VECTORS

15
2 10 11

k J i
c
+

c r b q a p c b b a

+ + +
a
b
c c a
b
c c a
b
1
u
2
u

2 1
u u w w +
2 / 1 ). (
2 1
w u u
0 . CD OE
a a
v u &
w u w w + v
2 / 1 ). ( w v u
v u
)

b x a
0 ) ).( ( ) ).( ( ) + + d b a c d a c b d c

c c b c a c
c b b b a b
c a b a a a

. . .
. . .
. . . 0 . b a

c r

0 . a r

k j i

2

+ +
c b a

+ ) ( c b a

c b a

, ,
a

b b a c a a b a b c c b a

) ).( ( ) ).( ( )
2
+ k

c and b a

,
c b O


, ,
c b

:
R

) (
) .(
1
2
n t
n t r
r
r

+
k J i
2
1
2
1
2
k j i r +

3 .(

11 k j i

) cos(

) cos(

+ + k j i

) cos(

+ + k a j i

) cos(

+ +
a

15

2

10

11

k J i
c
+ +

0
. . .
. . .
c b b b a b
c a b a a a
c b a
0
. .
. .
. .
3 3
2 2
1 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1

b a k
b a j
b a i
c c c
b b b
a a a
c b c a c
b b b a b
a b a a a
b a r


+

,
_

+ +

cos 2 1
1
,
cos 2 1
cos 2
,
cos 2 1
1

,
_

+ +

+ cos 2 1
1
,
2 cos 2 1
cos 2
,
cos 2 1
1

3
1
,
3
1
3
1
3
1
AD k J i AD
A(1, 0, 2)
B(2, 1, 3)
C(2, -1, 1) D
q and p

1 < + q p

b a OD b a OC b OB a OA

2 , 3 2 , , +
OA OB OA DB ) ).( ( OC OD AC BD
2
b a

2
b a

k J i + 2

r q p + + ) c b a

, , b c b a

) 2 (
a

3
2
0 ) ( ) ( ) + + a c c b b a

2
) (
) ).( (
b a
b a b c
l

2
) (
) ).( (
a b
a b a c

66 1 c b a
] ) [( ] ) [( q r x q p q x p +

0 ] ) [ r p x r

k r q p
0 ] ) [( ] ) [( ] ) [( + + r p x r q r x q p q x p

+ + c b a 2

c b a

+ + c b a 2 3

+ + c b a 5 3 5

c b a , ,
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
c z b z a z
c y b y a y
c x b x a x

b
j i

3

4 +

c 0
4 3 2 1
+ + +

n n n n
k j i

2

2 + +
k j i

3
2

3
2

3
5
+ +
k j b i k j i a

,

+ + + +
k c j i

+ +
1 # # #

c b a 1
1
1
1
1
1
1

+
c b a
k j i a

2

3 +

k j i b

3

4 +

a

b
a

c t b r

+
a c
c
c b a
b

+
2
). (
b b a c b a

) . ( ) ( + b

c a c e

) . (
c b

&
a
b

a
)

( 3 b a
a b a b ) . (

AB CD PQ AB
] [abc
c b
] [abc
a c
] [abc
b a
2 2 2
) (
' ,
) (
) (
' ,
) (
) (
b a
b a
c
b a
a b a
b
b a
b a b

] ' ' ' [
' '
] ' ' ' [
' '
] ' ' ' [
' '
c b a
b a
c
c b a
a c
b
c b a
c b

1
]
1

+ +
+
b a b k a
k
b a
a k
r

. 1
2 2
c

15
2 10 11

k J i
c
+

c r b q a p c b b a

+ + +
a
b
c c a
b
c c a
b
1
u
2
u

2 1
u u w w +
BASIC CONCEPTS OF VECTORS:
In mathematics, physics, and engineering, a Vector (smetimes ca!!ed
a geometric r spatial vector" is a gemetric #$antity ha%ing magnit$de
(r !ength" and directin e&pressed n$merica!!y as rdered !ist ' c(
rdinates
)&, y, *+,
A %ectr is an -.ect that is an inp$t t, r $tp$t 'rm %ectr
'$nctins as per %ectr a!ge-ra, A Vectr is a directed !ine segment, r
arr/, cnnecting an initial point /ith a terminal point, Is a %ectr /ith
initia! pint A and termina! pint B, Technica!!y, the )&, y, *+ cmpnents '
%ectr are e#$a! t the %ectr di''erence min$s ,
DEFINITION:
A sca!ar is a #$antity, /hich has n!y magnit$de -$t des nt ha%e a
directin, Fr e&amp!e time, mass, temperat$re, distance and speci'ic
gra%ity etc, are sca!ars,
A Vectr is a #$antity /hich has magnit$de, directin and '!!/ the
!a/ ' para!!e!gram
(additin ' t/ %ectrs", Fr e&amp!e disp!acement, 'rce, acce!eratin
are %ectrs,
(a) There are di''erent /ays ' denting a %ectr:
a

r
a
r a are
di''erent /ays, 0e $se 'r $r cn%enience
c , b , a

etc, t dente
%ectrs, and a, -, c t dente their magnit$de,
(b) A %ectr may -e represented -y a !ine segment OA and arr/
gi%es directin ' this
%ectr, 1ength ' the !ine segment gi%es the magnit$de ' the
%ectr,
A
O
! " ! # s $ % ! # & # $ # a ' ( o # & $ a & )
# s $ % ! $ ! " * # & a ' ( o # & $ o + , A
O
A
CLASSIFICATION OF VECTORS:
(i" E!al vectors
T/ %ectrs are said t -e e#$a! i' and n!y i' they ha%e
e#$a! magnit$des and same directin,

A B
C D
A B - C D
A s . ! ' ' a s ) # " ! c $ # o & # s s a * !
(ii) "ero Vector (#!ll vector): A %ectr /hse initia! and termina! pints
are same, is ca!!ed 2er %ectr, Fr e&amp!e
AA
,S$ch
%ectr has *er magnit$de and n directin, and dented -y
0

,

AA CA BC AB + +
Or
0 CA BC AB

+ +

C
B
A
(iii) Li$e a#% &#li$e Vectors: T/ %ectrs are said t -e
(a) 1i3e, /hen they ha%e same directin,
(b) 4n!i3e, /hen they are in ppsite directins,
and 5
a

are t/ $n!i3e %ectrs as their

directins are ppsite,
a

and 6
a

are !i3e %ectrs,

(iv) &#it Vector: A $nit %ectr is a %ectr /hse magnit$de is $nity, 0e
/rite, $nit %ectr in the directin '
a

as
a
, There're ,
(v) 'arallel vectors: T/ r mre %ectrs are said t -e para!!e!, i' they
ha%e the same s$pprt r para!!e! s$pprt, Para!!e! %ectrs may ha%e
e#$a! r $ne#$a! magnit$des and directin may -e same r ppsite,
As sh/n in 'ig$re

a
b
c
O
A
B C
E D
(vi) 'ositio# Vector: I' P is any pint in the space then the %ectr
,/
is
ca!!ed psitin %ectr ' pint P, /here O is the rigin ' re'erence,
Th$s 'r any pints A and B in the space,
0 a 0
a
a

,A ,B AB
(vii) Co(i#itial vectors: Vectrs /ith same initia! pint are ca!!ed c(initia!
%ectrs,
As sh/n in 'ig$re
,C , ,B , ,A
and
,D
are Co-Initial vectors.


,
)
a
c
C
B
D
A
b
,

ADDITION OF T)O VECTORS:
1et
b AB , a ,A

and
c ,B

,
7ere
c

is s$m (r res$!tant" ' %ectrs

a

and
b

, It is t -e nticed that
the initia! pint
b

'
cincides /ith the termina! pint '
a

and the !ine .ining the initia!

pint '
a

t the termina!
pint '
b

represents %ectr
b a

+
in magnit$de and directin,

'RO'ERTIES:
(i)
a b b a + +


(S, Vectr additin is cmm$tati%e"
(ii)
c ) b a ( ) c b ( a

+ + + +
(S, Vectr additin is assciati%e"
(iii)
0 b 0 0 a 0 0 b a 0

+ +
(e#$a!ity h!ds /hen
a

and
b

are !i3e
%ectrs"
(iv)
00 b 0 0 a 00 0 b a 0

+
(e#$a!ity h!ds /hen
a

and
b

are $n!i3e
%ectrs"
(v)
a 0 a 0 a

+ +
(vi)
a ) a ( 0 ) a ( a

+ +
*

+&LTI'LICATION OF VECTOR ,- SCALARS :
I'
a

is a %ectr and m is a sca!ar, then m

a

is a %ectr para!!e! t
a

/hse md$!$s is 8 m 8 times that '
a

, This m$!tip!icatin is ca!!ed Scalar

+!ltiplicatio#, I'
a

and

b
are %ectrs and m, n are sca!ars, then: m (

a
"
9 (

a
"m 9 m

a
m(n"

a
9 n(m"

a
9 (mn"

a
(m : n"

a
9 m

a
: n

a
m(

a
:

b
" 9 m

a
: m

b
,

LINEAR CO+,INATIONS:
;i%en a 'inite set ' %ectrs

a b c , , ,......
then the %ectr



" 1a 2b 3c + + +........
is ca!!ed a !inear cm-inatin '

a b c , , ,......
'r
any

&, y, *,,,,, ,
0e ha%e the '!!/ing res$!ts:
(i) I'

a b ,
are nn(*er, nn(c!!inear %ectrs then
1a 2b 1 a 2 b 1 1 2 2

+ + ' ' ' 4 '
,
(ii) F!#%ame#tal T.eorem: 1et

a b ,
-e nn(*er , nn c!!inear %ectrs
, Then any %ectr

"
cp!anar /ith

a b ,
can -e e&pressed $ni#$e!y as a
!inear cm-inatin '

a b ,
i,e, There e&ist sme $ni#$e &, y

R s$ch
that
1a 2b "

+
(iii) I'

a b c , ,
are nn(*er, nn(cp!anar %ectrs then:

1a 2b 3c 1 a 2 b 3 c 1 1 2 2 3 3

+ + + + ' ' ' ' , ' , '
,,
(iv) I'

1 1 1
& 1 2
, ,......
are n nn *er %ectrs, < 3
=
, 3
>
, ,,,,,3
n
are n sca!ars
< i' the !inear cm-inatin
5 1 5 1 5 1 5 5 5
& & & 1 1 2 2 1 2
0 0 0 0

+ + ........ , .....
then /e say that
%ectrs are Li#earl/ I#%epe#%e#t Vectors ,
(v) I'

1 1 1
& 1 2
, ,......
are nt Li#earl/ I#%epe#%e#t then they are said t -e
Li#earl/ Depe#%e#t %ectrs, i,e, i',
5 1 5 1 5 1 5 5 5
& & & 1 1 2 2 1 2
0 0 0 0

+ + ........ , .....
< i' there e&ists
r
K 0

at !east ne then

1 1 1
& 1 2
, ,......
are said t -e Li#earl/ Depe#%e#t*
Example: S.o0 t.at t.e vectors
c 6 b 7 a 8 , c 8 b 6 a 5

+ + +
1
c 5 b 20 a 3

+ +
are
copla#ar
(0here
c , b , a

are three nn(cp!anar %ectrs,).

