Exercise 1.

For each of the following relations on the set {1, 2, 3, 4}, decide whether it is reflexive, whether it is symmetric, whether it is antisymmetric, and whether it is transitive. a) {(2, 2),(2, 3), (2 ,4), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4)} b) {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)} c) {(2, 4), (4, 2)} d) {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)} e) {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)} f) {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 4)} 2. Determine whether the relation R on the set of all people is reflexive, symmetric, antisymmetric, and/or transitive, where (a, b) R if and only if a) a is taller than b. b) a and b were born on the same day. c) a has the same first name as b. d) a and b have a common grandparent. 3. Determine whether the relation R on the set of all integers is reflexive, symmetric, antisymmetric, and/or transitive, where (x, y) R if and only if a) x y. b) xy 1. c) x = y + 1 or x = y 1. d) x y (mod 7). e) x is a multiple of y. f) x and y are both negative or both nonnegative. g) x = y2. h) x y2. - A relation R on the set of A is irreflexive if for every a A, (a, a) R. That is, R is irreflexive if no element In A is related to itself. 4. Which relations in Exercise 1 are irreflexive? - A relation R is called asymmetric if (a, b) R implies that (b, a) R. 5. Which relations in Exercise 1 are asymmetric? 6. Let R be the relation on the set {0, 1, 2, 3} containing the ordered pairs (0, 1), (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 0), (2, 2), and (3, 0). Find the a) reflexive closure of R. b) symmetric closure of R.

7. Let R be the relation on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} containing the ordered pairs (1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 5), (4, 3), (5, 1), (5, 2), and (5, 4). Find a) R2. b) R3. c) R4. d) R5. e) R6. f) R*. 8. Find the smallest relation containing the relation {(1, 2), (1, 4), (3, 3), (4, 1)} that is a) reflexive and transitive. b) symmetric and transitive. c) reflexive, symmetric, and transitive. 9. Answer the following questions for the partial order represented by the following Hasse diagram.

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h)

Find the maximal elements. Find the minimal elements. Is there a greatest element? Is there a least element? Find all upper bound of {a, b, c}. Find the least upper bound of {a, b, c}, if it exists. Find all lower bound of {f, g, h}. Find the greatest lower bound of {f, g, h}, if it exists. 2

10. Answer the following questions concerning the poset ({3, 5, 9, 15, 24, 45}, |). a) Find the maximal elements. b) Find the minimal elements. c) Is there a greatest element? d) Is there a least element? e) Find all upper bounds of {3, 5}. f) Find the least upper bound of {3, 5}, if it exists. g) Find all lower bounds of {15, 45}. h) Find the greatest lower bound of {15, 45}, if it exists. 11. Answer the following questions concerning the poset ({{1}, {2}, {4}, {1, 2}, {1, 4}, {2, 4}, {3, 4}, {1, 3, 4}, {2, 3, 4}} ). a) Find the maximal elements. b) Find the minimal elements. c) Is there a greatest element? d) Is there a least element? e) Find all upper bounds of {{2}, {4}}. f) Find the least upper bound of {{2}, {4}}, if it exists. g) Find all lower bounds of {{1, 3, 4}, {2, 3, 4}}. h) Find the greatest lower bound of {{1, 3, 4}, {2, 3, 4}}, if it exists. 12. Determine whether the posets with the following Hasse diagrams are lactices.