Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed.

Chapter 4

Chapter 4
4-1

(a) The millimole is an amount of a chemical species, such as an atom, an ion, a molecule
or an electron. A millimole contains
6.02 10 23

particles
mole

10 3

mole
particles
= 6.02 10 20
millimole
millimole

(b) The molar mass is the mass in grams of one mole of a chemical species.
(c) The millimolar mass is the mass in grams of one millimole of a chemical species.
(d) Parts per million, cppm, is a term expressing the concentration of very dilute solutions.
Thus,
cppm = mass of solute
mass of solution

10 6 ppm

The units of mass in the numerator and the denominator must be the same.

4-2

The species molarity of a solution expresses the equilibrium concentration of a chemical

species in terms of moles per liter. The analytical molarity of a solution gives the total
number of moles of a solute in one liter. The species molarity takes into account
chemical reactions that occur in solution. The analytical molarity specifies how the
solution was prepared, but does not account for any subsequent reactions.

4-3

1 cm 3 m

mL 100 cm

1000 mL
1L =
1L
1M =

1 mole
L

L
10 m 3
3

1 mole
10 3 m 3

= 10 3 m 3

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed.

4-4

(a) 3.2 105 Hz

kHz
1000 Hz

(b) 4.56 10 8 g

10 9 ng
g

Ms
10 6 s

(d) 6.5 10 6 s

(e) 8.96 10 4 nm

= 320 kHz

= 45.6 ng

mmol
10 3 mol

(c) 8.43 10 5 mol

Chapter 4

= 843 mmol

= 6.5 Ms

m
10 3 nm

= 89.6 m

(f) 72,000g

kg
1000g

4-5

5.43 g Na 3 PO 4

1 mol Na 3 PO 4
3 mol Na +
6.02 10 23 Na +

= 5.98 10 22 Na +
163.94g
mol Na 3 PO 4
mol Na +

4-6

6.76 mol K 3 PO 4

4-7

(a) 4.96 g B2 O 3

= 72 kg

3 mol K +
6.02 10 23 K +

= 1.22 10 25 K +
+
mol K 3 PO 4
mol K

mol B2 O 3
= 0.0712 mol B2 O 3
69.62 g B2 O 3

(b)
333 mg Na 2 B4 O 7 10 H 2 O

mol Na 2 B4 O 7 10H 2 O
g

1000 mg
381.37g

= 8.73 10 4 mol Na 2 B4 O 7 10H 2 O

(c) 8.75 g Mn 3O 4

mol Mn 3O 4
= 0.0382 mol Mn 3O 4
228.81 g Mn 3O 4

(d) 167.2 mg CaC 2 O 4

mol CaC 2 O 4
g

= 1.31 10 3 mol CaC 2 O 4

1000 mg 128.10 g CaC 2 O 4

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed.

4-8

(a) 57 mg P2 O 5

mol P2 O 5
g
1000 mmol

= 0.40 mmol P2 O 5
1000 mg 141.94 g P2 O 5
mol

(b) 12.92 g CO 2

mol CO 2
1000 mmol

= 293.6 mmol CO 2
44.01 g CO 2
mol

(c) 40.0 g NaHCO 3

mol NaHCO 3
1000 mmol

= 476 mmol NaHCO 3

84.01 g NaHCO 3
mol

(d)

850 mg MgNH 4 PO 4

mol MgNH 4 PO 4
g
1000 mmol

1000 mg 137.32 g MgNH 4 PO 4

mol

= 6.2 mmol MgNH 4 PO 4

4-9

(a)
3.25 10 3 mol KMnO 4 1000 mmol
3.25 10 M KMnO 4

2.00 L
L
mol
= 6.50 mmol KMnO 4
3

(b)

0.0555 mol KSCN 1000 mmol

L

750 mL
L
mol
1000 mL
= 41.6 mmol KSCN

0.0555 M KSCN

(c)
5.41 ppm CuSO 4

5.41 mg CuSO 4
g
mol CuSO 4
1000 mmol

L
1000 mg 159.61 g CuSO 4
mol

(d) 0.333 M KCl

L
250 mL = 8.47 10 3 mmol CuSO 4
1000 mL

0.333 mol KCl 1000 mmol

3.50 L = 1165.6 mmol KCl

L
mol

Chapter 4

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed.