Sol!tio#: 1et
c 8 b 6 a 5 A

+ +
,
c 6 b 7 a 8 B

+
and
c 5 b 20 a 3 C

+ +
,

B , A
and
C
are cp!anar, This indicates that
0 C 3 B 2 A 1 + +
m$st
ha%e a rea! s!$tin 'r &, y, * ther than (?, ?, ?",
N/,
0 ) c 5 b 20 a 3 ( 3 ) c 6 b 7 a 8 ( 2 ) c 8 b 6 a 5 ( 1

+ + + + + + +

0 c ) 3 5 2 6 1 8 ( b ) 3 20 2 7 1 6 ( a ) 3 3 2 8 1 5 (

+ + + + + +
@& : Ay : 6* 9 ?
B& 5 Cy : >? * 9 ?
A& : Dy : @* 9 ? (As
c , b , a

are nn(cp!anar %ectrs"

N/ E 9
0
5 6 8
20 7 6
3 8 5


S the three !inear sim$!tane$s e#$atin in &, y and * ha%e a nn(
tri%ia! s!$tin,
7ence the gi%en %ectrs are cp!anar %ectrs,
COLLINEARITY AND COPLANARITY OF POINTS:
(a) The necessary and s$''icient cnditin 'r three pints /ith psitin
%ectrs
c , b , a

t -e c! !inear is that there e&ist three sca!ars &, y, *,

nt a!! *er s$ch that
xa yb zc 0 + +

0here
x y z 0 + +
,
(b) The necessary and s$''icient cnditin 'r '$r pints /ith psitin
%ectrs
c , b , a

and
)

t -e cp!anar is that there e&ist sca!ars &, y, *, $,

nt a!! *er, s$ch that
0 ) 9 c 3 b 2 a 1

+ + +
/here
x y z u 0 + + +
,
Example: Let 2O2 be t.e poi#t o3 i#tersectio# o3 %iago#als o3 a
parallelogram A,CD* T.e poi#ts +4 N4 5 1' are t.e mi% poi#ts o3 OA4
+,4 NC a#% 5D respectivel/* S.o0 t.at N4 O a#% ' are colli#ear*
Solution:

D
C
B A
O

!
P
"
N/,
4
b 2 a
2
b
2
a
: ,
2
a
;

+


7
a 3 b 2
2
a
4
b a
<

16
a 3 b 6
2
7
a 3 b 2
b
/

3
(2 )
16
OP b a +
uuu


( )
1 1
( 2 )
4 6
O! a b OP +
uuu uuu

,
7ence the pints N, O< P are c!!inear,
SECTION FORMULA:
1et A, B < C -e three nn c!!inear pints in space ha%ing the
psitin %ectrs
b , a

and
"

,

B
A
C
O
a
"
b
( 1 , 2 , 3 )
1 1 1
( 1 , 2 , 3 )
( 1 , 2 , 3 )
2 2 2
*
&
1et
*
&
CB
AC

mAC9nCB

CB & AC *
,
(As %ectrs are in same directin"
N/,
a " AC ,C AC ,A

+

" b CB b CB "

+

4sing (i", /e get
& *
b & a *
"
+
+

,
ORTHOGONAL SYSTEM OF UNIT VECTORS :
1et OF, OG and O2 -e three m$t$a!!y perpendic$!ar straight !ines,
;i%en any pint P(&, y, *" in
space, /e can cnstr$ct the rectang$!ar para!!e!epiped ' /hich OP is
a diagna! and
OA 9 &, OB 9 y, OC 9 *,
7ere A, B, C are (&, ?, ?", (?, y, ?" and (?, ?, *" respecti%e!y and 1, H,
N are (?, y, *", (&, ?, *" and
(&, y, ?" respecti%e!y,
B
!
#
A

C
$
O
P
% x & y & z '
(
1et
5

, =

, #

dente $nit %ectrs a!ng OF, OG and O2 respecti%e!y,

0e ha%e
5

3 =

2 #

1 ,/ " + +

as
=

2 ,B , #

1 ,A
and
5

3 ,C
,

A: ,A ,: +
( )
.
>o,
,
OP O! !P
OP OA OB OC !P OC A! OB
+
+ +
uuu uuu uuu
uuu uuu uuu uuu uuu uuu uuu uuu

5

& =

* #

3 2 1
5

3 =

2 #

1
0 " 0
"
"
2 2 2
+ +
+ +
+ +

&" =

*" #

" " + +

,
MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS:
SCALAR 'ROD&CT OF T)O VECTORS (DOT 'ROD&CT):
The sca!ar prd$ct, ' t/ nn(*er %ectrs
a

and
b

is de'ined as
cos 0 b 0 0 a 0

,/here

is
ang!e -et/een the t/ %ectrs, /hen dra/n /ith same initia! pint,
Nte that
0
,
I' at !east ne '
a

and
b

is a *er %ectr, then

b . a

is de'ined as *er,
'RO'ERTIES :
(i)
a . b b . a

(sca!ar prd$ct is cmm$tati%e"

(ii)
2 2 2
a 0 a 0 a . a a

(iii)
) b * ( a ) b . a ( * b ). a * (

(/here m is a sca!ar"
(iv)

,
_

0 b 0 . 0 a 0
b . a
cos
1

(v)
0 b . a

Vectrs
a

and
b

are perpendic$!ar t each ther, )

a

,
b

are
nn(*er %ectrs+,
(vi)
0 #

. 5

. =

. #

(vii)
c . a b . a ) c b .( a

+ +

(viii)
2 2 2 2
b a 0 b 0 0 a 0 ) b a ).( b a (

+


(i6) 1et
5

b =

b #

b b , 5

a =

a #

a a
3 2 1 3 2 1
+ + + +

,
Then
) 5

b =

b #

b ).( 5

a =

a #

a ( b . a
3 2 1 3 2 1
+ + + +

,

(6) Ha&im$m %a!$e '

a
,

b
9 8

a
8 8

b
8

(6i) Hinim$m %a!$e '

a
,

b
9 5 8

a
8 8

b
8

(6ii) Any %ectr

a
can -e /ritten as,

a
9


a i i a j j a k k .

.

.

e j e j d i
+ +
,

Alge!a"# p!$%e#&"$' $( a )e#&$! al$'g *$me $&+e! )e#&$!:

b . a
0 b 00 a 0
b . a
0 b 0 cos ,B ,:

b
O
B

A
a

E6ample: 'rove t.at t.e a#gle i# a semi(circle is a rig.t a#gle*
Sol!tio#: 1et O -e the centre and AB the -$nding diameter ' the semi(
circ!e, 1et P -e any pint n the
circ$m'erence, 0ith O as rigin,
1et
a ,B , a ,A
and
" ,/
,


/
B ,
A
As OA 9 OB 9 OP, each -eing e#$a! t radi$s ' the semi(circ!e,

a " A/
and
a " ) a ( " B/ +

2 2
a " ) a " ).( a " ( B/ . A/ +
9 OP
>
5 OA
>
9 ?
AP and BP are perpendic$!ar t each ther, i,e,
0
60 A/B
,
VECTOR (CROSS) PRODUCT:
The %ectr prd$ct ' t/ nn(*er %ectrs
a

and
b

, /hse md$!es
are a and - respecti%e!y, is a!s a %ectr /hse md$!$s is
s#& ab
,
/here is
) 0 (
the ang!e -et/een %ectrs
a

and
b

, The directin is
that ' a %ectr
&

perpendic$!ar t -th
a

<
b

, s$ch that
& , b , a

are in
right(handed rientatin,

O
a
b

& s#& 0 b 0 0 a 0 b a

,
'RO'ERTIES:
(i)
) a b ( b a

(ii)
) b * ( a ) b a ( * b ) a * (

(0here m is a sca!ar"
(iii)
0 b a

%ectrs
a

and
b

are para!!e!,
(pr%ided
a

and
b

are nn(*er
%ectrs",
(iv)
0 5

(v)
) 5

( =

), =

( #

), #

( 5

(Vi)
c a b a ) c b ( a

+ +
(vii) 1et
5

a =

a #

a a
3 2 1
+ +

and
5

b =

b #

b b
3 2 1
+ +

, then

3 2 1
3 2 1
b b b
a a a
5

b a

9
2 3 3 2 3 1 1 3 1 2 2 1

#(a b a b ) =(a b a b ) 5(a b a b ) + +
,
(Viii) ,
0 b 0 0 a 0
0 b a 0
s#&

(i6) Area ' triang!e 9
0 b a 0
2
1
s#& ab
2
1
a(
2
1

A
B
b
P
a
O

(6) Area ' para!!e!gram 9
0 b a 0 s#& ab a(

A
O
b
B C
p

a
,
(6i)



a 1 b b 1 a
(nt cmm$tati%e"
(6ii) 4nit %ectr perpendic$!ar t the p!ane '
a 1 b
a & b #s
a 1 b
t

,
(6iii) A %ectr ' magnit$de IrJ < perpendic$!ar t the p!ane '
( )

a b is
r a xb
a xb
& t
,
(6iv) Area ' any #$adri!atera! /hse diagna! %ectrs are

) )
1 2
&
is gi%en
-y
1
2
1 2

d xd
,
(6v) LaGranges Identity: Fr any t/ %ectrs

a b a xb a b a b
a a a b
a b b b
& ;( ) ( . )
. .
. .
2
2
2
2

,
Example: I3 a4 b4 c be t.ree vectors s!c. t.at a 7 b 7 c 8 94 prove t.at a
: b 8 b : c 8 c : a a#% %e%!ce
c
C s#&
b
B s#&
a
A s#&

(Si#e r!le)*
Sol!tio#: 1et
AB , CA , BC
represent the %ectrs a, -, c respecti%e!y,
Then, /e ha%e

A
- B
B
a
c
b
C
- C
- A
a : - : c 9 ?,
99K c 9 ( (a : -"
99K - L c 9 - L (( a ( -"
9 ( - L a 9 a L -
Simi!ar!y, c L a 9 a L -
7ence,
) C s#&( ab ) B s#&( ca ) A s#&( bc
99K - L c 9 c L a 9 a L -


99K -c sin A 9 ca sin B 9 a- sin C,
7ence,
) C s#&( ab ) B s#&( ca ) A s#&( bc
,

SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT ( ,O- PRODUCT) :
The sca!ar trip!e prd$ct ' three %ectrs
b , a

<
c

is de'ined as
c ). b a (

9
0 c 0 0 b 0 0 a 0

sin cos
/here

is the ang!e -et/een

a b &
<

is
the ang!e
-et/een

a 1 b c &
, It is a!s dented as
[ ]

a b c
,
1et
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

, , a a i a j a k b b i b j b k c c i c j c k + + + + + +

Then
2 1
2 1
3 1
3 1
3 2
3 2
3 2 1
3 2 1
b b
a a
5

b b
a a
=

b b
a a
#

b b b
a a a
5

b a +

,
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
2 1
2 1
3
3 1
3 1
2
3 2
3 2
1
c c c
b b b
a a a
b b
a a
c
b b
a a
c
b b
a a
c c ). b a ( +

,

There're
b ). c a ( a ). b c ( c ). a b ( b ). a c ( a ). c b ( c ). b a (

,
Nte that
) c b .( a a ). c b ( c ). b a (

, hence in sca!ar trip!e prd$ct dt
and crss are
interchangea-!e, There're /e indicate
c ). b a (

-y
] c b a [

,
'RO'ERTIES:
(i)
0 c ). b a ( 0

represents the %!$me ' the para!!e!epiped, /hse ad.acent

sides are represented -y %ectrs
c , b , a

in magnit$de and directin,

There're three %ectrs
c , b , a

are cp!anar i'

] c b a [

9 ?, i,e,
0
c c c
b b b
a a a
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1

