Lab Report: EM103 Engineering Dynamics

Experiment 1: Static Friction and kinetic friction

Objectives:
In this lab, you will make some basic measurements of friction. You will measure the coefficients of static and kinetic frictions between several combinations of surfaces using an inclined plane between three of the combinations of surfaces. This experiment enables the students to determine the static coefficient of friction (s) and kinetic coefficient of friction (k) between specimens of different materials on different surface using the angle of repose method.

Theory:
The coefficient of static friction s can be measured experimentally for an object placed on an inclined plane (a.k.a. ramp, a.k.a. hill). The coefficient of static friction is related to the critical angle c for the ramp, at which the object just begins to slide. Using what we have covered in class, you can derive this relationship yourself! At this critical angle, static friction preventing the object from sliding down the hill is just exactly equal to the component of the objects weight along the hill. If the component of the weight along the hill were just a little greater, it would overcome friction, and the object would start to slide down. The coefficient of kinetic friction, k, can be calculated using a variation of the method you used for the coefficient of static friction. For the coefficient of kinetic friction, you can use the same free body diagram but now, the combination of WH and the force of friction will need to add up such that the block will slide at a constant speed. Think of Newtons first and second laws when you set up this equation. Learning outcomes: Upon completion of experiment (static and kinetic friction), student is able to 1. Measure the static coefficient of friction (s) between various specimens on different plane surfaces given the mass and normal force. 2. Find the relations between the static coefficient of friction (s) with repose angle (). 3. Derive a relationship between the critical angle, and the coefficient of kinetic friction

(k). 4. Compare the values of static friction coefficient s kinetic friction coefficient k. Material and Apparatus:
Inclined Plane Apparatus (LS-12006), specimen (aluminum, steel, brass and wood). Plane surface (steel and plastic), Cord Pulley. Weight blocks (10g, 20g, 50g, and 100g).

Safety measures: The steel surface should be clean and smooth to get a precise results. Make sure that the protractor is working well to get an accurate angle reading. Make sure that all the specimens have a smooth surface for the accuracy of the experiment. Experimental Procedure: Static friction (part1): 1. The apparatus was placed table. 2. The specimen was chosen, the material was identified, the specimen was weighted (R) and the calculation was been done and recorded into the table. 3. With plane in the horizontal position, specimen was placed somewhere at the mid span. 4. A cord was Attached to the specimen and passed over the pulley. A mass hanger was suspended onto the end the cord. 5. At first, the specimen was balanced without sliding across the plane by adding load onto the hanger gradually. 6. Once the specimen was in equilibrium, weight blocks was added onto the hanger gradually until the specimen just starts to move. The weight was recorded in Newton by using W formula which is W=mg. 7. Steps (2) to (6) of the procedures were repeated three times and the average Frictional Force, F and Normal Force, R was computed and recorded into table (1-1).

8. Steps (2) to (7) of the procedure were repeated by using specimens of different materials. 9. Step (8) was repeated on plastic surface and the findings were recorded in to table (1-2). 10. The static coefficient of friction, s was calculated by the given formula, Fs = s *R. Static friction (part2): 1. Steps 1 to 3 from the previous part were repeated. 2. The horizontal plane was slowly raised until the specimen started to slide. Note the angle (). 3. The steps (7) and (8) of the procedure were repeated by using specimens of different materials. 4. Step (13) of the procedure was Repeat on different surfaces and findings were recorded. 5. The static coefficient of friction (s) was Computed by using the given formula s = Tan Kinetic friction (part1): 1. The apparatus was placed table. 2. The specimen was chosen, the material was identified, the specimen was weighted (R) and the calculation was been done and recorded into the table. 3. With plane in the horizontal position, specimen was placed somewhere at the mid span. 4. A cord was Attached to the specimen and passed over the pulley. A mass hanger was suspended onto the end the cord. 5. At first, the specimen was balanced without sliding across the plane by adding load onto the hanger gradually. 6. Once the specimen was in equilibrium, weight blocks was added onto the hanger gradually until the specimen just starts to move. The weight was recorded in Newton by using W formula which is W=mg. 7. Steps (2) to (6) of the procedures were repeated three times and the average Frictional Force, F and Normal Force, R was computed and recorded into table (3-1). 8. Steps (2) to (7) of the procedure were repeated by using specimens of different materials. 9. Step (8) was repeated on plastic surface and the findings were recorded in to table (3-2). 10. Given, Fk = k*R. Compute the kinetic coefficient of friction, k. Static friction (part2): 1. Steps 1 to 3 from the previous part were repeated.