4-10

Chapter 4

(a)

0.320 mol HClO 4 1000 mmol

L

175 mL
L
mol
1000 mL
= 56.0 mmol HClO 4

0.320 M HClO 4

(b)
8.05 10 3 M K 2 CrO 4

8.05 10 3 mol K 2 CrO 4 1000 mmol

15.0 L
L
mol

= 121 mmol K 2 CrO 4

(c)

6.75 ppm AgNO 3

6.75 mg AgNO 3
mol AgNO 3
g
1000 mmol

L
1000 mg 169.87 g AgNO 3
mol
5.00 L = 0.199 mmol AgNO 3

(d)

0.0200 M KOH

0.0200 mol KOH 1000 mmol

L

851 mL
L
mol
1000 mL

= 17.0 mmol KOH

4-11

(a) 0.777 mol HNO 3

(b) 500 mmol MgO

63.01 g HNO 3 1000 mg

= 4.90 10 4 mg HNO 3
mol HNO 3
g

mol
40.30 g MgO 1000 mg

= 2.015 10 4 mg MgO
1000 mmol
mol MgO
g

(c) 22.5 mol NH 4 NO 3

80.04 g NH 4 NO 3 1000 mg

= 1.80 10 6 mg NH 4 NO 3
mol NH 4 NO 3
g

(d)
4.32 mol ( NH 4 ) 2 Ce( NO 3 ) 6

548.23 g ( NH 4 ) 2 Ce( NO 3 ) 6 1000 mg

mol ( NH 4 ) 2 Ce( NO 3 ) 6
g

= 2.37 10 6 mg ( NH 4 ) 2 Ce( NO 3 ) 6

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed.

4-12

(a) 7.1 mol KBr

Chapter 4

119.0 g KBr
= 840 g KBr
mol KBr

(b) 20.1 mmol PbO

mol
223.20 g PbO

= 4.49 g PbO
1000 mmol
mol PbO

(c) 3.76 mol MgSO 4

120.37 g MgSO 4
= 452 g MgSO 4
mol MgSO 4

(d)

9.6 mmol Fe( NH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 6H 2 O

392.23 g Fe( NH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 6 H 2 O

mol

1000 mmol
mol Fe( NH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 6 H 2 O

= 3.8 g Fe( NH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 6H 2 O

4-13

(a)
0.250 M sucrose

0.250 mol sucrose

L
342 g sucrose 1000 mg

26.0 mL
L
1000 mL mol sucrose
g

= 2.22 10 3 mg sucrose

(b)
4.76 10 3 mol H 2 O 2 34.02 g H 2 O 2 1000 mg
4.76 10 M H 2 O 2

2.92 L
L
mol H 2 O 2
g
3

= 472.8 mg H 2 O 2

(c)
4.96 ppm Pb( NO 3 ) 2

4.96 mg Pb( NO 3 ) 2
L

656 mL = 3.25 mg Pb( NO 3 ) 2

L
1000 mL

(d)

0.0619 M KNO 3
= 42.2 mg KNO 3

0.0619 mol KNO 3 101.10 g KNO 3 1000 mg

L

6.75 mL
L
mol
g
1000 mL

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed.

4-14

Chapter 4

(a)

0.164 M H 2 O 2

0.164 mol H 2 O 2
34.02 g H 2 O 2
L

450 mL
L
1000 mL
mol H 2 O 2

= 2.51 g H 2 O 2
(b)
8.75 10 4 M benzoic acid

8.75 10 4 mol benzoic acid

L
122 g benzoic acid

L
1000 mL mol benzoic acid
27.0 mL = 2.88 10 3 g benzoic acid

(c) 21.7 ppm SnCl 2

21.7 mg SnCl 2
g

3.50 L = 0.0760 g SnCl 2

L
1000 mg

(d)

0.0125 M KBrO 3

0.0125 mol KBrO 3

167 g KBrO 3
L

21.7 mL
L
1000 mL mol KBrO 3

= 0.0453 g KBrO 3

4-15

(a)
pNa = log(0.0335M + 0.0503M ) = log(0.0838M ) = log(8.38 10 2 M )
= log(8.38) log(10 2 )
= 0.923 ( 2) = 1.077
pCl = log(0.0335M ) = log(3.35 10 2 M )
= log(3.35) log(10 2 )
= 0.525 ( 2) = 1.475
pOH = log(0.0503M ) = log(5.03 10 2 M )
= log(5.03) log(10 2 )
= 0.702 ( 2) = 1.298

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed.

