Bibliography Primary "Chapter 2 United States v. Oliver L. North." Walsh Iran / Contra Report - Chapter 2 United States v.

Oliver L. North. Federation of American Scientists, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2013. <http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_02.htm>. Oliver North played a key role in the Iran Contra Affair by allowing Congress to continue with Iran by removing evidence of the sales. These documents highlighted his actions regarding shredding papers along with how his trial was invalid due to the withholding of information to successfully give a fair trial. This in turn resulted in Oliver North's freedom. Cawley, Janet. "Iran Cover-up Frenzy Revealed." Chicago Tribune News. Tribune Interactive, Inc, 26 June 1987. Web. 31 Jan. 2014. <http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1987-0626/news/8702170093_1_gen-edwin-meese-arms-sales-testimony>. The newspaper article provided evidence that officials involved in the Iran-Contra affair deliberately lied in court to cover up the incident. This gave a different perspective to our project because it professes an anti-Iran-Contra affair view from the time of event. "The Iran-Contra Affair 20 Years On." The National Security Archive. National Security Archive, 24 Nov. 2006. Web. 23 Oct. 2013. < http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB210/ >. This gave us documents about the Contras, information about the people involved, and what it was. The information given covers a broad amount of the Iran-Contra Affair and has diaries of the people involved, and records from that time period. Iran Contra Hearings, 07/08/1987. Perf. Oliver North. National Archives and Records Administration, 1987. Archive.org. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. <https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.11161>. In Oliver Norths hearing, North was forced to defend himself while in the process of explaining his part of the affair. He made a point to mention the Iran-Contra affairs project name, Project Democracy, which indicated that the officials that came up with the name had in fact had the democratic intentions of helping fight against communism in Central America. "THE IRAN CONTRA REPORT." Gerhard Peters. The American Presidency Project, n.d. The American Presidency Project. Web. 30 Nov. 2013.< http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/PS157/assignment files public/congressional report key sections.htm>. This was a summary of the Iran-Contra Report by Congress. It was important to our project because the report investigated the Iran-Contra Affair and showed different dynamics of the scandal. The summary did this by showing a poll pertaining to how citizens viewed the president, which concluded that they disapproved of his involvement in the Iran-Contra Affair.

"Iran-Contra Timeline." Iran-Contra Timeline. Ibiblio - The Public's Library and Digital Archive, n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2014. <http://www.ibiblio.org/sullivan/CNN/RWR/ps174/icontra/ictimtxt.htm> We used this site as a source for our timeline, for it gave a year by year account of the Iran-Contra affair using significant events and dates. This timeline was imperative for the making of our Prezi timeline, which in turn helped the viewer get a fuller grasp on the complicated matter. John Poindexter Testimony. Perf. John Poindexter. C-Span Video Library, 1987. C-Span Video Library. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. <http://www.c-spanvideo.org/clip/4481951>. In this testimony clip, John Poindexter admitted to keeping Ronald Reagan in the dark about the IranContra affair. This confession helped reinstate Ronald Reagans claim to have known very little about the scandal as it occurred. McNulty, Timothy J., and Christopher Drew. "Iran Report Blasts Reagan." Chicago Tribune News. Tribune Interactive, Inc, 19 Nov. 1987. Web. 31 Jan. 2014. <http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1987-11-19/news/8703270192_1_gen-edwin-meese-finalreport-documents>. This newspaper report talked about the withholding of information from the trial and the attorney general Messes role in why the information presented in the inquiry. Moreover, it talked about the connection with President Ronald Reagan and the scandal. "NICARAGUA." NICARAGUA. Human Rights Watch, 1989. Web. 01 Dec. 2013. <http://www.hrw.org/reports/1989/WR89/Nicaragu.htm>. This website provided information about why the government of Nicaragua was overthrown. The article on the website also displayed the relationship between the new government and the United States. Oliver North Testifying at the Iran-Contra Hearings. 1987. Photograph. AP Images. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. AP Images. Web. 4 Jan. 2014. <http://www.apimages.com/metadata/Index/CreativeCopyright-Bettmann-Corbis-AP-Images-/37c5fd202ac24773a278508236afecc1/80/0>. Oliver Norths picture was used in our United States tab because of the role he played in the scandal. Naturally, it was only appropriate to showcase him in his iconic uniform, and we decided that this picture, along with its high quality, would be the best fit. President Reagan Motions to a Reporter during a White House Press Conference in the East Room. 1981. Photograph. Ronald Reagan Presidential Museum and Library. Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum. National Archives and Records Administration. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. <http://www.reaganlibrary.gov/general-presidential>. This was a picture of Ronald Reagan at a conference. We used this in our Prezi timeline since we