,
(ii) V!$me ' the tetrahedrn 9
0 ] c b a [( 0
6
1

,

(iii)
] ) c b [ ] ) c a [ ] ) c b a [

+ +

(IV)
0 ] b a a [

,
(v) In a sca!ar trip!e prd$ct the psitin ' dt < crss can -e
interchanged i,e,

a b1 c a 1 b c ,? a b c b c a c a b . ( ) ( ). [ ] [ ] [ ]

(vi)








a bx c a cxb i e a b c a c b . ( ) .( ) . . [ ] [ ]
(vii) I'

a
9 a
=
i:a
>
.:a
6
3M

b
9 -
=
i:-
>
.:-
6
3 <

c
9 c
=
i:c
>
.:c
6
3 then

[ ]

a b c
a a a
b b b
c c c

1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
,
In genera!, i

a a l a m a n + +
1 2 3
M


b b l b m b n + +
1 2 3
<

c c l c m c n + +
1 2 3
then
[ ] [ ]

a b c
a a a
b b b
c c c
l mn
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
M /here

, & m n
are nn(cp!anar %ectrs ,
(viii) I'

a b c , ,
are cp!anar
[ ]

a b c 0
,
(i6) Sca!ar prd$ct ' three %ectrs, t/ ' /hich are e#$a! r para!!e! is ?
i,e,
[ ]

a b c 0
,
Note : I'

a b c , ,
are nn(cp!anar then 'r right handed system
[ ]

a b c > 0
<
'r !e't handed system
[ ]

a b c < 0
,
(6) )i . 3+ 9 =,
(6i)
[ ] [ ] Ka b c K a b c

,
(6ii)
[( ) ] [ ] [ ]

a b c d a c d b c d + +
,
(6iv) Remember t.at:
[ ]

a b b c c a
9 ? <
[ ]

a b b c c a + + +
9 >
[ ]

a b c

,
VECTOR TRIPLE PRODUCT:
The %ectr trip!e prd$ct ' three %ectrs

a b c , ,
is de'ined as
) c b ( a

,
I' at !east ne

a b c , ,
is a *er %ectr
b

and
c

are c!!inear %ectrs r

a

is
perpendic$!ar t -th

b

and
c

, n!y then
0 ) c b ( a

, In a!! ther cases
) c b ( a

/i!! -e a
nn(*er %ectr in the
p!ane ' nn(c!!inear %ectrs and perpendic$!ar t the %ectr
a

,
Th$s /e can ta3e
c b ) c b ( a

+
, 'r sme sca!ars

<

, Since
) c b ( a a

,
0 ) c . a ( ) b . a ( 0 )) c b ( a .( a +

) b . a ( , ) c . a (


'r same sca!ar

,

c ) b . a ( b ) c . a ( ) c b ( a

Example: For a#/ vector
a

4 prove t.at

i (ai) + j(a j) +k(ak) = 2a

*
Sol!tio#:
)] 5

a ( 5

[ )] =

a ( =

[ )] #

a ( #

[ + +


9
] 5

) a . 5

( a ) 5

. 5

[( ] =

) a . =

( a ) =

. #

[( ] #

) a . #

( a ) #

. #

[( +


9
5

) a . 5

( a =

) a . =

( a #

) a . #

( a + +


] 1 5

. #

[
9
] 5

) a . 5

( =

) a . =

( #

) a . #

[( a 3 + +

1et
5

a =

a #

a a
3 2 1
+ +

, Then
1 2 1 3 2
2
2 3 2 1
a ) 0 ( a ) 1 ( a ) 5

. #

( a ) =

. #

( a #

a ) 5

a =

a #

a ( #

a #

+ + + + +

Simi!ar!y,
3 2
a a . 5

, a a . =

a 2 a a 3 ) 5

a =

a #

a ( a 3
3 2 1

+ +
,
1,7,S, 9 R,7,S,
RECI'ROCAL S-STE+ OF VECTORS:
1et
b , a

<
c

-e three nn(cp!anar %ectrs, Then the system ' %ectrs

b , a

and
c

/hich satis'ies
1 c . c b . b a . a



and
0 b . c a . c c . b a . b c . a b . a

, is
ca!!ed the
reciprca! system t the %ectrs
c , b , a

,
] c b a [
c b
a

,
] c b a [
a c
b

,
] c b a [
b a
c

,
'RO'ERTIES:
(I)
0 b . c a . c c . b a . b c . a b . a
(II) The sca!ar trip!e prd$ct )a - c+ ' three nn(cp!anar %ectrs a, -, c
is the
reciprca! ' the sca!ar trip!e prd$ct 'rmed 'rm reciprca! system,
Example: Solve t.e vector e!atio#:
, . r b a b r c


8 9 provi%e% t.at
c

is #ot perpe#%ic!lar to
b

*
Sol!tio#: 0e are gi%enM
b a b "

N
0 b ) a " (


7ence
) a " (

and
b

are para!!e!
N
b $ a "



, , , (i"
And /e 3n/
c . "

9 ?,
o Ta3ing dt prd$ct ' (i" -y
c

/e get
c . a c . "

9
) c . b ( $

5
c . a

9
) c . b ( $

Or t 9 5

,
_

c . b
c . a

, , , (ii"
o 'rm (i" and (ii" s!$tin '
"

is

"

9
a

,
_

c . b
c . a

,
5E- CONCE'TS
O I' are any PnQ %ectrs and are sca!ars, then is
3n/n as !inear cm-inatin (1C" ' the %ectrs ,
O I' are any PnQ %ectrs and are sca!ars, IF and
at!east ne ' is nt e#$a! t *er, then the %ectrs are said t
-e !inear!y dependent(1(E"
O I' are any PnQ %ectrs and are sca!ars, I' and
i' a!! are *er then the %ectrs are said t -e !inear!y independent
(1 I",
O T/ c!!inear %ectrs are a!/ays !inear!y dependent,
O Three cp!anar %ectrs are a!/ays !inear!y dependent,
O I' are any t/ %ectrs then
O I' are any t/ %ectrs then
O I' are any t/ %ectrs then is a %ectr perpendic$!ar t -th
and
O I' are any three %ectrs then sca!ar tripp!e prd$ct -et/een the
%ectrs is de'ined as and dented -y
O
O
O In genera!
O
O I' 9? then the %ectrs are said t -e cp!anar,
O I' the %ectrs are cp!anar then are a!s cp!anar,
STATEMENTS AND REASONING E-AMPLES:
=, STATEHENT (=: I'
1 &@

are $nit %ectrs inc!ined at an ang!e and o
1

is a $nit %ectr -isecting the ang!e -et/een them, then
1 @
1
2cos
2
+

,eca!se
STATEHENT(>: I' ABC is an issce!es triang!e /ith AB 9 AC 9 =,
then %ectr representing -isectr ' ang!e A is gi%en -y
AD
uuu
9
AB AC
2
+

(A" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> is a crrect
e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=
(B" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> NOT a
crrect e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=,
(C" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Fa!se (E" Statement (= is
Fa!se, statement(> is Tr$e,
=, Optin (a" is crrect
In an issce!es triang!e ABC is /hich AB 9 AC, the median and
-isectr 'rm A m$st -e same !ine N statement > is tr$e,
N/
1 @
AD
2
+

uuu

<
2
1
0 AD0 2cos
2 2

uuu
, S
0 AD0
uuu
9 cs
2

N $nit %ectr a!ng AE i,e, & is gi%en -y
AD
1
0 AD0

uuu

uuu
9
>, STATEHENT (=: The pints /ith psitin %ectrs
a 2b 3c, 2a 3b c + +


,
4a 8b 8c +

are c!!inear,
beca!se
STATEHENT(>: The psitin %ectrs
a 2b 3c, +

( >
a 3b c, +

4a 8b 8c +

are !inear!y dependent %ectrs,
(A" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> is a crrect
e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=
(B" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> NOT a
crrect e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=,
(C" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Fa!se
(E" Statement (= is Fa!se, statement(> is Tr$e,
o
=
(
2 3
a 2b 3c) ( 2a 3b c) (4a 8b 8c) 0 + + + + +


e#$ating ce''icients '
a, b&c

-th sides /e /i!! get %a!$es ' o
=
, o
>
< o
6
s$ch that o
=
:
o
>
: o
6
9 ?, 0hich is the cnditin 'r !inear!y dependent %ectrs <
a!! 'r c!!inearity ' the pints, IaJ is crrect,
6, STATEHENT (=: I'
a, b, c

are three $nit %ectrs s$ch that
1
a (b c) b
2




then the ang!e -et/een
a &b

is R>
beca!se
STATEHENT(>: I'
1
a (b c) b,
2



then
a.b

9 ?,
(A" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> is a crrect
e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=
(B" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> NOT a
crrect e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=,
(C" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Fa!se
(E" Statement (= is Fa!se, statement(> is Tr$e,
a (b c) b (a.b)c



/hereas
a (b c)

9
1
b
2


cmparing
a.b

9 ?
S
a

is perpendic$!ar t
b

IaJ is crrect,
S, STATEHENT (=: In ABC,
AB BC CA + +
uuu uuu uuu
9 ?
beca!se
STATEHENT(>: I'
,A a, ,B b
uuu uuu

then
AB a b +
uuu

(A" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> is a crrect

e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=
(B" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> NOT a
crrect e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=,
(C" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Fa!se
(E" Statement (= is Fa!se, statement(> is Tr$e,
(C"
In ABC
AB BC AC CA +
uuu uuu uuu uuu
N
AB
uuu
:
BC
uuu
(
CA
uuu
9
,
u
,A AB ,B +
uuu uuu uuu
is triang!e !a/ ' additin
7ence statement(= is tr$e statement(> is 'a!se,
@, STATEHENT (=:
a 3# (= 35 + +

and
b 2# 3= A5 + +

are para!!e! %ectrs it
p 9 DR> and # 9 >,
beca!se
STATEHENT(>: I'
1 2 3
a a # a = a 5 + +

and
1 2 3
b b # b = b 5 + +

are para!!e!
3 1 2
1 2 3
a a a
b b b

(A" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> is a crrect
e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=
(B" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> NOT a
crrect e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=,
(C" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Fa!se
(E" Statement (= is Fa!se, statement(> is Tr$e,
(A"
3 ( 3
2 3 A

'rm
1 2 3 1 2
35
a a # a = a 5, b b # b = b + + + + +

are para!!e! N
3 1 2
1 2 3
a a a
b b b

a 3# (= 35 + +

and
b

9
2# 3= A5 + +

>
N
3 ( 3
2 3 A

B, STATEHENT (=: The directin ratis ' !ine .ining rigin and pint
(&, y, *" m$st -e &, y, *
beca!se
STATEHENT(>: I' P is a pint (&,y, *" in space and OP 9 r then
directins csines ' OP are
1 2 3
, ,
" " "
(A" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> is a crrect
e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=
(B" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> NOT a
crrect e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=,
(C" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Fa!se
(E" Statement (= is Fa!se, statement(> is Tr$e,
(A"
A, STATEHENT (=: The shrtest distance -et/een the s3e/ !ines
" a b +

and
" c ) +

is
0 [a c b)] 0
0 b ) 0

beca!se
STATEHENT(>: T/ !ines are s3e/ !ines i' three a&ist n p!ane
passing thr$gh than
(A" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> is a crrect
e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=
(B" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> NOT a
crrect e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=,
(C" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Fa!se
(E" Statement (= is Fa!se, statement(> is Tr$e,
(B"
A 5 Ee'
n