Chapter 4

(b)
pBa = log(7.65 10 3 M )
= log(7.65) log(10 3 )
= 0.884 ( 3) = 2.116
pMn = log(1.54 M ) = 0.188

pCl = log(7.65 10 3 M + ( 2 1.54 M )) = log(3.08M ) = 0.490

(c)
pH = log(0.600 M ) = log(6.00 10 1 M )
= log(6.00) log(10 1 )
= 0.778 ( 1) = 0.222
pCl = log(0.600 M + ( 2 0.101M )) = log(0.802 M ) = log(8.02 10 1 M )
= log(8.02) log(10 1 )
= 0.904 ( 1) = 0.096
pZn = log(0.101M ) = log(1.01 10 1 M )
= log(1.01) log(10 1 )
= 0.00432 ( 1) = 0.996

(d)
pCu = log(4.78 10 2 M )
= log(4.78) log(10 2 )
= 0.679 ( 2) = 1.320
pZn = log(0.104 M ) = log(1.04 10 1 M )
= log(1.04) log(10 1 )
= 0.0170 ( 1) = 0.983
pNO 3 = log((2 0.0478M ) + ( 2 0.104 M )) = log(0.304 M ) = log(3.04 10 1 M )
= log(3.04) log(10 1 )
= 0.483 ( 1) = 0.517

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed.

(e)
pK = log((4 (2.62 10 7 M )) + 4.12 10 7 M ) = log(1.46 10 6 M )
= log(1.46) log(10 6 )
= 0.164 ( 6) = 5.836
pOH = log(4.12 10 7 M )
= log(4.12) log(10 7 )
= 0.615 ( 7) = 6.385
pFe(CN ) 6 = log(2.62 10 7 M )
= log(2.62) log(10 7 )
= 0.418 ( 7) = 6.582

(f)
pH + = log(6.75 10 4 M )
= log(6.75) log(10 4 )
= 0.829 ( 4) = 3.171
pBa = log(3.35 10 4 M )
= log(3.35) log(10 4 )
= 0.525 ( 4) = 3.475
pClO 4 = log(2 (3.35 10 4 M ) + 6.75 10 4 M ) = log(1.34 10 3 M )
= log(1.34) log(10 3 )
= 0.127 ( 3) = 2.873

4-16

(a) [ H 3O + ] = antilog(0.240) antilog( 5) = 1.7 10 5 M

as in part (a)

(b) [ H 3O + ] = 2.6 10 5 M
(c) [ H 3O + ] = 0.30 M

Chapter 4

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed.

(d) [ H 3O + ] = 2.4 10 14 M
(e) [ H 3O + ] = 4.8 10 8 M
(f) [ H 3O + ] = 1.7 106 M
(g) [ H 3O + ] = 2.04 M
(h) [ H 3O + ] = 3.3M

4-17

(a)

pNa = pBr = log(0.0200 M ) = log(2.00) log(10 2 )

= 0.301 ( 2) = 1.699
pH = pOH = - log(1.010-7M) = 7.00

(b)

pBa = log(0.0100 M ) = log(1.00) log(10 2 )

= 0.000 ( 2) = 2.000
pBr = log(2 0.0100M ) = log(2.00) log(10 2 )
= 0.301 ( 2) = 1.699
pH = pOH = - log(1.010-7M) = 7.00

(c)

pBa = log(3.5 10 3 M ) = log(3.5) log(10 3 )

= 0.54 ( 3) = 2.46
pOH = log(2 (3.5 10 3 M ) = log(7.0 10 3 M ) = log(7.0) log(10 3 )
= 0.84 ( 3) = 2.15
pH = 14.00 pOH = (14.00 2.15) = 11.85

Chapter 4

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed.

