferior *. Educational reforms, 6hristianit$ spread b$ missionaries and their schools.

.octrine of )apse

(. Doctrine of 8apse 2. Mistreatment of Emperor *. 8ac of opportunities for the locals of %ndia.

0conomic

(. !igh ta/es, peasants found it difficult to pa$ them 2. 8ow salar$ of sepo$s *. "ritish te/tiles ; fall in the standard and scale of local goods.

"engal %artition 1125

Causes
Administration problems 'olitical problems Economic problems

Effects

Muslims

(. More political power 2. More religious freedom *. Social de#elopment 7. Economic de#elopment

3indus

(. Said it was "ritain9s di#ide and rule polic$ 2. "egan protests and stri es *. 8abor stri es ; production decreased dramaticall$

7. Swadeshi mo#ement <. Assassination attempt on Minto =. 1aced competition in politics from Muslims ). >nable to suppress Muslims

Reversal
Swadeshi Mo#ement :iots, :allies Assassination attempt on Minto !indus9 reaction to (?@? reforms

Shimla .eputation 1124

Causes
To show importance of partition of "engal for Muslims To pro#e Muslims were lo$al to "ritish To put down Muslim demands to the 8iberal 'art$.

Demands
Separate electorates for Muslims S$stem of weightage in go#ernment 6ontinue "engal 'artition

Importance
6ommunal tension on constitution plane 'ro#ed lo$alt$ towards "ritish Showed that there was no faith in 6ongress Appro#al of separate electorates pro#ed that Muslims were a separate nation 8ed to the formation of Muslim 8eague Man$ Muslims bro e awa$ from 6ongress to form separate political part$

Muslim )eague
Reasons
To protect the rights of Muslims 4Ar$a Sama.5 To protect political rights ; protect "engal from re#ersal

 To organize Two0&ation Theor$ and Shimla Deputation supporters towards one ob.ecti#e To counter 6ongress9s claim that the$ represented whole of %ndia, and to show the 8eague is representati#e of Muslims.

Objectives
To protect the rights of Muslims To represent the demands of Muslims, discuss their problems with "ritish To promote the feeling of lo$alt$ towards "ritish To pre#ent the rise of hostilit$ against an$ political part$ To remo#e misunderstanding among the Muslims against the Go#ernment.

Role in Pakistan Movement

(?@? Morle$0Minto reforms (?(= 8uc now 'act ; represented Muslims (?(? Montague06helmsford :eforms ; opposed reforms

1919

!ilafat Movement

(?2) Delhi 'roposals (?2) Simon 6ommission ; ob.ected it (?2+ &ehru :eport ; re.ected it Ainnah9s (7 points ; supported it (?*@0(?*2 :ound Table 6onferences 4%, %% and %%%5 ; participated (?*< Go#ernment of %ndia Act ; demanded for reforms and more participation (?*) elections ; represented Muslims (?*? Da$ of Deli#erance ; obser#ed it (?7@ 'a istan :esolution (?72 6ripps Mission ; re.ected it (?72 Buit %ndia Mo#ement ; opposed it (?77 Gandhi0Ainnah Tal s (?7< elections ; participated (?7= 6abinet Mission *rd Aune 'lan :adcliffe Awards

Morley5Minto (eforms 1121

%mperial 6ouncil increased to =@Cma.orit$ still of official wor ers E/ecuti#e 6ouncil increased with =@ new members 'ro#incial Assemblies increased to <@ in large pro#inces and *@ in small pro#inces Separate electorates for Muslims

Importance

Muslims

(. Separate electorates ; pro#ed Muslims as a nation 2. 3eightage *. More political power and role in go#erning the state 7. Made Muslims able to counter 6ongress

3indus

(. More roles in go#ernment which the$ were as ing for a long time.

"ritish

(. Suppressed demands of 6ongress 2. Showed that the$ were willing to gi#e power to %ndians *. The$ made it clear that the$ are not going to gi#e self0rule for which 6ongress was as ing

)uc$no' %act 1114

Causes
Shifting Muslim 8eague polic$ 1ailure of "ritish to grant rights to %ndians, brought !indus and Muslims closer. 'ersuasion of Ainnah Aoint demands pressing the "ritish.