B 5 Ee'
n

C, STATEHENT (=: IF
a. b 0

N
a

o
b

beca!se
STATEHENT(>:
a.b

9 ? N either
a 0

r
b

9 ? r
a

o
b

9 ?
(A" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> is a crrect
e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=
(B" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> NOT a
crrect e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=,
(C" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Fa!se (E" Statement (= is
Fa!se, statement(> is Tr$e,
(E"
D, STATEHENT (=:
A B B A

beca!se
STATEHENT(>:
A B 0 A00 B0

sin c
&

, /hen is ang!e, /hen y$r c

'ingers c$r!s 'rm A t B
(A" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> is a crrect
e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=
(B" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> NOT a
crrect e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=,
(C" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Fa!se (E" Statement (= is
Fa!se, statement(> is Tr$e,
(E"
=?, STATEHENT (=: I' the %ectrs

2# = 5 +
,

# 2= 35 +
and

3# = 55 +
are
cp!anar, then 8 8 o
>
is e#$a! t =B,
beca!se
STATEHENT(>: The %ectrs
a , b

and
c

are cp!anar i''

a, (b c

" 9 ?
(A" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> is a crrect
e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=
(B" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> NOT a
crrect e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=,
(C" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Fa!se
(E" Statement (= is Fa!se, statement(> is Tr$e,
2 1 1
1 2 3
3 5

9 ? N 9 (S o
N 8 8 o
>
9 =B
Ans, (A"
==, STATEHENT (=: A !ine 1 is perpendic$!ar t the p!ane 6& 5 Sy : @* 9
=?
beca!se
STATEHENT(>: Eirect n c(sines ' 1 -e T
3 4 1
, ,
5 2 5 2 2

,
(A" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> is a crrect
e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=
(B" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> NOT a
crrect e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=,
(C" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Fa!se
(E" Statement (= is Fa!se, statement(> is Tr$e,
=,!& : my : n* 9 P -e the e#$atin ' a p!ane in the nrma! 'rm,
E,N, ' the p!ane 6& 5 Sy : @* 9 =? o
-e T 6, (S, @ K N E,C T
3
5 2
,
4 1
,
5 2 2

K
Ans, (A",
=>, STATEHENT (=: The %a!$e ' e&pressin

#( = 5) =(5 #) 5(# =) 3 + +
beca!se
STATEHENT(>:

#( = 5) [#.=.5] 1
(A" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> is a crrect
e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=
(B" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> NOT a
crrect e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=,
(C" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Fa!se (E" Statement (= is
Fa!se, statement(> is Tr$e,

#( = 5) =(5 #) 5(# =) + +
9

#.# =.= 5.5 + +
9 = : = : = 9 6, Ans, (A"
=6, STATEHENT (=: A re!atin -et/een the %ectrs
", a a&) b

is
" a b

N
a b
"
a.a

beca!se
STATEHENT(>:
".a 0

(A" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> is a crrect

e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=
(B" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Tr$eM Statement(> NOT a
crrect e&p!anatin 'r Statement(=,
(C" Statement(= is Tr$e, Statement(> is Fa!se (E" Statement (= is
Fa!se, statement(> is Tr$e,
Since
b " a

Q
0e ha%e
a b a (" a)

9 (
a.a) " (a.")a

9
(a.a) "


Q

a. "