(d)

pH = log(0.040M ) = log(4.0 10 2 M ) = log(4.0) log(10 2 )

= 0.60 ( 2) = 1.40
pNa = log(0.020 M ) = log(2.0 10 2 M ) = log(2.0) log(10 2 )
= 0.30 ( 2) = 1.70
pCl = log(0.040 M + 0.020 M ) = log(0.060 M ) = log(6.0 10 2 M )
= log(6.0) log(10 2 )
= 0.78 ( 2) = 1.22
pOH = 14.00 1.40 = 12.60

(e)

pCa = log(6.7 10 3 M ) = log(6.7) log(10 3 )

= 0.83 ( 3) = 2.17
pBa = log(7.6 10 3 M ) = log(7.6) log(10 3 )
= 0.88 ( 3) = 2.12
pCl = log((2 (6.7 10 3 M )) + ( 2 (7.6 10 3 M ))) = log(2.9 10 2 M )
= log(2.9) log(10 2 )
= 0.46 ( 2) = 1.54
pH = pOH = - log(1.010-7M) = 7.00

(f)

pZn = log(4.8 10 8 M ) = log(4.8) log(10 8 )

= 0.68 ( 8) = 7.32
pCd = log(5.6 10 7 M ) = log(5.6) log(10 7 )
= 0.75 ( 7) = 6.25

Chapter 4

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed.

Chapter 4

pNO 3 = log((2 ( 4.8 10 8 M )) + (2 (5.6 10 7 M ))) = log(1.2 10 6 M )

= log(1.2) log(10 6 )
= 0.79 ( 6) = 5.92
pH = pOH = - log(1.010-7M) = 7.00

4-18

(a) [ H 3O + ] = antilog(0.33) antilog( 10) = 2.14 10 10 M

as in part (a),

(b) [OH ] = 0.733 M

(c) [ Br ] = 0.92 M
(d) [Ca 2+ ] = 4.5 10 13 M
(e) [Li+] = 1.66 M
(f) [ NO 3 ] = 1.7 10 8 M

(g) [ Mn 2+ ] = 0.99 M
(h) [Cl-] = 0.0955 M
4-19

(a)
1.08 10 3 ppm Na +

1
1.02 g 1000 mL mol Na +

= 0.0479 M Na +
10 6 ppm
mL
L
22.99 g
3

270 ppm SO 4

1
1.02 g 1000 mL mol SO 4
2
6

= 2.87 10 3 M SO 4
10 ppm
mL
L
96.06 g

(b)

pNa = log(4.79 10 2 M ) = log(4.79) log(10 2 )

= 0.680 ( 2) = 1.320

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed.

Chapter 4

pSO 4 = log(2.87 10 3 M ) = log(2.87) log(10 3 )

= 0.458 ( 3) = 2.543

4-20

(a)
18 mg K + 1000 mL
g
mol K +

= 4.6 10 3 M K +
100 mL
L
1000 mg 39.10 g
365 mg Cl 1000 mL
g
mol Cl

= 0.103 M Cl
100 mL
L
1000 mg 35.45 g

(b)

pK = log(4.6 10 3 M ) = log(4.6) log(10 3 )

= 0.66 ( 3) = 2.34
pCl = log(1.0310-1M) = log(1.03)log(10-1)
= 0.0133(1) = 0.987

4-21

(a)
5.76 g KCl MgCl 2 6 H 2 O mol KCl MgCl 2 6 H 2 O

= 0.01037 M KCl MgCl 2 6 H 2 O

2.00 L
277.85 g
(b)
0.01037 M KCl MgCl 2 6 H 2 O

mol Mg 2+
= 0.01037 M Mg 2+
mol KCl MgCl 2 6 H 2 O

(c) 0.01037 M KCl MgCl 2 6 H 2 O

(d)

3 mol Cl
= 0.0311 M Cl
mol KCl MgCl 2 6 H 2 O

5.76 g KCl MgCl 2 6 H 2 O

L

100% = 0.288% (w/v)

2.00 L
1000 mL

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed.

Chapter 4

(e)
0.0311 mol Cl
L
1000 mmol
0.0311 M Cl

25.0 mL = 0.777 mmol Cl

L
1000 mL
mol

(f)
0.01037 M KCl MgCl 2 6H 2 O
=

1 mol K +
39.10 g K + 1000 mg

1 mol KCl MgCl 2 6 H 2 O

mol K +
g

405 mg
405 ppm K +
L

(g) pMg = log(1.04 10 2 M ) = log(1.04) log(10 2 ) = 0.0170 ( 2) = 1.984

(h) pCl = log(3.12 10 2 M ) = log(3.12) log(10 2 ) = 0.494 ( 2) = 1.507

4-22

(a)
1210 mg K 3 Fe(CN ) 6 1210 g K 3 Fe(CN ) 6 mol K 3 Fe(CN ) 6

= 4.74 10 3 M K 3 Fe(CN ) 6
775 mL
775 L
329.2 g

3 mol K +
(b) 4.74 10 M K 3 Fe(CN ) 6
= 0.0142 M K +
mol K 3 Fe(CN ) 6
3

(c) 4.74 10 3 M K 3 Fe(CN ) 6

(d)

mol Fe(CN ) 6
3
= 4.74 10 3 M Fe(CN ) 6
mol K 3 Fe(CN ) 6

1210mgK 3 Fe(CN ) 6
g

100% = 0.156% (w/v)

775mL
1000mg

(e)
1.42 10 2 M K +
= 0.710 mmol K +

1.42 10 2 mol K +
L
1000 mmolK +

50.0 mL
L
1000 mL
mol K +

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed.