2. The horizontal plane was slowly raised until the specimen started to slide. Note the angle (). 3. The steps (7) and (8) of the procedure were repeated by using specimens of different materials. 4. Step (13) of the procedure was Repeat on different surfaces and findings were recorded into table (4.1). 5. The static coefficient of friction (k) was Computed by using the given formula k = Tan.

Results and calculations: Static friction (part1): s = F (N) / R (N) 1. 1.1 Steel surface Aluminum R (N) 1.030 1.030 1.030 1.030 F (N) 0.3925 0.3925 0.3925 0.3925 Steel R (N) 2.805 2.805 2.805 2.805 F (N) 0.784 0.882 0.784 0.817 Brass R (N) 3.041 3.041 3.041 3.041 F (N) 0.686 0.686 0.784 0.719 Wood R (N) 0.598 0.598 0.598 0.598 F (N) 0.196 0.196 0.294 0.228

Trial 1 2 3 Average s

0.38

0.29

0.23

0.38

1.2 Plastic surface Aluminum R (N) 1.030 F (N) 0.490 Steel R (N) 2.805 F (N) 1.079 Brass R (N) 3.041 F (N) 0.981 Wood R (N) 0.598 F (N) 0.392

Trial 1

2 3 Average s

1.030 1.030 1.030 0.5

0.490 0.588 0.523

2.805 2.805 2.805

0.981 1.079 1.046

3.041 3.041 3.041

0.882 0.981 0.948

0.598 0.598 0.598

0.392 0.294 0.359

0.37

0.31

0.60

Static friction (part2):

s= tan ()
2. 2.1Steel Surface Aluminum Trial 1 2 3 Average 14 13 14 13.6 0.24 Steel 15 16 16 15.6 0.28 Brass 17 18 17 17.3 0.31 Wood 22 22 22 22 0.4

2.2 Plastic Surface Trial Aluminum Steel Brass Wood

 1 2 3 Average s 17 19 18 18 0.32

20 19 20 19.6 0.35

18 19 18 18.3 0.33

28 27 27 27.3 0.52

Kinetic friction (part1):

k = F (N) / R (N)

3. 3.1 Steel surface Aluminum R (N) 1.030 1.030 1.030 1.030 F (N) 0.294 0.294 0.294 0.294 Steel R (N) 2.805 2.805 2.805 2.805 F (N) 0.686 0.784 0.686 0.719 Brass R (N) 3.041 3.041 3.041 3.041 F (N) 0.588 0.588 0.686 0.621 Wood R (N) 0.598 0.598 0.598 0.598 F (N) 0.98 0.98 0.196 0.130

Trial 1 2 3 Average k

0.28

0.25

0.20

0.21

3.2 Plastic surface Aluminum R (N) 1.030 1.030 1.030 1.030 F (N) 0.392 0.392 0.539 0.441 Steel R (N) 2.805 2.805 2.805 2.805 F (N) 0.981 0.882 0.882 0.915 Brass R (N) 3.041 3.041 3.041 3.041 F (N) 0.882 0.784 0.882 0.850 Wood R (N) 0.598 0.598 0.598 0.598 F (N) 0.294 0.294 0.392 0.327

Trial 1 2 3 Average k

0.43

0.32

0.28

0.54

Kinetic friction (part2):

k = tan ()
4. 4.1 Steel Surface Aluminum Trial 1 2 3 Average 12 11 12 11.6 0.20 Steel 12 13 12 12.3 0.21 Brass 14 13 12 13 0.23 Wood 19 20 18 19 0.34

4.2Plastic Surface Aluminum Trial 1 2 3 Average 15 16 15 15.3 0.27 Steel 16 17 16 16.3 0.29 Brass 18 19 19 18.6 0.33 Wood 26 25 25 25.3 0.47

k
Calculations: To find (s): Example: g=9.81 m/s2. ms=105 g.