9 ?
o
a b
"
a.a

Ans, (A"
E-CERSISE
=, Sh/ that the %ectrs
I 5 . 5 >3, >i : 6U : 3 and Ai : 6U 5 S3 are cp!anar,
>, Sh/ that the pints P(", V (", R (", S (" are cp!anar gi%en that are
nn 5 cp!anar ,
6, The %ertices ' triang!e are A (>,6,?" B ((6,>,=", C (S,(=,?", Find the
area ' the triang!e ABC and $nit %ectr nrma! t the p!ane ' this
triang!e,
S, 1et OACB -e a RRgm /ith O at the rigin and OC a diagna!, 1et E -e
the mid pint ' OA $sing %ectr methds, Pr%e that BE and CO
intercept in the same rati, Eetermine this rati,
@, E, E di%ide side BC and CA ' a triang!e ABC in the rati > : 6
respecti%e!y, Find the psitin %ectr ' the pint ' interceptin ' AE
and BE and the rati in /hich this pint di%ides AE and BE, =?RD,
=@RS,
B, I' a, - and c -e three nn*er %ectrs, n$m-er ' t/ ' /hich are
c!!inear, I' the %ectr a : >- is c!!inear /ith c, and - : 6c is c!!inear
/ith a then 'ind the %a!$e ' a : >- : Bc 9 ?
A, I' 9 ?
And the %ectrs F 9 (&>, &,=", G 9 (y>,y,=", 2 9 (*>,*,=" are nn c(
p!anar, then the %ectrs (a>,a,=", (->,-,=", (c>,c,=" are c(p!anar,
C, 1et 9 and i -e t/ %ectrs t each ther in the &y p!ane, Find a!! o
%ectrs in the same p!ane ha%ing pr.ectins = and > a!ng and
respecti%e!y,
D, A !ine ma3es ang!e , , and /ith the diagna!s ' a c$-e, o o o .
pr%e that cs> : cs> : cs> : cs> 9 SR6, o o o .
=?, 1et Ar, (r 9 =,>,6,S" -e the areas ' the 'aces ' a tetrahedrn, 1et nr,
-e the $t /ard dra/n nrma!s t the respecti%e 'aces /ith
magnit$des e#$a! t crrespnding areas, Pr%e that
==, Find a %ectr ' magnit$de @ $nits, cp!anar /ith %ectrs 6i 5 . 5 3
and I : . 5 >3 and t the %ectr , o
=>, I' A N (=,=,=" and C N (?,=,(=" are gi%en %ectrs, then 'ind a %ectr B
satis'ying A & B C and A,B 9 6, ( "
=6, I' the %ectrs, and are cp!anar and (", then pr%e that ,
=S, T/ sides ' triang!e are 'rmed -y the %ectrs , , Find the ang!es,
=@, 1et a, -, c -e three %ectrs s$ch that a : - : c 9 ?, 8a8 9 6, 8-8 9 @, 8c8 9
A, Find the ang!e -et/een and ,
=B, 8a8 9 6, and 8-8 9 S, Find the %a!$e ' 'r /hich the %ectrs a : - o o
and a ( - are t each ther, o o
=A, The area ' a RRgm /hse diagna!s are gi%en -y a 9 6i : . 5 >3 and - 9
i 5 6. : S3,
=C, I' the $nit %ectrs and are inc!ined at an ang!e > and 8a 5 -8 is !ess c
than =, then i' ? N N , 'ind the range ' , c c
=D, The %!$me ' the tetrahedrn /hse %ertices are the pints /ith
psitin %ectrs I B. : =?3, I 5 6. : A3, @i 5 . : 3 and Ai 5 S. : A3 is == o
c$-ic then 'ind , o
>?, Eetermine the %a!$e ' c, s that 'r a!! rea! & the %ectr c&i 5 B. : 63
and &i : >. : >c&3 ma3e an ac$te ang!e /ith each ther,
>=, =, Sh/ that the distance ' a pint A(" t the !ine is o
>>, >, Find the sca!ars , i'' 9 (S ( > ( sin ": ( > 5 =" and o o o o o
(/here are nn c!!inear,
>6, 6, 1et -e a $nit %ectr and -e a nn *er %ectr nt para!!e!
t , Find the ang!es ' the triang!e, t/ sides ' /hich are
represented -y the %ectrs and ,
>S, S, The p, %, ' t/ pts A and C are Di 5 . : A3 and Ai 5 >. : A3
respecti%e!y, The pt, ' intersectin ' %ectrs 9 Si 5 . ( 63 and
9 >i 5 . : >3 is P, I' %ectr is t and CE and o PV 9 =@
$nits, Find P, %, ' V,
>@, =, Sh/ that the segments .ining %ertices t the centrid '
ppsite 'aces ' a tetrahedr/n are cnc$rrent, 7ence 'ind the
psitin %ectr ' the pint ' cnc$rrence,
Re#"p!$#al S.*&em
>B, 1et a, -, c are set ' nn 5 cp!anar %ectrs, the set ' %ectrs
aN, -N, cN reciprca! t it is gi%en -y
aN 9 , -N 9 , cN 9
>A, Find the system reciprca! t a, -, a N-,
aN 9
>C, Find the set ' %ectrs reciprca! t 5 i : U : 3, i 5 U : 3 and i
: U 5 3,
>D, I' a, -, c are nn(cp!anar %ectrs, and aN, -N and cN is the
reciprca! system sh/ that
a 9 ,
6?, Sh/ that i' 3 is a nn(*er sca!ar and a and - are t/ %ectrs
the s!n, ' the e#$atin 3r : r N a 9 - is
6=, The %ectr 5 i : U : 3 -isects the ang!e -et/een the %ectrs
and 6i : S., Eetermine the $nit %ectr
a!ng ,
Ans:
6>, 1et a, -, c are $nit %ectrs e#$a!!y inc!ined at an ang!e t c
each ther and 'r p, #, r are sme sca!ars s,t ,
WWWWWW (="
Find p, #, r interms ' , c
=, 1et and -e gi%en nn 5 *er and nn c!!inear %ectrs and -e a
%ectr s$ch that N 9 ( , E&press in terms ' <,
>, I' and -e t/ gi%en nn 5 c!!inear $nit %ectrs and -e a %ectr
s$ch that , Pr%e that ,
6, In the triang!e ABC, a pint P is ta3en n the side AB s$ch that AP:
BP 9 =:> and a pint V is ta3en n the BC s$ch that CV: BV 9 >:=, I' IRJ
-e the pint ' inter sectin ' !ines AV and CP, $sing %ectr methd 'ind
the area ' ABC, i' it is 3n/n that area ' the ABC is ne $nit, SDR>C s#,
$nit,
S, In ABC, E is the mid pint ' side AB and E is the centrid '
CEA, I' /here ? is the circ$mcentre ' ABC, $sing %ectrs pr%e that AB
9 AC,
@, A nn *er %ectr is NN t the !ine ' inter sectin ' the p!ane
determined -y the %ectrs i, i : U and the p!ane determined -y the %ectrs
i, 5 U : 3, Find the ang!e -et/een and i(>U: >3, V 9 cs(= =R6,
B, P, V are the mid pints ' the nn 5 para!!e! sides BC and AE
' a trape*i$m ABCE, Sh/ that APE 9 CVP,
A, ABC and A=B=C= are t/ cp!anar triang!es s$ch that the
perpendic$!ars 'rm A, B, C t the sides B=C=, C=A=, A=B= ' the
triang!e A=B=C= t the sides BC, CA, AB ' the triang!e ABC are
a!s cnc$rrent,
C, I' t/ pairs ' ppsite edges ' a tetrahedrn are at right ang!es,
then sh/ that the third pair is a!s at right ang!e, F$rther sh/ that 'r
s$ch a tetrahedrn, the s$m ' the s#$ares ' each pair ' ppsite edges
is the same,
D, I' the 'rm t/ %ertices B < C t the ppsite 'aces ' a o
tetrahedrn ABCE intersect, then BC in t AE, o
=?, 1et -e $nit %ectrs, I' is a %ectr s$ch that 9 , Then pr%e that
and that the e#$a!ity h!ds i'' ,
V, =, I' the '$r pints a, -, c, d are cp!anar then sh/ that )a - c+ 9 )- c
d+ : )c a d+ : )a - d+,
V,>, I' a, -, c, d are any '$r %ectrs, then pr%e that (, (,
V,6, Sh/ that, )a N - - N c c N a+ 9 )a - c+> 9
V, S, I' , 'ind the %ectr /hich satis'ies the e#ns ("N 9 ? and ,
V, @, Find a %ectr ' magnit$de @ $nits, cp!anar /ith %ectrs 6i 5 . 5 3
and i : U 5> 3 and t the %ectr o >,
V,B, The %a!$e ' )a(- -(c c 5 a+ 9 ?,
V, A, I' d 9 (a N -" : (- N c" : %(c N a" and )a - c+ 9 =RC, Then 'ind the o o
: : % in terms ' a, -, c ,d, o o
V, I' , then sh/ that 9 a-c sin ( : ", ( is ang!e -et/een a and c, is o o o o
ang!e -et/een a : -,"
V, I' are c 5 p!anar %ectrs and is nt para!!e! t , Then pr%e that (,
V, 4sing %ectr methd, 'ind the rati in /hich the -isectr ' an ang!e in
a triang!e di%ides the ppsite side,
V, I' the %ectrs i : cs( ( " . : cs( ( d" /here , , are di''erent o o o o o o
ang!es, I' these %ectrs are cp!anar, P, T, a is ind ' , , , o o o
Cs( ( "i : U : cs( ( " o o o o cs( ( "i : cs( ( ". : a o o o o
V, I' are $nit %ectrs satis'ying a : - : c 9 ?, then 'ind a,- : -,c : c,a (a :
- : c"> 9 ?,
Ans: 56R>
V, Three nn *er %ectrs p, #, r are pair /ise nn c!!inear, F$rther the
%ectr p : # is c!!inear /ith r and # : r is c!!inear /ith p, 'ind the s$m '
the %ectrs p, # and r,
V, In a ABC, are the psitin %ectrs ' A, B, C,
(i" Pr%e that the interna! -isectr ' ang!e A -isects the side BC
interna!!y in the rati ,
(ii" Find the p, %, ' the pint in /hich a 'rm B meets the interna! o
-isectr ' ang!e A,
V, S!%e the sim$!tane$s %ectr e#ns 'r , ( ( ", 9 ?, ((", 9 ?, , 9 = <,n 9 ?
(A!! are nn *er" cnsider ( 9 : : (N" o o o
Ans: 9
V, The %ectr i : >U : >3 t$rns thr$gh a right ang!e and passing thr$gh
the :%e & 5 a&is n the /ay, Find the %ectr in its ne/ psitin,
Ans: > ,
V, Frm the A(=, >, ?", is dra/n t the p!ane " 9 >, meeting it at the o
pint P, Find the c 5 rdinates ' pint P and the distance AP, P N
(=SR==, >=R==, =R==", AP 9 =R,
V, cs( ( " o o cs( ( ", o o /here , and are di''erent o o o
ang!es, I' these %ectrs are cp!anar sh/ that is independent ' , o
and , o o
V, The %ectr 5 i : . : 3 -isects the ang!e -et/een the %ectrs and 6i : S.,
Eetermine the $nit %ectr
a!ng ,
V, I' the %ectrs a, -, c are cp!anar, sh/ that
S!n:
V, Sh/ that the segments .ining %ertices t the centrid ' ppsite
'aces ' a tetrahedrn are cnc$rrent, 7ence 'ind the psitin %ectr '
the pint ' cnc$mence,
E#n, ' a !ine:
Ans: and
=, The %ertices ' a ABC are A(=, ?, >", B(5>, =, 6" and C(>, (=, =", Find
the e#n, ' the !ine BC, the 't ' the 'rm A t BC and the !ength ' o
the , o
>, I' are t/ $nit %ectrs inc!ined at an ang!e t each ther, , i' !ies, N o o o
(?, > ",
Ans: (> R6, S R6",
6, The %ectrs
(a! : aN!N"i : (am : aNmN"U : (an: aNnN"3
(-! : -N!N"i : (-m : -NmN"U : (cn : cNnN"3,
'rm an e#$i!atera! triang!e, Prd$ct ' t/ determinants
are cp!anar
are c!!inear
are m$t$a!!y , o
S, I' the !ength ' is three times ' the !ength ' and is t o
then is
A, A B, S> C, E, Nne
'RACTICE ;&ESTIONS
A#gle bet0ee# Vectors
==, I' , then
(A" (B" (C" (E"
'ro<ectio# alo#g a Vector
=>, 1et and -e three %ectrs, A %ectr in the p!ane
' and /hse pr.ectin n is ' magnit$de is
(A" (B" (C" (E"
Dot 'ro%!ct:
=6, 1et and -e t/ nn(c!!inear $nit %ectrs, I' and ,
then is
(A" (B" (C" (E"
+o%!l!s o3 Vectors:
=S, I' and c are $nit %ectrs, then des nt e&ceed
(A" S (B" D (C" C (E" B
'arallel Vectors:
=@, I' and , I' and , then d /i!! -e
(A" (B" (C" (E"
'arallel Vectors:
=B, The pint ' intersectin ' and , /here and
is
(A" (B" (C" (E" Nne ' these
Sectio# Form!la:
=A, Statement (= : I' I is the incentre ' then
Statement (> : The psitin %ectr ' centrid ' is
(A) STATE+ENT= is Tr!e4 STATE+ENT> is Tr!e? STATE+ENT> is a
correct e6pla#atio# 3or STATE+ENT=
(,)STATE+ENT= is Tr!e4 STATE+ENT> is Tr!e? STATE+ENT> is NOT
a correct e6pla#atio# 3or STATE+ENT=
(C)STATE+ENT= is Tr!e4 STATE+ENT> is False
(D)STATE+ENT= is False4 STATE+ENT> is Tr!e
A#gle bet0ee# Vectors:
=C, 4nit %ectrs and are inc!ined at an ang!e and , I' ,
then may -e!ng t
(A" (B" (C" (E" Nne ' these
+o%!l!s o3 Vector:
=D, 1et -e the %ectrs s$ch that , i' and then the
%a!$e
' is @IIT ( ABC
(A" SA (B" (C" ? (E" >@
Vector Triple pro%!ct:
>?, 1et and , I' is a %ectr s$ch that and the
ang!e -et/een and is , then @IIT ( AAC
(A" >R6 (B" 6R> (C" > (E" 6
Vector 'ro%!ct o3 3o!r vectors:
>=, 1et the %ectrs and -e s$ch that , 1et and -e
p!anes determined -y the pairs ' %ectrs and respecti%e!y, then the
ang!e -et/een and is @IIT ( AAC
(A" ? (B" (C" (E"
,asic co#cepts:
>>, Hatri& match type
Col!m# ( I Col!m# ( II
(A" 1et and , (p" =
then is
(B" I' are three %ectrs ' e#$a! magnit$de (#"
and the ang!e -et/een each pair ' %ectrs in
s$ch that then is
(C" I' , and then is (r"
(E" I' are three nn *er %ectrs s$ch that
then the %a!$e ' (s" ?
may -eP (t" C
Vector e!atio#:
'ASSADE: Cnsider a !ine and a p!ane
>6, The ang!e -et/een the !ine and the p!ane is
(A" (B" (C" (E"
>S, The psitin %ectr ' the pint ' intersectin ' the !ine and the p!ane
is
(A" (B" (C" (E"
>@, The psitin %ectr ' the pint n the gi%en !ine /hse distance 'rm
the p!ane is $nits is
(A" (B" (C" (E"
LEVEL(II
+ODEL ;&ESTIONS
=, 1et and a $nit %ectr -e cp!anar, I' perpendic$!ar
t , then
(A" (B" (C" (E"
>, I' the %ectrs 'rm the sides BC, CA and AB respecti%e!y ' a
triang!e ABC, then
(A" (B"
(C" (E"
6, I' and are t/ $nit %ectrs s$ch that and are perpendic$!ar
t each ther then the ang!e -et/een and is
(A" (B" (C" (E"
S, 1et there -e t/ pints A and B n the c$r%e in the p!ane OFG
satis'ying and then the !ength ' the %ectr is
(A" (B" (C" (E"
@, I' and E are '$r pints in space satis'ying
then the %a!$e ' 3 is
(A" > (B" =R6 (C" =R> (E" =
B, I' and and , then the ang!e -et/een a and - is
(A" (B" (C" (E"
A, ;i%en that and then the ang!e -et/een is :
(A" (B" (C" (E" Nne ' these
C, The %ectr is perpendic$!ar t and is perpendic$!ar
t , the ang!e -et/een and is
(A" (B" (C" (E" Nne ' these
D, F(cmpnent ' is t/ice its G(cmpnent, I' the magnit$de ' the %ectr
is and it ma3es an ang!e ' /ith *(a&is then the %ectr is :
(A" (B" (C" (E" Nne ' these
=?, I' then the ang!e -et/een and is :
(A" (B" (C" (E"
==, I' the nn *er %ectrs are perpendic$!ar t each ther then the
s!$tin ' the e#$atin, is
(A" (B"
(C" (E" Nne ' these
=>, and are m$t$a!!y perpendic$!ar $nit %ectrs , is a %ectr
satis'ying and then is e#$a! t
(A" (B" (C" (E"
=6, I' then the %a!$e ' is
(A" (B" (C" (E"
=SX, I' in a right ang!e triang!e ABC, the hypten$se
then is e#$a! t
(A" (B" (C" (E"
=@, I' and are !inear!y dependent %ectrs and
then
(A" (B" (C" (E"
'RACTICE ;&ESTIONS
=B, Fr three %ectrs /hich ' the '!!/ing e&pressins is nt e#$a! t
any ' the remaining three
(A" (B" (C" (E"
=AX, 0hich ' the '!!/ing e&pressins are meaning'$! Y
(A" (B" (C" (E"
=C, 1et the $nit %ectr a and b -e perpendic$!ar and the $nit %ectr c -e
inc!ined at an ang!e t -th a and -, I' then
(A" (B"
(C" (E" Nne ' these
=D, The psitin %ectrs ' the %ertices ' a #$adri!atera! ABCE are a,-,c
and d respecti%e!y, Area ' the #$adri!atera! 'rmed -y .ining the midd!e
pints ' its sides is
(A" (B"
(C" (E"
>?, The %!$me ' the tetrahedrn, /hse %ertices are gi%en -y the
%ectrs and /ith re'erence t the '$rth %erte& as rigin, is
(A" c$-ic $nit (B" c$-ic $nit (C" c$-ic $nit (E" Nne ' these
>=, The c(rdinates ' the 't ' perpendic$!ar dra/n 'rm pint P (= , ? ,
6" t the .in ' pints and is
(A" (B" (C" (E"
>>, Col!m# (I Col!m# ( II
(A" The %a!$e ' a 'r /hich the %ectrs (p" S
and
are cp!anar is
(B" The area ' a para!!e!gram ha%ing sides (#"
and is
(C" and 'r sme nn (r"
*er %ectr , then the %a!$e ' is
(E" The %!$me ' para!!e!piped /hse sides are (s" ?
gi%en
, and is (t" =
>6, Col!m# ( I Col!m# (II
(A" Fr gi%en %ectrs (p"
and the pr.ectin ' the %ectr n
the %ectr is
(B" I' and are $nit %ectrs satis'ying (#"
and is e#$a! t
(C" I' , (r"
then 3 is
(E" The %a!$e ' c 'r /hich the %ectr (s"
LEVEL (III
+ODEL ;&ESTIONS
I, In a rhm-$s OABC, %ectr are respecti%e!y the psitin %ectrs '
%ertices A, B ,C /ith re'erence t O as rigin , A pint E is ta3en n the side
BC /hich di%ides it in the rati ' >:= , A!s, the !ine segment AE intersects
the !ine -isecting the ang!e O intena!!y in pint P, I' CP, /hen e&tended
meets AB in pint F, then
=, The psitin %ectr ' pint P, is
(A" (B" (C" (E" Nne ' these
>, The psitin %ectr ' pint F , is
(A" (B" (C" (E" Nne ' these
6, The %ectr , is gi%en -y
(A" (B" (C" (E" Nne ' these
II A ne/ peratin X is de'ined -et/een t/ nn antipara!!e! %ectrs and
as , /here is the ang!e -et/een and ,
S, The cnditin 'r /hich and are perpendic$!ar is
(A" (B" (C" (E" Nne ' these
@, is
(A" (B" nt de'ined (C" ? (E" Nne ' these
B, Fr
(A" 9 ? is a necessary cnditin
(B" is a necessary cnditin
(C" is a s$''icient cnditin, /here
(E" Nne ' these
A, 1et are nn *er m$t$a!!y perpendic$!ar $nit %ectrs, There is a
%ectr cp!anar /ith and and then minim$m %a!$e ' is
(A" (B" (C" (E"
C, are $nit %ectrs a!ng the crdinate a&es and
ma3es ang!e # /ith then # is
(A" (B" (C" (E"
D, I' the %ectrs and are cp!anar %ectrs 'r
n!y ne rea! & then is
(A" (B" > (C" S (E"
=?, I' are $nit %ectrs s$ch that then
is e#$a! t
(A" (B" (C" (E" Nne ' these
==, 1et -e three nn(cp!anar %ectrs and are %ectrs de'ined -y
the re!atins , then the %a!$e ' the e&pressin
is e#$a! t
(A" ? (B" = (C" > (E" 6
=>, 1et a,-,c -e distinct nnnegati%e n$m-ers, I' %ectrs
and !ie in a p!ane then c is @IIT(EEC
(A" the AH ' a and - (B" the ;H ' a and - (C" the 7H ' a and - (E"
e#$a! t *er
=6, 1et i' 9 is a $nit %ectr s$ch that , then
e#$a!s
(A" (B" (C" (E"
=S, I' are three nn cp!anar %ectrs, then e#$a!s
(A" ? (B" (C" (E"
=@, I' -e three m$t$a!!y perpendic$!ar %ectrs ' the same magnit$de, I'
a %ectr satis'ies the e#$atin ,then is
gi%en -y
(A" (B" (C" (E"
=B, I' are $nit cp!anar %ectrs, then the sca!ar trip!e
prd$ct 9
(A" ? (B" = (C" (E"
=A, 1et and , Then depends n @IIT(
>99>C
(A" n!y & (B" n!y y (C" Neither & Nr y (E" -th & and y
'RACTICE ;&ESTIONS
=C, 1et and , I' is a $nit %ectr, then the ma&im$m %a!$e
' the sca!ar trip!e prd$ct is @IIT(>99FC
(A" (B" (C" (E"
=D, The %a!$e ' PaQ s that the %!$me ' para!!e!piped 'rmed
-y and -ecmes minim$m is @IIT(>99GC
(A" (B" 6 (C" (E"
>?, I' , and , then is
(A" (B" (C" (E"
>=, The $nit %ectr /hich is rthgna! t the %ectr and is
cp!anar /ith the %ectrs and is @IIT(>99GC
(A" (B" (C" (E"
>>, I' are three nn *er, nn cp!anar %ectrs and @IIT(>99BC