Chapter 4

(f)
3

4.74 10 3 mol K 3 Fe(CN) 6 mol Fe(CN) 6

4.74 10 M K 3 Fe(CN) 6

L
mol K 3 Fe(CN) 6
3

211.95 g Fe(CN) 6
3
mol Fe(CN) 6

1000 mg 1000 mg
3
3
=
Fe(CN) 6 1.00 10 3 ppm Fe(CN) 6
g
L

(g) pK = log(1.42 10 2 M ) = log(1.42) log(10 2 ) = 0.152 ( 2) = 1.848

(h) pFe(CN ) 6

4-23

= log(4.74 10 3 M ) = log(4.74) log(10 3 ) = 0.676 ( 3) = 2.324

(a)

6.42 g Fe( NO 3 ) 3
1 1.059 g 1000 mL mol Fe( NO 3 ) 3

g solution
100
mL
L
241.86 g
= 0.281 M Fe( NO 3 ) 3

6.42% Fe( NO 3 ) 3

(b)

0.281 M Fe( NO 3 ) 3

0.281 mol Fe( NO 3 ) 3

3 mol NO 3

= 0.844 M NO 3
L
mol Fe( NO 3 ) 3

(c)

0.281 M Fe( NO 3 ) 3

4-24

0.281 mol Fe( NO 3 ) 3 241.86 g Fe( NO 3 ) 3 68.0 g Fe( NO 3 ) 3

=
L
mol
L

(a)
12.5% NiCl 2

12.5 g NiCl 2
1 1.149 g 1000 mL mol NiCl 2

= 1.11 M NiCl 2
g solution
100
mL
L
129.61 g

1.11 mol NiCl 2 2 mol Cl

(b) 1.11 M NiCl 2

= 2.22 M Cl
L
mol NiCl 2

(c) 1.11 NiCl 3

1.11 mol NiCl 2 129.61 g NiCl 2

L = 144 g NiCl 2
L
mol

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed.

4-25

Chapter 4

(a)
4.75 g C 2 H 5OH
1

500 mL soln = 23.8 g C 2 H 5OH

mL soln
100

4.75% ( w / v ) C 2 H 5OH

Weigh 23.8 g ethanol and add enough water to give a final volume of 500 mL.

(b)
4.75% ( w / w ) C 2 H 5OH

4.75 g C 2 H 5OH
1

500 g soln = 23.8 g C 2 H 5OH

g soln
100

500 g soln = 23.8 g C 2 H 5OH + x g water

x g water = 500 g soln 23.8 g C 2 H 5OH = 476.2 g water

Mix 23.8 g ethanol with 476.2 g water.

(c)
4.75% ( v / v ) C 2 H 5OH

4.75 mL C 2 H 5OH
1

500 mL soln = 23.8 mL C 2 H 5OH

mL soln
100

Dilute 23.8 mL ethanol with enough water to give a final volume of 500 mL.

4-26

(a)
21.0 g C 3 H 8 O 3
1 1000 mL

2.50 L soln = 525 g C 3 H 8 O 3

mL soln
100
L
Weigh 525 g glycerol and add enough water to give a final volume of 2.50 L.
21.0% ( w / v ) C 3 H 8O 3

(b)

21.0% ( w / w ) C 3 H 8O 3

21.0 g C 3 H 8 O 3
1 1000 g

2.50 kg soln = 525 g C 3 H 8 O 3

g soln
100
kg

2.50 kg soln = 0.525 kg C 3 H 8O 3 + x kg water

x kg water = 2.50 kg soln 0.525 kg C 3 H 8O 3 = 1.98 kg water

Mix 525 g glycerol with 1.98 kg water.

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed.