decided it was the best place to put it, considering the timeline often mentioned Ronald Reagan and his large part in the Iran-Conta affair. Reagan, Ronald W. "Address to the Nation on the Investigation of the Iran Arms and Contra Aid Controversy." Address. Address to the Nation on the Investigation of the Iran Arms and Contra Aid Controversy. Oval Office, Washington D.C. 2 Dec. 1986. The American Presidency Project. Web. 18 Jan. 2014. <http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/mediaplay.php?id=36772&admin=40>. This audio clip was from one of Pres. Reagans many addresses to the nation about the Iran -Contra affair. What made this one different was President Reagans expression of his lack of knowledge on the topic. In this clip, he swore to the public that he would get to the bottom of the scandal, and that he welcomed a committee to investigate the scandal to search for any kind of illegality in the action taken during the affair. Reagan Testimony in Poindexter Trial, Part 1 (February 16, 1990). Perf. Ronald Reagan. 1990. Archive.org. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. <https://archive.org/details/org.c-span.11619-1>. This testimony was a very important one for our Democratic Responsibility page. President Ronald Reagan was a focal point in the scandal and our thesis, for we had made a point that Ronald Reagan felt a responsibility to help the Contras against communism, and in this testimony, the President blatantly said that helping the Contras was something done for democracy. Rosenbaum, David E. "IRAN-CONTRA REPORT SAYS PRESIDENT BEARS 'ULTIMATE RESPONSIBILITY' FOR WRONGDOING; 'CABAL OF ZEALOTS'" The New York Times 19 Nov. 1987: n. pag. The New York Times Company. Web. 4 Jan. 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/19/world/iran-contra-report-says-president-bears-ultimateresponsibility-for-wrongdoing.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm>. New York Times article was a review of the Iran-Contra Report, as shown evident in the title. The article was a reaction to the Iran-Contra report, a report written by the Tower committee, which harshly criticized the scandal. The article had a very memorable quote of, The Congressional committees on the Iran-contra affair blamed President Reagan in their final report today for failing to live up to his constitutional mandate to take care that the laws be faithfully executed Rossinow, Doug. "Interview with Prof. Doug Rossinow." E-mail interview. 21 Dec. 2013. Prof. Doug Rossinow is a history professor at Oslo University, and teaches a special class solely dedicated to the Iran-Contra affair. Prof. Rossinow was able to give us many good quotes that helped to support our thesis. In the interview, Prof. Rossinow gave us a very liberal perspective, for he very openly expressed negative connotations in some of his responses about Ronald Reagan and Oliver Norths involvement in the Iran-Contra affair. United States. Cong. Senate. U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. PRELIMINARY INQUIRY INTO THE SALE OF ARMS TO IRAN AND POSSIBLE DIVERSION OF FUND TO THE NICARAGUAN RESISTANCE. 100th Cong., 1st sess. S. Rept. 100-7. Washington: U.S Government Printing Office, 1987. Print.

In response to the Iran-Contra Affair, Congress made a report investigating the scandal. This gave us information about the key player's and why their actions were significant. This report also described how the president had known about the Iran-Contra Affair and gave testimonies and the point of view of officials that took part in it. Weinraub, Bernard. "Iran Payment Found Diverted To Contras; Reagan Security Adviser And Aide Are Out." The New York Times 26 Nov. 1986: n. pag. Print. This was an article about the Iran Contra Affair in 1986. We wanted to use this article because it showed the initial reaction of the public, and this was one of the most serious acts Reagan did when he was president. The public's reaction to Reagan was one of disappointment, and they thought they should have been informed. Secondary Berger, Marilyn. "RONALD REAGAN DIES AT 93; FOSTERED COLD-WAR MIGHT AND CURBS ON GOVERNMENT." The New York Times 6 June 2004: n. pag. Print. This memorial article celebrated the life of President Ronald Reagan. In the article, it mentions the Iran-Contra affair in an unbiased way and the negative effect the Iran-Contra affair had on his presidency, for it said, But until the Iran-contra affair, Mr. Reagan enjoyed tremendous popularity Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2014. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/>. The CIA World Fact Book website holds a great deal of information about every country. The site has a profile for each individual country, and each profile comes with a flag and map of each country. On our website, we used the flags and maps of Iran, the United States, Nicaragua, and Israel for our Nations Involved tab. Corn, David. "Iran-Contra: 20 Years Later and What It Means." The Nation. The Nation, 28 Nov. 2006. Web. 12 Oct. 2013. <http://www.thenation.com/blog/156284/irancontra-20-years-later-andwhat-it-means>. This article was about how the Iran-Contra affair had lasting effects throughout the years. We used pieces of this article for our People Involved page since it had key officials that were involved in the Iran-Contra Affair that were appointed by George H.W Bush to government positions. Dambaher, Nicholas T. "IRAN CONTRA AFFAIR (1983 1988)." Cold War Museum. Cold War Museum, n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2013. <http://www.coldwar.org/articles/80s/IranContraAffair.asp>. This article gave background detail and key points on the Iran-Contra Affair. It also showed how Congress was overpowered by Reagan and George H.W Bush in power. This was great information because it provided information about the power struggle between the two bodies of government. Gilman, Larry. "Iran-Contra Affair." Espionage Information. Advameg, Inc., n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2014. <http://www.faqs.org/espionage/Int-Ke/Iran-Contra-Affair.html>.