then the trip!et ' pair/ise rthgna! %ectrs is
(A" (B" (C" (E"
>6, , A %ectr cp!anar t and has a pr.ectin
a!ng ' magnit$de , then the %ectr is @IIT(>99HC
(A" (B" (C" (E" Nne ' these
>S, The edges ' a para!!e!epiped are ' $nit !ength and are para!!e! t nn(
cp!anar $nit %ectrs s$ch that , Then, the %!$me ' the
para!!e!epiped is @IIT(>99EC
A" (B"
(C" (E"
>@, 1et t/ nn(cp!anar $nit %ectr and 'rm an ac$te ang!e, A pint P
m%es s that at any time t the psitin %ectr , (/here O is the rigin " is
gi%en -y , 0here P is 'arthest 'rm rigin O, !et H -e the !ength
' and -e the $nit %ectr a!ng , Then @IIT(>99EC
(A" and (B"
(C" (E"
>B, 1et and , I' $ is a $nit %ectr, then 'r the ma&im$m %a!$e
' the sca!ar trip!e prd$ct
(A" (B"
(C" (E"
>A, Fr $nit %ectrs - and c and any nn *er %ectr a , the %a!$e ' P
is
(A" (B" (C" (E" Nne ' these
>C, Three nn(cp!anar %ectrs a, - and c are dra/n 'rm a cmmn initia!
pint, The ang!e -et/een the p!ane passing thr$gh the termina! pints '
these %ectrs and the %ectrs is
(A" (B" (B" (E" Nne ' these
>D, I' are nn cp!anar $nit %ectrs s$ch that then the
ang!e -et/een and is :
(A" (B" (C" (E"
6?, The n$m-er ' %ectrs ' $nit !ength perpendic$!ar t %ectrs
and is
(A" = (B" > (C" 6 (E" S
6=, I' is gi%en that and , and I'
, then
(A" (B" (C" (E"
6>, I' are nn n$!! %ectrs s$ch that then
(A" is e#$a! t = (B" cannt -e e%a!$ated (C" is e#$a! t *er (E"Nne '
these
66, I' are $nit cp!anar %ectrs, then sca!ar trip!e prd$ct
is e#$a! t
(A" ? (B" = (C" (E"
6S, 1et and are nn(*er %ectrs s$ch that ,
then is e#$a! t
(A" ? (B" = (C" > (E"
V, 9 i : >U : 63

9 6i : >U : 3
and N (
then p, #, r are
Ans: ?, =?, 56,
V, I' are $nit %ectrs s$ch that then the ang!es /hich ma3es /ith and are
R6 < R>,
V, The %ectrs a, -, c are ' same !ength ta3en pair /ise, they 'rm e#$a!
ang!es, I' a 9 i:U - 9 U :3 then C e#$a!s,
(=, ?,=" (=, >, 6" (5=, =, >" (5=R6, SR6, 5=R6"
V, 1et a 9 >! 5 U : 3, - 9 ! : >U 5 3, c 9 i: .( >3, A %ectr in the p!ane ' -
and c /hse pr.ectin n a is '
magnit$de is
A, >i: 6U 5 63 >i : 6U : 63 (>i:U:@3 >i: U : @3
V, I' a 9 (?, =, (=", c 9(=, =, =", then a %ectr -e satis'ying a N - : c 9 ? and
a 5 - 9 6 is Ans: (=, =, (>"
V, I' ( and at !east ne ' the n$m-ers , , is nn *er, Then the o o o o
%ectrs a, -, c are cp!anar,
V, The sca!ars ! and m are s$ch that !a : m- 9 c /here a < - are
mnc!!inear %ectrs then m 9 ,
V, 1et a, -, c -e three %ectrs ha%ing magnit$de =, = <>, i' a N (aNc" : - 9
? then the ang!e -et/een a < c is RB,
V, The pints A(5=, 6, ?" B(>, >, =" C(=, = ,6" determine a p!ane, The
distance 'rm the p!ane t the pt, E(@, A, C" is ,
V, a N - 9 c, - N c 9 a, then
V, P, V, R -e 6 m$t$a!!y %ectr ' same ma#, I' a %ectr & satis'ies the o
e#n, : ,then & 9 WWWWW,
S!n:
0 ] [ ] [ ] [ + + r p r x r q r q x q p q p x p
3
>
Z)
0 ) 0 )]B( ) . ( ( ) ) . ( [( )] ) . ( ( ) ) . ( + q r q r q x q x p q p q p x p x
/e 3n/
(
a k k a j j a i i a + + ) ( ) ( ) .
para!!e!!y 5 )(
x r x r q q q p x p + + ] ) . ( ) . ( ) .
N6& 5 & 9
r q p + +
& 9
2
) ( r q p + +
=, Thr$gh the midd!e pint H ' the side AE ' a para!!e!gram
ABCE, the st, !ine BH is dra/n c$tting AC at R and CE prd$ced at VM
pr%e that VR 9 > RB,
>, I'
k J pi a + + s#&

b
>i : PU : 3

c
9 i : U : 3
I'
c b a , ,
are cp!anar 'ind a!! pssi-!e %a!$es ' P< V, P 5 =, V 9 (>n
: =" R>,
6, 1et
d and b a,
-e nn cp!anar %ectrs e#$a!!y inc!ined t ne
anther at an ang!e , I' c
c b b a +
9
c r b q a p + +
, Find p, #, r in terms '
, (ta3ing dt prd$ct /ith c
c b c b a , , ,
",
Ans: (p, #, r" 9

,
_

+ +

cos 2 1
1
,
cos 2 1
cos 2
,
cos 2 1
1
r

,
_

+ +

cos 2 1
1
,
cos 2 1
cos 2
,
cos 2 1
1

=, I' ne diagna! ' a #$adri!atera! -isects the ther then i' a!s
-isects the #$adri!atera!,
>, P, V are the mid pints ' the nn(para!!e! sides BC and AE ' a
trape*i$m ABCE, Sh/ that APE 9 CVB,
6, Find
r
in terms ' ne parameter
1 . & 1 .
2 1
n r n r
, )
2 1
2
2 1
2 1
2
1
2
2 1
2 1
2
2
) ( ) (
.
n n
n n
n n n
n n
n n n
r

: t
2 1
n n
,
S, Find the cnditin 'r the e#$atins
d c r and b a r
t -e
cnsistent ass$ming the cnditin 'r cnsistency t -e satis'ied, s!%e
the e#
n
s,
)
) . . . (
] [
1
0 . .
2
c b b a d a b d
c b a
r d a d b + + +
i' )
c b a
+ N ?,
@, Pr%e that the pr.ectin ' the !ine
t b a r +
n the p!ane
n r.
9 # is
r

,
_

+
,
_

+ n
n
n b
b t n
n
n a q
a .
.
.
.
2 2
nrma!
n p b a r + +
s!%ing /ith the
p!ane,
B, In a tetra hedran OABC, OA BC, sh/ that OB o
>
: CA
>
9 OC
>
:
AB
>
,
A, T/ medians ' a are e#$a!, sh/ that the triang!e is issce!i$s,
=, I'
, , 1 , b B A a A a B A +
then
2
a
a b a
A
+

2
2
) 1 (
a
a a a b
B
+

=, Sh/ that the e#

n
, ' a !ine passing thr$gh the pt, /ith p, v,
d
and
e#$a!!y in a !ined t the %ectrs
c b a , ,
/hse md$!i are a, -, c is
1
]
1

+
+
abc
b a c a c b c b a
d r
) ( ) ( ) (

,
>, A st, !ine I1J c$ts the !ines AB, AC, AE ' a NNgm ABCE at pts, B
=
, C
=
,
E
=
respecti%e!y, I'
AB AB
1
1
,
AC AC AD AD
3 1 2 1
,
then pr%e that
2 1 3
1 1 1