Chapter 4

(c)
21.0 mL C 3 H 8O 3
1 1000 mL

2.50 L soln = 525 mL C 3 H 8O 3

mL soln
100
L
Dilute 525 mL glycerol with enough water to give a final volume of 2.50 L.
21.0% ( v / v ) C 3 H 8O 3

4-27
6.00 mol H 3 PO 4
L

750 mL = 4.50 mol H 3 PO 4

L
1000 mL

6.00 M H 3 PO 4

86% ( w / w ) H 3 PO 4
=

86 g H 3 PO 4
1 1.71 g reagent g water 1000 mL mol H 3 PO 4

g reagent
100
g water
mL
L
98.0 g

15.0 mol H 3 PO 4
L

L
= 0.300 L
15.0 mol H 3 PO 4
Dilute 300 mL of the concentrated reagent to 750 mL using water.
volume 86% ( w / w ) H 3 PO 4 required = 4.50 mol H 3 PO 4

4-28
3.00 M HNO 3

3.00 mol HNO 3

L

900 mL = 2.70 mol HNO 3

L
1000 mL

70.5% ( w / w ) HNO 3
=

70.5 g HNO 3
1 1.42 g reagent g water 1000 mL mol HNO 3

g reagent
100
g water
mL
L
63.0 g

15.9 mol HNO 3

L

L
= 0.170 L
15.9 mol HNO 3
Dilute 170 mL of the concentrated reagent to 900 mL using water.
volume 70.5% HNO 3 required = 2.70 mol HNO 3

4-29

(a)

0.0750 M AgNO 3

0.0750 mol AgNO 3 169.87 g AgNO 3

L

500 mL
L
mol
1000 mL

= 6.37 g AgNO 3
Dissolve 6.37 g AgNO3 in enough water to give a final volume of 500 mL.

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed.

Chapter 4

(b)
0.285 mol HCl
1 L = 0.285 mol HCl
L
L
0.285 mol HCl
= 0.0475 L HCl
6.00 mol HCl

0.285 M HCl

Take 47.5 mL of the 6.00 M HCl and dilute to 1.00 L using water.

(c)
0.0810 M K +

0.0810 mol K +
L

400 mL = 3.24 10 2 mol K +

L
1000 mL

3.24 10 2 mol K +

mol K 4 Fe(CN ) 6 368.43 g K 4 Fe(CN ) 6

= 2.98 g K 4 Fe(CN ) 6
4 mol K +
mol

Dissolve 2.98 g K4Fe(CN)6 in enough water to give a final volume of 400 mL.

(d)
3.00% ( w / v ) BaCl 2
18.0 g BaCl 2

3.00 g BaCl 2
1

600 mL = 18.0 g BaCl 2

mL soln
100

mol BaCl 2
L

= 0.216 L
208.23 g
0.400 mol BaCl 2

Take 216 mL of the 0.400 M BaCl2 solution and dilute to 600 mL using water.

(e)

0.120 mol HClO 4

2.00 L = 0.240 mol HClO 4
L
71 g HClO 4
1 1.67 g reagent g water 1000 mL mol HClO 4
71% ( w / w ) HClO 4

g reagent
100
g water
mL
L
100.46 g

0.120 M HClO 4

11.8 mol HClO 4

L

L
= 0.0203 L
11.8 mol HClO 4
Take 20.3 mL of the concentrated reagent and dilute to a final volume of 2.00 L using
volume 71% ( w / w ) HClO 4 required = 0.240 mol HClO 4

water.

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed.

Chapter 4

(f)

60 ppm Na +

60 mg Na +
9.00 L = 540 mg Na +
L soln

g
mol Na +
540 mg Na

= 0.02348 mol Na +
1000 mg 22.99 g
mol Na 2SO 4 142.04 g Na 2SO 4
0.02348 mol Na +

= 1.67 g Na 2SO 4
2 mol Na +
mol
+

Dissolve 1.67 g Na2SO4 in enough water to give a final volume of 9.00 L.

4-30

(a)
0.0500 mol KMnO 4
158.03 g KMnO 4
5.00 L
= 39.5 g KMnO 4
L
mol
Dissolve 39.5 g KMnO4 in enough water to give a final volume of 5.00 L.
0.0500 M KMnO 4

(b)
0.250 mol HClO 4
4.00 L = 1.00 mol HClO 4
L
L
1.00 mol HClO 4
= 0.125 L reagent
8.00 mol reagent
0.250 M HClO 4

Take 125 mL of the 8.00 M reagent and dilute a final of volume of 4.00 L using water.