R=ms*g = (9.81 * 105)/1000= 1030 N ml= 40 g. Fs=ml*g = (9.81 * 40)/1000=0.392 N

s= Fs / R = 0.392 / 1.030 = 0.38.

Where: g: gravitational acceleration.(m/s2) ms: specimen mass. (Kg) ml: load mass.(kg) R= specimen weight. (N) Fs= static force. (N)

s= static friction factor.

To find (s): Example: = 13.6o

s= tan () =tan (13.6) = 0.24.

Where: is the angle of apparatus when the specimen start sliding. To find (k): Example: g=9.81 m/s2. ms=105 g. R=ms*g = (9.81 * 105)/1000= 1030 N ml= 30 g. Fk=ml*g =(9.81 * 30)/1000=0.294 N

k= Fk / R = 0.294 / 1.030 = 0.28.

Where: g: gravitational acceleration.(m/s2) ms: specimen mass. (Kg) ml: load mass.(Kg) R= specimen weight. (N) Fk= kinetic force. (N)

k= kinetic friction factor.

To find (s): Example: = 11.6o

k= tan () =tan (11.6) = 0.20.

Where: is the angle of apparatus when the specimen start sliding.

Discussion: Static friction: From comparing table 1.1 and 1.2 we can notice that the friction factor for same specimen in table 1.2 (plastic surface) is higher than the one in table 1.1 (steel surface).thats because we needed extra weight attached to the cord to let the specimen start moving on the plastic surface. According to friction factor formula which is s = F (N) / R (N), whenever the weight attached to the cord increases the friction factor will be increased. In contrary whenever it decreases the friction factor will be decreased. Which means that F (N) and s Are directly proportional. From table 2.1 we can notice that the friction factors of aluminium, steel, brass and wood are 0.24, 0.28, 0.31, and 0.4 respectively. From these results we can figure that wood needs the largest angle that make the specimen start sliding, then brass comes secondly, steel thirdly and aluminium fourthly. From the comparison between tables 2.1 with 2.2, when the plastic surface was used the friction factor for each specimen is increased. And thats because each specimen needs an angle on plastic surface which is larger than the angle on steel surface to start sliding down.

Fx = fs mg sin () = 0 s N m*g* sin () = 0 s N = m*g* sin () Fy = N - m*g*cos () = 0 N = m*g*cos (). s = (m*g* sin () / m*g*cos ()) = tan ()

Kinetic friction: From comparing table 3.1 and 3.2 we can notice that the friction factor for same specimen in table 3.2 (plastic surface) is higher than the one in table 3.1 (steel surface).thats because we needed extra weight attached to the cord to let the specimen start moving on the plastic surface. According to kinetic friction factor formula which is k = F (N) / R (N), whenever the weight attached to the cord increases the friction factor will be increased. In contrary whenever it decreases the friction factor will be decreased. From table 2.1 we can notice that the friction factors of aluminium, steel, brass and wood are 0.20, 0.21, 0.23, and 0.34 respectively. From these results we can figure that wood needs the largest angle that make the specimen start sliding, then brass comes secondly, steel thirdly and aluminium fourthly. From the comparison between tables 4.1 with 4.2, when the plastic surface was used. The friction factor for each specimen is increased. And thats because each specimen needs

angle on plastic surface which is larger than the angle on steel surface to start sliding down. The kinetic coefficient of friction (k) on steel surface found on both part 1 and part 2 were lower than the coefficient of friction (k) on plastic surface. Its due to the smoothness of the surface is one of the major factor that affecting the value of the coefficient of friction (k). The smoother the surface is, the lower the coefficient of friction (k) is. Its obviously found that the steel surface was way smoother than the plastic surface by simply rubbing my finger on both surfaces. From the tables above we can find the s > k. Conclusion: Throughout the completion of this experiment, Ive learnt the method to measure and calculate the static coefficient of friction (s) and the kinetic coefficient factor (k) for different types of situation (contact surfaces and specimens). Ive also understood the relations between the static coefficient of friction (s) and the inclination angle and the relation between the kinetic coefficient factor (k) and the inclination angle. Therefore, I conclude that the experiment was successful and objectives achieved. References: http://www.ap.smu.ca/demos/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=91&Ite mid=85. http://www.ap.smu.ca/demos/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=83:kinfr ic&catid=46:mechdemo.