+
,
6, Cnsider a ABC, ha%ing AE as its median thr$gh the %erte& A, !et
P -e any pt, n its this median $sing %ectr methds pr%e that 'r e%ery
psitin ' P n AE area ' APB is e#$a! t ' APC,
S, ABCE is a NNgm and H -e any pt, n the side AB, 4sing %ectr
methds pr%e that 'r e%ery psitin ' H, AC < EH di%ide each ther in
the same rati, A!s !cate the pt, IHJ s$ch that AC and EH trisect each
ther,
@, I' A
=
, A
>
,[[,,,A
n
are n pts, n a circ!e ne $nit radi$s, pr%e that the
s$m ' the s#$ares ' their m$t$a! distances is nt greater than n
>
,
B, In a triang!e ABC, E di%ides AC in the rati >:=, BE is prd$ced t F
s$ch that EF 9 > BE, Pr%e that AF is NN t BC < e#$a! t >BC < CF is NN
t median and is t/ice the median,
=, Cnsider the %ectrs
i : cs( ( "U : cs( ( "3, cs( ( "i : U : cs( ( "3 and cs( ( o o o o o o o o o
"i : cs( ( "U : a3 /here , < are di''erent ang!es, I' these o o o o o o
%ectrs are cp!anar sh/ that a is ind, ' , , , o o o (a 9 ="
>, In a PVR, S and T are pts, n VR and PR respecti%e!y s$ch that
VS 9 6SR and PT 9 S TR, 1et H -e the pint ' intersectin ' PS and
VT, Eeterminethe rati VH: HT (=@:S",
6, 1et
y x ,
and
z
-e $nit %ectrs s$ch that
c z z x b z y x a z y x + + ) .( ) ( ,
<
4
8
. ,
2
3
. y a x a

,
2 a
, 'ind
z y x , ,
in
terms '
c b a , ,
,
) 7 4 3 (
3
1
c b a x + +
c y 4
) (
3
4
b c z
0
1 s#& cos
0 s#& cos
0 s#& cos
1 s#& cos
0 s#& cos
0 s#& cos







=, The p, v, ' pts, P < V are @i:A.(>3 and 56i:6.: B3 respecti%e!y, The
%ectr
A
6i(.:3 passes thr$gh the pt, P and the %ectr
k j i B 4 2 3 + +
,
>i:AU(@3 intersects %ectrs
B A &
, Find p, ,% ' pts, ' intersectin,
=,': R N R, '(&" 9
2
x x
e e

=(=, n t, in%erse graph,

>, S!%e the e#
n
: '(&" 9 &
6
5 )&+ 9 @
Vector
Ang!e -isectr
=, In a triang!e ABC the !engths ' the t sides are 3n/nM
AB
9 B,
7 AC
and NA 9 D?NM AH and BN are -isectrs ' the ang!es A and B, Find
the csine ' the ang!e -et/een the %ectrs
A
and
B!
,
A (0)
B C
7
6
10
a

: b

c b

,
_

+
7 6
b a
A

,
_

30
7 3 a b
B!

A
o
2
64 36
2 2
+
b a
5
5
4
B!
, cnsider
B! A.
Ans: (
10
1

A B
C
6 C
; (D..)
7#
(D..)
:


;&ESTION ,AN5
level(i
=, The %ectr
is
=" N$!! %ectr >" $nit %ectr
6" para!!e! t
S" a %ectr para!!e! t
>, I' , then is
e#$a! t
=" >"
6" S"
6, I' A9(>,A,(S" and A,9((>,(@,6"then B9
=,(?,=,>" >,(?,(=,>" 6,(?,>,(=," S,(?,(
>,="
S, I' and , then
is tr$e 'r
=" a 9 (= >" a 9 =
6" a!! rea! %a!$es ' PaQ
S" 'r n rea! %a!$es ' PaQ
@, 1et A9>i:S3,
B 9 ,
E 9>i:3,Then the %a!$e ' CE in terms
' AB is
=* A, >, A,
6, A, S, A,
B, I' the psitin %ectrs ' the pints
A,B,C,E are (?,>,=",(6,=,=",((@,6,>",(>,S,="
respecti%e!y and i' 'A7',7'C7'D 8
9 then the psitin %ectr ' Pis
=, >, 6, S,
A, and are t/ %ectrs