(c)
0.0250 M I

0.0250 mol I
L

400 mL = 0.0100 mol I

L
1000 mL

1.00 10 2 mol I

mol MgI 2 278.11 g MgI 2

= 1.39 g MgI 2
2 mol I
mol

Dissolve 1.39 g MgI2 in enough water to give a final volume of 400 mL.

(d)

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed.

1.00% ( w / v ) CuSO4
2.00 g CuSO 4

Chapter 4

1.00 g CuSO 4
1

200 mL = 2.00 g CuSO 4

mL soln
100

mol CuSO 4
L

= 0.0343 L
159.60 g
0.365 mol CuSO 4

Take 34.3 mL of the 0.365 M CuSO4 and dilute to a final volume of 200 mL using water.

(e)
0.215 mol NaOH
1.50 L = 0.3225 mol NaOH
L
50 g NaOH
1 1.525 g reagent g water 1000 mL mol NaOH
50% ( w / w ) NaOH

g reagent 100
g water
mL
L
40.00 g
19.062 mol NaOH
=
L
L
volume 50% ( w / w ) NaOH required = 0.3225 mol NaOH
= 0.0169 L
19.062 mol NaOH
Take 16.9 mL of the concentrated reagent and dilute to a final volume of 1.50 L using
0.215 M NaOH

water.

(f)

12.0 ppm K +

12 mg K +
1.50 L = 1.8 101 mg K +
L soln

g
mol K +

= 4.60 10 4 mol K +
1000 mg 39.10 g
mol K 4 Fe(CN ) 6 368.35 g K 4 Fe(CN ) 6
4.60 10 4 mol K +

= 0.0424 g K 4 Fe(CN ) 6
4 mol K +
mol

1.8 101 mg K +

Dissolve 42.4 mg K4Fe(CN)6 in enough water to give a final volume of 1.50 L.

4-31
0.250 M La 3+

0.250 mol La 3+
L

50.0 mL = 1.25 10 2 mol La 3+

L
1000 mL

0.302 M IO 3

0.302 mol IO 3
L

75.0 mL = 2.27 10 2 mol IO 3

L
1000 mL

Because each mole of La(IO3)3 requires three moles IO3-, IO3- becomes the limiting

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed.

Chapter 4

reagent. Thus,

2.27 10 2 mol IO 3

mol La ( IO 3 ) 3 663.6 g La ( IO 3 ) 3

= 5.01 g La ( IO 3 ) 3 formed

mol
3 mol IO 3

4-32
0.125 M Pb

2+

0.125 mol Pb 2+
L

200 mL = 2.50 10 2 mol Pb 2+

L
1000 mL

0.175 M Cl

0.175 mol Cl
L

400 mL = 7.00 10 2 mol Cl

L
1000 mL

Because each mole of PbCl2 requires two moles Cl-, Pb2+ becomes the limiting reagent.
Thus,
2.50 10 2 mol Pb 2+

4-33

mol PbCl 2 278.10 g PbCl 2

= 6.95 g PbCl 2 formed

mol Pb 2+
mol

A balanced chemical equation can be written as shown below.

Na 2 CO 3 + 2 HCl 2 NaCl + H 2 O + CO 2 ( g )

(a)
0.2220 g Na 2 CO 3
0.0731 M HCl

mol Na 2 CO 3
= 2.094 10 3 mol Na 2 CO 3
105.99 g

0.0731 mol HCl

L

100.0 mL = 7.31 10 3 mol HCl

L
1000 mL

Because one mole of CO2 is evolved for every mole Na2CO3 reacted, Na2CO3 is the
limiting reagent. Thus,
2.094 10 3 mol Na 2 CO 3

mol CO 2
44.01 g CO 2

= 0.09218 g CO 2 evolved
mol Na 2 CO 3
mol

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed.

Chapter 4

(b)
mol HCl left = 7.31 10 3 mol ( 2 ( 2.094 10 3 mol)) = 3.12 10 3 mol
3.12 10 3 mol HCl 1000 mL

= 0.0312 M HCl
100.0 mL
L

4-34

A balanced chemical equation can be written as shown below.