This article gave us information about what led up to the Nicaraguan revolts against the Sandinistas and how the government came to be the way that it was. Not only did it give us those facts, but it also clearly stated the outcomes of the investigation, including the sentences of all of the officials that became caught up in the scandal. Hewitt, John H. "All Quiet Along The Potomac Tonight." Rec. 1861. All Quiet Along The Potomac Tonight. 1861. Rhythm On The Rock Productions. Rhythm On The Rock Productions. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. <http://www.rhythmontherock.com/all_quiet_along_the_potomac_tonight.html>. We used this music as background music to our Prezi timeline. We decided to use this song because of its peacefulness the Iran-Contra affair is often seen as complicated and hectic, so we wanted to have a part of our website toned down and tranquil. This song did that perfectly, and added a nice vibe to our timeline. "In Pictures: Daniel Ortega, from Sandinista Guerrilla to President of Nicaragua." The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group, n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2014. <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/8874590/In-pictures-Del-Ortegafrom-Sandinista-guerrilla-to-President-of-Nicaragua.html>. This slideshow provided us with the pictures we used on the Nicaragua tab on our site. The pictures that we obtained from the slideshow showed both sides of the Nicaraguan revolution, by including each human defenses. "Iran-Contra." The Reagan Files. Jason Saltoun-Ebin, 27 Aug. 2013. Web. 04 Jan. 2014. <http://www.thereaganfiles.com/iran-contra-files.html>. This page had an understandable summary of the affair, along with many resources such as historical documents that were an outcome of the affair and key events that took place in the course of the event. "Iran-Contra Affair." United States History. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2014. <http://www.u-shistory.com/pages/h1889.html>. This commentary on the scandal went into depth about the actual trading of arms and the process the United States went through in order to obtain money to assist the Contras. Actually, Contras, which we learned from this article, is short for the Spanish term Contrarrevolucionario, which means counter-revolutionary. "The Iran-Contra Affair." PBS. WGBH Educational Foundation, n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/reagan-iran/>. PBS's article was about what the Iran-Contra Affair was, and what happened during the time of the event. It was our first source and we used it to gain a basic understanding of the topic. This article reinforced our fascination with the Iran-Contra affair, thus making us want to learn more and make it our projects topic. Martin, Douglas. "Albert Hakim, Figure in Iran-Contra Affair, Dies at 66." New York Times 1 Mar.

2003: n. pag. New York Times. Web. 16 Jan. 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/01/us/albert-hakim-figure-in-iran-contra-affair-dies-at66.html>. Albert Hakim was a crucial part in the succession of the Iran-Contra affair. Mr. Hakim was the dealer of arms to Iran, who sold the weapons at an inflated price in order to divert the profits from the sales to assist the rebels in Nicaragua. This article, while mentioning the death of Mr. Hakim, also had an easyto-understand summary of his role in the Iran-Contra affair. Parry, Robert. "Iran-Contras Lost Chapter." Consortium News. Consortium News, 14 Mar. 2013. Web. 10 Nov. 2013. <http://consortiumnews.com/2013/03/14/iran-contras-lost-chapter/>. Mr. Parry's article about the Iran-Contra affair included details about how America's responsibility as a nation to inform the citizens was greatly neglected. "Reagan's Mixed White House Legacy." BBC News. BBC MMIX, 06 June 2004. Web. 30 Nov. 2013. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/213195.stm>. This article showed us the ups and downs of Ronald Reagan's presidency. The article made mention of the effect the Iran-Contra affair had on Ronald Reagan's approval ratings. Ronald Reagan was severely criticized for his lack of national security consistencies, for he had been threatening our nation's surety of safeness. "The Sandinistas." Understanding the Iran-Contra Affairs. Brown University, n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2014. <http://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/n-sandinistas.php>. Brown University's article about the Sandinistas gave us important insight to the politics of it. It was important to our research since it provided factual, unbiased information. We learned why the Sandinistas overthrew the government before them, and that they noticed too much involvement from the United States government. "25 Years Ago: Iran-Contra Committee Covers up Plans for US Military Rule." World Socialist Web Site. World Socialist Web Site, 9 July 2012. Web. 10 Nov. 2013. <https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2012/07/twih-j09.html>. This was a newspaper article describing the lasting impacts of the Iran-Contra affair. It was special because it stated events from the actual trials. We learned that the trial addressed Ronald Reagan's secret government. "What Is FOIA?" FOIA.gov. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2014. <http://www.foia.gov/>. This website was very useful when it came to our Acts tab. President Ronald Reagan had violated the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) when he didnt allow the public to know the specifics on the Iran-Contra affair before it was exposed. Naturally, we obtained the information about the act from the official website, which has a history and summary of the act. Wroe, Ann. Lives, Lies & The Iran-Contra Affair. London: I.B Tauris & Co, 1992. Print.

We had contacted the author, Ann Wroe, for an interview, she politely declined but decided to send us her book. This book contained useful information that included her interview with Lieutenant Colonel North. Her novel talks about lasting impacts, different countries perspectives, the trial, and details surrounding one of America's most infamous scandals. Her book contained comics that proved useful in using humor for the telling of the Irangate scandal.