Importance
Aoint demands were made.

 Separate electorates and partition accepted b$ !indus 6ongress wor ed with Muslims !igh0mar of !indu0Muslim unit$

(o'lett Act 1111

Reasons
To impose Montague06helmsford :eforms Stop non0cooperation mo#ement. To show that "ritish in not willing to gi#e more part in politics :e#olutionar$ acti#ities ; sil letter conspirac$

6hilafat Mo!ement 1111

Causes
1ear of brea up of Tur e$ To sa#e the 6aliph of Tur e$ Muslims mistrust of 3estCAfghan, 'ersian 6ooperation of !indu0Muslims ; 8uc now 'actC&on0cooperation Mo#ement

Failure
Aim of !indusCGandhi ; Self0ruleC6haura 6hauri incident !i.rat Mo#ement Abolishment of Dhilafat ; (?27

Importance
>nited Muslims and !indus against "ritish :ule Muslims realized that the$ ha#e political power and can fight for their rights Muslims realized the$ can9t rel$ on !indus or "ritish, brought them closer to 'a istan.

Effects
"ecause of failure of !i.rat Mo#ement, Muslims lost their .obs, propert$ and education.

 6ommunal #iolence ; different opinion on self0rule

1177
Reasons
Growth of 6ongress which wor ed onl$ for !indus 6ongress refused to support Muslim demands for pro#incial autonom$ !indu re#i#alist Mo#ement E!indu MahasabhaF ; (?2*

Proposals
Muslims should be gi#en (C*rd of the seats in 6entral 8egislature through .oint electorates. Sindh should be separated from "omba$ and gi#en full pro#incial status. All "ritish reforms should be e/tended to "aluchistan and &.3.1.'. &umber of seats to be gi#en to Muslims in 'un.ab and "engal should be proportional to the Muslim population li#ing there.

Simon *ommission 1177

Reasons
As stated in (?(? reforms ; a commission will be set up after (@ $ears to en,uire into the wor ings of the reforms To frame further constitutions

Proposals
Abolishment of Diarch$ 1ederal s$stem ; ma/imum %ndian autonom$ Separate electorates for Muslims Muslims should not ha#e (C*rd of seats in central legislature, no reser#ed seats Sindh was to be a part of "omba$ Status of &.3.1.'. and "aluchistan should remain the same

Objections

3indus

(. 6ommission onl$ contains "ritish members 2. 1ederal s$stem *. Separate electorates for Muslims

Muslims

(. &o reser#ed seats in central legislature 2. Sindh was to remain a part of "omba$ *. Status of &.3.1.'. and "aluchistan should remain the same

Proposals
To counter "ritish claim that %ndians cannot produce an acceptable constitution To counter Simon 6ommission Dominion status with two0chamber 'arliament %f full religious libert$ is gi#en then no need for separate electorates for Muslims &o reser#ed seats for Muslims in center &o weightage >nitar$ form of go#ernment !indi should be main language Gote for all men and women

Proposed "mendments b# $inna!

(C*rd of seats in 6entral 8egislature should be Muslim 1ederal form of go#ernment ; pro#incial autonom$ %n 'un.ab and "engal Muslims should ha#e seats according to their population

8innah9s 1: %oints
Causes

 :e.ection of Delhi 'roposals &ehru :eport Simon 6ommission :e.ection of Ainnah9s amendments of &ehru :eport

Importance
Sign of parting of wa$s of Muslim 8eague and 6ongress All future constitutions would be according to these points &egotiations with "ritishC!indus to protect Muslim rights To unite different shades of Muslims Muslims to get all sorts of safeguards

Allahabad Address
Importance
'artition of %ndiaCMuslim 8eague polic$ Two &ation Theor$ ; father of ideolog$ of 'a istan %nspiration to other thin ers %nspiration for other people to defend their rights

(ound Table *onferences 11;2511;7

Reasons
To decide a future for %ndia 1ailure of Simon 6ommissionC&ehru :eport (7 pointsC!indu0Muslim unit$ brea down

%uccesses

1st (.T.*.