Na 3 PO 4 + 3HgNO 3 3NaNO 3 + Hg 3 PO 4

(a)
0.3757 M Na 3 PO 4

0.3757 mol Na 3 PO 4
L

25.0 mL = 9.39 10 3 mol Na 2 PO 4

L
1000 mL

0.5151 mol HgNO 3

L

100.0 mL = 0.05151 mol HgNO 3

L
1000 mL
The limiting reagent is Na2PO4. Thus,
0.5151 M HgNO 3

9.39 10 3 mol Na 2 PO 4

mol Hg 3 PO 4 696.74 g Hg 3 PO 4

= 6.54 g Hg 3 PO 4 formed
mol Na 3 PO 4
mol

(b)
mol HgNO 3 unreacted = 5.151 10 2 mol (3 (9.39 10 3 mol)) = 0.0233 mol HgNO 3
0.0233 mol HgNO 3 1000 mL

= 0.187 M HgNO 3
125.0 mL
L

4-35

A balanced chemical equation can be written as shown below.

Na 2SO 3 + 2 HClO 4 2 NaClO 4 + H 2 O + SO 2 ( g )

(a)
0.3132 mol Na 2SO 3
L

75.00 mL = 0.02349 mol Na 2SO 3

L
1000 mL
0.4025 mol HClO 4
L
0.4025 M HClO 4

150.0 mL = 0.06038 mol HClO 4

L
1000 mL
0.3132 M Na 2SO 3

Because one mole SO2 is evolved per mole Na2SO3, Na2SO3 is the limiting reagent.

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed.

Chapter 4

Thus,
0.02349 mol Na 2SO 3

mol SO 2
64.06 g SO 2

= 1.505 g SO 2 evolved
mol Na 2SO 3
moL

(b)
mol HClO 4 unreacted = (0.06038 mol - 2 (0.02349 mol)) = 0.01340 mol HClO 4
0.01340 mol HClO 4 1000 mL

= 0.0595 M HClO 4
225.0 mL
L

4-36

A balanced chemical equation can be written as shown below.

+

MgCl 2 + Na 2 PO 4 + NH 4 MgNH 4 PO 4 ( s ) + 2 Na + + 2Cl

1.000% ( w / v ) MgCl 2

1.000 g MgCl 2
mol MgCl 2
1

200.0 mL
mL
100
95.21 g
= 0.02101 mol MgCl 2

0.1753 mol Na 2 PO 4
L

40.0 mL = 7.01 10 3 mol Na 2 PO 4

L
1000 mL
The Na2PO4 is the limiting reagent. Thus,
0.1753 M Na 2 PO 4

137.35 g MgNH 4 PO 4
= 0.9628 g MgNH 4 PO 4
mol
mol MgCl 2 unreacted = (0.02101 7.01 10 3 ) = 0.0140 mol MgCl 2
mass MgNH 4 PO 4 ppt = 7.01 10 3

0.0140 mol MgCl 2 1000 mL

= 0.0583 M MgCl 2
240.0 mL
L

4-37

A balanced chemical equation can be written as shown below.

AgNO 3 + KI AgI( s ) + K + + NO 3
24.31 ppt KI

1
g
mol KI

200.0 mL
= 0.02930 mol KI
10 ppt mL
166.0 g
3

0.02930 mol KI

mol AgNO 3
L
1000 mL

= 2930 mL AgNO 3
mol KI
0.0100 mol AgNO 3
L

2930 mL of 0.0100 M AgNO3 would be required to precipitate all I- as AgI.

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed.

4-38

Chapter 4

A balanced chemical equation can be written as shown below.

3Ba ( NO 3 ) 2 + Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 3BaSO 4 + 2Al +3 + 6 NO 3

(a)
480.4 ppm Ba ( NO 3 ) 2

mol Ba ( NO 3 ) 2
1
g

750.0 mL
10 ppm mL
261.34 g
6

= 1.38 10 3 mol Ba ( NO 3 ) 2
0.03090 M Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3

0.03090 mol Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3

L

200.0 mL
L
1000 mL

= 6.18 10 3 mol Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3

The Ba(NO3)2 is the limiting reagent. Thus,
1.38 10 3 mol Ba ( NO 3 ) 2

3 mol BaSO 4
233.39 g BaSO 4

= 0.322 g BaSO 4 formed

3 mol Ba ( NO 3 ) 2
mol

(b)
mol Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 unreacted = (6.18 10 3 ( 1 (1.38 10 3 )) = 5.72 10 3 mol Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3
3
3
5.72 10 mol Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 1000 mL

= 6.02 10 3 M Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3
950.0 mL
L