(. 'rincel$ states agreed to .oin future federal %ndia. 2. "ritish agreed that representati#e go#ernment should be introduced at pro#incial le#el

7nd (.T.*.

(. Sindh was to be made pro#ince with go#ernor 2. All reforms would be introduced in &.3.1.'. and "aluchistan

;rd (.T.*.

(. 6ommunal Award Separate electorates for minorities 3eightage in !indu dominated pro#inces Muslim ma.orit$ in 'un.ab and "engal was reduced

Failures
Absence of 6ongress ; unable to achie#e an$thing without ma.or part$ 'resence of 6ongress ; Gandhi9s stubborn attitude Absence of all ma.or political parties.

<o!ernment of India Act 11;5

1ederationCprincel$ states "icameral structure (. 6ouncil (<@ seats, (@7 princel$ states 2. Assembl$ 2<@ seats, (2< princel$ states Diarch$ in center (( pro#inces Distribution of seats according to 6ommunal Award (?*2 'ropert$ ,ualification lowered ; more %ndians could #ote Sindh, -rissa and &31' gi#en pro#incial status

Rejection
Special 'ower 4Go#ernor0General5 Diarch$ in 6entre ; Gicero$ can e/ert power on reser#ed sub.ects 'rinces didn9t li e arrangements of central go#ernment so it was not implemented -nl$ 2<H population was allowed to #ote

Importance

 8ast reforms gi#en b$ "ritish, which were opposed b$ !indus and Muslims resulting in the e/pulsion of "ritish 'ro#incial autonom$ ; federal go#ernment "enefitted Muslims in Muslim ma.orit$ pro#inces but threatened them in !indu ma.orit$ areas Misuse of powers b$ 6ongress ; led to the growing feeling of nationalism

11;7 0lections
Reasons for Failure of Muslim &ea'ue
1irst ma.or elections %mage problem ; as though Muslim 8eague was onl$ composed of aristocrats Muslim ma.orit$ areas as the$ were not threatened b$ !indu Domination &ot popular among masses including Muslim ma.orit$ areas as the$ were not threatened b$ !indu Domination 'oor organization and planning Differences and rifts within the part$ itself

Importance
Source of e/perience for 8eague for later elections !elped to unif$ the part$ :ealized that it had to impro#e its organization and planning :ealized that their main support lies in Muslim minorit$ areas ; so the$ wor ed to get support of Muslim ma.orit$ areas as well :ealized the image problem.

*ongress (ule 11;7511;1

Reasons of (#rannical Rule
3on elections and formed go#ernment in + pro#inces Assurance from Gicero$ 8inlithgow that go#ernors will not use emergenc$ powers To accomplish their missionCdesire that %ndia is a nation of !indus ; through erasing the culture and religion of Muslims

Measures taken b# Con'ress in t!eir Rule

 "ande Matram ; !indu nationalist song forced to be sung b$ Muslims as well which contained the !indu commitment of o#er throwing the Muslims from the Sub continent. 3ardha Scheme ; !indu0oriented education scheme -ppression, T$rann$ done on Muslims (. Muslims were illed and abused b$ !indus without charges 2. !indi enforced as official language *. Muslim worshippers were attac ed Tricolor flag hoisted on go#ernment buildings &o interference b$ Muslims in official matters

%a$istan (esolution 11:2

Reasons
Since the arri#al of "ritish, Muslims were second0class citizens and so the$ wanted a homeland which the$ themsel#es could rule 3estern democrac$ was a threat to Muslims as the$ were alwa$s a minorit$ All efforts to protect Muslim interests were in #ain, and now the onl$ solution was proposed i.e. partition 6ongress :ule (?*)0*?

Importance
Showed Muslims how to protect their rights All negotiations between "ritishC!indus on this issue Muslim 8eague was the #oice of the Muslims and Ainnah was declared the undisputed leader.

*ripps Mission %lan 11:7

Reasons
To tell %ndians how serious the war was to the "ritish as well as sub0continent To persuade 6ongress and Muslim 8eague to support "ritain in the war To promise them self0rule at the end of the war

Proposals
%ndian >nion would be set up with Dominion status After war 6onstituent Assembl$ should frame new constitution %mmediatel$ after war elections for 6onstituent Assembl$ shall be held 'ro#inces could opt out of the >nion Defense and 1inance ministries still under "ritish control

Failure
&o partition was mentioned in the planC(?7@ :esolution 6ongress wanted immediate control of 6entral Go#ernment "ritish were negotiating from a wea position

Importance
Muslim 8eague showed that the$ will not accept an$thing less than 'a istan "ritish realized the$ can9t rule %ndia for a long period now Muslim 8eague realized that 6ongress was totall$ against 'a istan "ritish for the first time allowed %ndians to ma e their own constitutions

<andhi58innah Tal$s 11::

Reasons
To discuss about when "ritish will lea#e %ndia To discuss matters related to separate homeland 1ailure of 6ripps Mission

Importance
1orced 6ongress to negotiate with Muslim 8eague on e,ual footing "$ agreeing to negotiate on possible terms of particular accepted the Muslim 8eague claim to spea for Muslims

 Ainnah9s standing went up, allowing him to deal with the problem in Muslim ran s especiall$ in 'un.ab

Failure
Gandhi claimed to spea not for 6ongress but for whole %ndia Gandhi re.ected the idea of &ationhood for Muslims 'ro#inces of 'un.ab, "engal and Assam to be go#erned along communal law Gandhi wanted Muslim 8eague to cooperate with 6ongress and as for partition after "ritish departure Gandhi wanted Defense and 1oreign polic$ to be in center while Ainnah wanted them in the pro#inces

Shimla *onference 11:5

Reasons
To form an interim E/ecuti#e 6ouncil to transfer power to the %ndians "ritish decided to lea#e

Failure
6ongress insisted to nominate Muslim members in the total Muslim ,uota of the E/ecuti#e 6ouncil Ainnah ob.ected this as Muslim 8eague is the onl$ representati#e of Muslims and Muslims would also be able to nominate !indu members The Si hs and scheduled castes will alwa$s support 6ongress

Importance
E,ual number of seats for Muslims in E/ecuti#e 6ouncil showed that the$ ha#e same political power and rights as those of !indusC6ongress Showed that Muslim 8eague is also friendl$ towards !indus :ealized that the$ should be more careful against Si hs and other minorities Muslim 8eague was pro#en as onl$ representati#e of Muslims Showed that without the 8eague no reforms would be accepted

11:5 0lections

)!# Muslim &ea'ue did *ell

More organized and united (?7@ :esolution ; clear cut idea for what Muslim 8eague was fighting for 6ongress :ule e/perience E/perience from (?*) elections

Importance
Muslim 8eague as ma.or political part$ representing all Muslims of %ndia Gote to Muslim 8eague meant #ote for 'a istan &o settlement could be reached unless Muslim 8eague agreed to it

*abinet Mission %lan 11:4

Reasons
1ailure of Shimla 6onference 1ailure of 6ripps Mission !and o#er power to %ndians

Failure
Two choices of separate homeland Demand of 6ongress ; defense, foreign affairs and communication in center &ehru9s statement

;rd 8une %lan 11:7

Proposals +decided,
"ritish would lea#e in August (?7) Sub0continent di#ided into 2 parts ; %ndia and 'a istan 6onstitutions would be of (?*< Go#ernment of %ndia Act Dominion status -ption for princel$ states to decide Di#ision of Assets

-nresolved Problems
%ssue of accession of princel$ states Di#ision of financial and militar$ assets :elationship of the "ritish 6rown to the 2 new dominions

=uaid5e5A am 11:75:8
%uccesses
"uilding go#ernment "uilding econom$ &ational securit$ "uilding nationhood

Failures
Dashmir issue remained unresol#ed 4ceasefire5 6anal 3ater Dispute >nable to ma e constitution