/here are t/ sca!ars, Then the
!engths ' the %ectr are e#$a! 'r
=" a!! %a!$es '
>" n!y 'inite n$m-er ' %a!$es '
6" in'inite n$m-er ' %a!$es '
S" N %a!$e '
C, I' a is a %ectr s that its res$!tant /ith
6i:S<(>$ is i, then a 9
=, >i:S<:>$ >, (>i(S<:>$ 6, (>i(S<(>$S,
(>i:S<(>$
D, 1et A,B,C -e the %ertices ' a
triang!e,I' A,9Bi(A<:$, AC9(i(B<:A$then ,
C9
=, (Ai:<:B$ >, Ai(<:B$
6, Ai(<(B$ S, (Ai(<(B$
=?, I' A, 9 6i(><:$, ,C 9 i:><($, CD9
>i:<:6$ OA9 i:<:$,then the psitin %ectr
' E is
=, Ai(><(6$ >, Ai(><:6$
6, Ai:><(6$ S, Ai:><:S$
==, 1et A,B,C -e the %ertices ' the triang!e
ABC and !et then
=, 9 >,ai
6, 6a S, (i:<:$"
=>, I' the psitin %ectrs ' the %ertices
A,B,C are i:><:6$, 6i(S<:@$ and
(>i:6<:A$ then the %ectr determined -y
the side ,C is
=, @i:A<:>$ >, (@i:A<:>$ 6, @i(A<:>$S,
@i:A<(>$
=6, I' the psitin %ectrs ' P and V
arei:6<(A$ and Si:@<:>$ then ';9
=, 6i:><:D$ >, 6i(><:D$ 6, (6i(
><:D$ S,i:<:$
=S, I' a9 >i:S<(@$, b9i:<:$, c9<:>$, then
the $nit %ectr para!!e! t a:b:c is
=, >, 6, S
,
=@, I' r
=
9 (6,(>,=" r
>
9 (>,(S,(6" ,r
F
9 ((=,(
=,>" then the md$!$s ' the %ectr >r
=
(
6r
>
( Sr
F
is
=, => >, =6 6, =S S, =@
=B, The $nit %ectr para!!e! t i(6<(@$ is
=, (i(6<(@$" >, (i(6<(@$"
6, (i(6<(@$" S, (i(6<(@$"
=A, The $nit %ectr para!!e! t the res$!tant
%ectr >i:6<($ and Si(6<:>$ is
=, Bi:$ >,
6, S, >i:$
=C, The psitn %ectrs ' the pints A,B,C are i:><($ , i:<:$ ,
>i:6<:>$respecti%e!y,I' A is chsen as the rigin then the psitin %ectrs '
B and C are
=, i:>$, i:<:6$ >, <:>$, i:<:6$
6, (<:>$, i(<:6$ S, (<:>$, i:<:6$
=D, I' A, 9 >i(6<:$ ,C, 9 i:<:$,CD 9 Si(A< then AD9
=, @i:==<:$ >, @i(==<
6, @i:==< S, (@i:==<
>?, I' A,B,C,E are the %ertices ' a #$adri!atera! ta3en in rder
thanA,:,C:CD:DA9
=, S,D >, 6,D 6, 9 S, >,D
>=, ABCEE is a pentagn,I' 'rcesA,4AE4,C4DC4ED and AC act at a pint
then their res$!tant is
=, 6AC >, AC 6, >AC S, SAC
>>, 1et ABCE -e a trape*i$m and !et P,V -e the midpints ' the
nnpara!!e! sides AD,,C respecti%e!y,Then '; 9
=,A,:DC >, (A,:,C"
6, (A,:DC" S, (A,7,C)
>6, 1et A9(=>,6",B9(6,(=,@",C9(S,?,(6",Then the triang!e ABC is right ang!ed
at
=, >,
6, S,
>S, The perimeter ' the triang!e /hse %ertices are the pints >i(<:$, i(6<(
@$, 6i(S<(S$ is
=, >,
6, S,
>@, 1et A9>i:6<:S$,A,9@i :A<:B$, Then B9
=, ((Ai:=?<:=?$" >, (Ai(=?<:=?$"
6, (Ai:=?<(=?$" S, (Ai:=?<:=?$"
>B, I' AO:O,9,O:OC then
=, A is the midpint ' ,C
>, B is the midpint ' CA
6, C is the midpint ' A,
S, C di%ides AB in the rati =:>
>A, The res$!tant ' t/ cnc$rrent 'rces nO' and mO; is (m:n"OR,Then
R di%ides '; in the rati
=, m : n >, n : m 6, = : n S, m : =
>C, 1et A9 >i:A<, B9 i:><:S$, c 9
The rati in /hich C di%ides AB interna!!y is
= = : S >, > : 6 6, 6 : > S, @ : =
>D, 1et A 9(>i:6<:@$, B 9Ai($, I' C di%ides AB in the rati =:> then the
psitin %ectr ' C is
=, 6i:><:$ >, >i:6<:$
6, 6i:<:>$ S, i:><:6$
6?, I' a:>b ,>a:b -e the psitin %ectrs ' the pints A and B, then the
psitin %ectr ' the pint C /hich di%ides AB interna!!y in the rati >:= is
=, >, 6, S,
6=, >i(<:$,i(6<:S $ -e the psitin %ectrs ' t/ pints then the psitin
%ectr /hich di%ides thea-%e t/ pints in the rati >:6 is
=, >, 6, S,
6>, The pint C 9(=>R@, (=R@, SR@" di%ides the !ine segment A, in the rati
6:> I' B9(>,(=,>" then A9
=, (6,=,=" >, (6,=,(="
6, (6,(=,(=" S, ((6,=,(="
66, I' -96i(S< and a are c!!inear and i' ama3es an -t$se ang!e
/ith i and 9=? then a 9
=, Bi:C< >, (Bi:C< 6, (Bi(C< S, Bi(C<
6S, 1et a 9 (=,=,(=", b 9(@,(6,(6", c 9(6,(=,>" ,The %ectrs /hich are c!!inear
/ith c and /hse !engths are e#$a! t that ' a:b are
=, (B,(>,S",((B,>,(S" >, (B,>,S",((B,>,(S"
6, ((B,(>,(S",((B,>,(S" S, (B,(>,S",((B,>,S"
6@ 1et A and B -e pints /ith psitin %ectrs /ith respect t rigin O,
I' the pint PCQ n OA is s$ch that is par!!e! t and
then AD is
=, >, 6, S,
6B, P,V,R,S ha%e psitin %ectrs respecti%e!y s$ch that
,Then
=, '; and RS -isect each ther
>, '; and 'R -isect each ther
6, '; and RS trisect each ther
S, ;Sand 'R trisect each ther
6A, The psitin %ectrs ' the pints A,B,C are respecti%e!y I' P
di%ides in the rati 6:S and V di%ides in the rati >:= -th e&terna!!y
then 9
=, >, 6, S,
6C, I' are the psitin %ectrs ' A and B then ne ' the '!!/ing
pints !ie n
=, >,
6, S,
RATIO
6D, 1et A 9((6,S,(C" ,B9(@,(B,S", Then the rati in /hich the FOG p!ane
di%ides the !ine segment AB is
=, > : = >, = : > 6, 6 : @ S, > : 6
S?, 1et A 9((6,S,(C" ,B9(@,(B,S", Then the crdinates ' the pint in /hich
the FG( p!ane r FOG p!ane di%ides the !ine segment AB is
=,(A,(C,?" >,
6, S,
S=, 1et A 9i:><:6$ , B9 Si:><, C9>i:><:>$, Then the rati in /hich C
di%ides AB is
=, 6 : S >, = : 6 6, = : > S, = : =
S>, I' 6a:Sb(Ac 9? then the rati in /hich C(c" di%ides the .in ' A(a" and
B(b" is
=, = : > >, > : 6 6, 6 : > S, S : 6
S6, I' a4b4c4% are the psitin %ectrs ' the pints A ,B,C,E respecti%e!y
s$ch that 6a:@b(6c(@% 9? then A, intersectsCD in the rati
=, > : 6 >, 6 : > 6, 6 : @ S, @ : 6
DIRECTION COSINES 1 RATIOS
SS, A straight !ine is inc!ined t the a&es ' G and 2 at ang!es
respecti%e!y, The inc!inatin ' the !ine /ith the Fa&is is
=, >, 6, S,
S@, The directin csines ' i:><:>$ are
=, (=,>,>" >, 6, S,
SB, A !ine ma3es an ang!e /ith the crdinate a&es
,Then 9
=, = >,> 6, 6R> S, =R6
SA, A !ine ma3es an ang!e /ith the F,G,2 a&es ,Then 9
=, = >, > 6, 6R> S, S
SC, The directin csines ' t/ !ines are !
=
, m
=
, n
=
M !
>
, m
>
, n
>
,Then the
%a!$e ' 9
=,= >, ? 6, S S, >
SD, I' e 9 !i:m. :n3 is $nit %ectr ,the ma&im$m %a!$e ' !m:mn:n! is
=, >, ? 6, = S,
@?, I' !,m,n are the d,cQs ' a %ectr i' ,then the ma&im$m %a!$e ' !mn is
=, \ >, 6RC 6, =R> S, 6R=B
@=, I' OA 96i:.(3,8AB8 9 and AB has the directin ratis =,(=,> then OB 9
=, >, 6, S,
CENTROIE
@>, 1et ; and ;
8
-e the centrids ' the triang!es ABC and
A
8
B
8
C
8
respecti%e!y , Then AA
8
:BB
8
:CC
8 9
=, >;;
8
>,6;
8
; 6, 6;;
8
S, 6R> ;;
8
@6, 1et A9 >i:S.(3 M B 9 Si:@.:3 ,I' the centrid ; ' the triang!e ABC is
6i:@.(3 then the psitin %ectr ' C is
=, 6i(B.:63 >, 6i(B.(63
6, 6i(B.:>3 S,6i:B.(63
@S, I' the psitin %ectrs ' A,B,C are 6i:.(3,i(>., >i(.:63 then the psitin
%ectr ' the centrid ' the triang!e ABC is
=,>i(>R6.:>R63 >,>i:>R6.:>R63
6,6i(>.:>3 S, >i(>R6.(>R6
@@, I' ; is the centrid ' the triang!e ABC then ;A:;B:;C 9
=, AB >,BC
6,S;A S,?
@B, I' and -e the %ertices ' a triang!e /hse circ$mcentre is the
rigin then rthcentre is gi%en -y
=" >" 6" S"
@A, 1et A 9 (i:B<:B$ , B 9 (Si:D<:B$, ,I' ; is the centrid ' the
triang!e ABC is
=, A right ang!ed triang!e
>, A right ang!ed issce!es triang!e
6, An issce!es triang!e
S, An e#$i!atera! triang!e
@C, The triang!e ABC is de'ined -y the %ertices A 9 (?,A,=?" B 9 ((=,B,B" and
C 9 ((S,D,B" !et E -e the 't ' the attit$de 'rm B t the side AC ,
then ,D is
=" >" 6" S"
@D, 1et A(a", B(b",C(c" -e the %ertices ' the triang!e ABC and !et E,E,F -e
the mid pints ' the sides BC,CA,AB respecti%e!y,I' P di%ides the median
AE in the rati >:= then the psitin %ectr ' P is
=,9 >,a:b:c 6, S,
B?, The midpints E,E,F ' the sides BC,CA,AB ' ha%e psitin
%ectrs , Then the centrid ' is the pint :
=, >, 6, S,
B=, I' ; is the centrid ' triang!e ABC, then 9
=,=RS >,=R6 6,>R6 S,SRD
TRIANDLE
B>, I' E is the mid pint ' the side BC ' triang!e ABC, then A,:AC9
=, AD >,=R>AD
6,>AD S,SAD
B6, 1et ABC -e a triang!e and AE,BE,CF -e its medians then AD:,E:CF9
=,SA, >,6,C
6,SCA S,9
BS, 1et ABC -e a triang!e and !et E,E,F -e the midpints ' the sides
BC,CA,AB respecti%e!y, Then 9
=, >, 6, S,
B@, 1et ABC -e a triang!e and !et E,E -e the midpints ' the sides AB,AC
respecti%e!y, then ,E:DC9
=, ,C >, 6, S,
BB, 1et ABC -e a triang!e and !et S -e its circ$mcentre and O -e its
rthcentre, The SA :S,:SC9
=, SSO >, 6SO 6, >SO S,SO
BA, 1et ABC -e a triang!e and !et S -e its circ$mcentre and O -e its
rthcentre, The OA :O,:OC9
=, O >, >SO 6, >OS S, 6OS
BC, I' O is the circ$mcentre and O
8
is the rthcentre ' a triang!e ABC and
i' AP is the circ$mdiameter then AO
8
:O
I
,:O
I
C9
=, OA >,O2A 6,A' S,AO
BD, I' A, 9 (6i:S$ and ,C 9 are the sides ' the triang!e ABC, then
the !ength ' the median AH is
=, >, 6, S,
A?, I' E,E,F the midpints t the sides ' a triang!e ABC then area ' 9
=, >, 6, S,
A=, 1et -e the distinct rea! n$m-ers, The pints /ith psitin %ectrs
are
=,c!!inear
>,'rm an issce!es triang!e
6,right ang!ed triang!e
S,e#$i!atetra! triang!e
A>, I' the %ectrs
'rm a triang!e then 9
=,B >,(B 6,=> S,(=
A6, The in(centre ' the triang!e 'rmed -y the pints i:<:$ , Si:<:$ ,
Si:@<:$ is
=, >,i:><:6$
6,6i:><7$ S,i7<7$
AS, The psitin %ectrs ' A,B,C are Then the psitin
%ectr ' the circ$mcentre ' the triang!e ABC is
=, >,
6, S,
COLLINEAR
A@, I' and are the %ectrs /hse directins are neither para!!e! nn
cincident, then imp!ies
=" ?, ? >+ (=, (= 6+ =, (= S+ =, =
AB, I' and are t/ nn(c!!inear %ectrs, then the pints
, and are c!!inear i'
=" >" 6" S"
AA, 1et a, b -e t/ nn(c!!inear %ectrs ,I' A 9
(&:Sy"a :(>&:y:="b, ,9(y(>&:>"a : (>&(6y(="b and 6A9>, ,then (&,y"9
=,(=,>" >,(=,(>" 6,(>,(=" S,((>,(="
AC, 1et a4 b -e t/ nn(c!!inear %ectrs ,I' c 9 (&(>" a:b , %9(>&:=" a(
b are c!!inear then &9
=, = >, =R> 6, =R6 S, =RS
AD, I' i:p<:$ , >i:6<:#$ are !i3e para!!e! %ectrs then (p,#"9
=, >,(>,>" 6, S,
C?, I' the pints A(a",B(-",C(c" sati'y the re!atin 6a(Cb:@c9? then the
pints are
=,%ertices ' an e#$i!atera! triang!e
>,c!!inear
6,%ertices ' a right ang!ed triang!e
S,%ertices ' a issce!es triang!e
C=, I' the %ectrs >i:a<:$ , (@i:6<:-$are c!!inear , then (a,-"9
=, (BR@,@R>" >,((BR@,(@R>" 6,((=>,(>@" S,(=>,>@"
C>, I' the %ectrs >i(6<:B$ , b are c!!inear 9=S , then b9
=, >, 6, S,
C6 I' Si:@<($ , Ci:a<(>$ are para!!e! %ectrs then a 9
=,=? >,@ 6,(=? S,(@
CS, I' a, a are c!!inear and are in the same directin then is
=,9? >,K? 6,T? S,cannt -e decided
C@, The !ine passing thr$gh the pints =?i:6< , =>i:@< a!s passes
thr$gh the pint ai:==<, Then a9
LEVEL II
= In a triang!e ABC , E and E are pints n BC and AC respecti%e!y, s$ch
that ,D8>DC AE8FEC4 1et P -e the pint ' intersectin ' AD and ,E,
The BP R PE9
=" >:6 >" 6 : C 6" C : 6 S" = : >
>, In a triang!e OAB , E is the mid(pint ' OB and E is a pint n AB s$ch
thatAD : D, 9 > : =, I' OD and AE intersect at P, then the rati OP : PE is
=" = : > >" 6 : > 6" C : 6 S" S : 6
6, 1et OACB -e a para!!e!gram /ith Oat the rigin and OC a diagna!, 1et
E -e the mid(pint ' OA, Then the rati in /hich ,D di%ides CO is
=" = : > >" > : = 6" = : = S" > : 6
S, A %ectr a has cmpnents > p and = /ith respect t a rectang$!ar
Cartesian crdinate system, This system is rtated thr$gh a certain
ang!e a-$t the rigin in the c$nter c!c3 ( /ise sense, I', /ith respect t
the ne/ system, a has cmpnents p : = , and =, then
=" >" 6" S"
@, I: I' a 9 6i ( ><7$, b 9 >i(S<(6$, c 9 (i:><:>$ then a7b7c 9 Si(S<
II: I' a 9 i(<:>$, b 9 >i:6<7$, c 9 i($, then magnit$de ' a:>b(6c is
=" n!y I is tr$e >" n!y II is tr$e
6" -th I and II are tr$e S" neither I nr II are t$e
B, I:!et 9(&:Sy" a:(>&:y:=" b, 9 (y(>&:>" a:(>&(6y(
=" b /here a and b are nn*er, nnc!!inear %ectrs i' 6 ,
II: 1et E,E,F -e the midd!e pints ' the sides BC, CA, AB respecti%e!y '
ABC then AD7,E7CF 9 9,
=" n!y I is tr$e >" n!y II is tr$e
6" -th I and II are tr$e S" neither I nr II are t$e
A, I:I' ; is the centrid ' ABC, is the centrid ' the
then
II: I' S is the circ$mcentre, POQ is the rthcentre ' then
=" n!y I is tr$e >" n!y II is tr$e
6"-th I and II are tr$e S" neither I nr II are tr$e
'RO,LE+S FRO+ EA+CET
=AEE
=, a4b4c are three nn(cp!anar %ectrs ,The e#$atin r 9 (!(p(#"a :
pb : #c represents
=,a straight !ine >,a p!ane
6,a p!ane passing thr$gh the rigin
S,a sphere
>, The pints /ith psitin %ectrs >i:6<:S$ , 6i:S<:>$ and
Si:><:6$ are
=,the %ertices ' a right ang!ed triang!e
>,the %ertices ' an issce!es triang!e
6,the %ertices ' an e#$i!atera! triang!e
S,c!!iner
=AEA
6, ABCEEF is a reg$!ar he&agn, I' A, 8 a and ,C 8 b then the
ther sides ' are represented -y the %ectrs
=,CD 8 a(b 4 DE 8 a4 EF 8 b 4 FA 8 a7b
>,CD 8 a7b 4 DE 8 b4EF 8 a4 FA 8 b(a
6,CD 8 b(a 4 DE 8 (a4EF 8 (b 4 FA 8 a(b
>99B
C, I' the %ectr and are c!!inear and 8 89>=, then 9
=" >" 6" S"
D, O-ser%e the '!!/ing statements
A: Three %ectrs are cp!anar i' ne ' them is e&pressi-!e as a !inear
cm-inatin ' ther t/
R: Any three cp!anar %ectrs are !inear!y dependents then /hich ' the
'!!/ing is tr$e
=" Bth A and R are tr$e and R is the crrect e&p!anatin ' A,
>" Bth A and R are tr$e -$t R is nt the crrect e&p!anatin ' A
6" A is tr$e, -$t R is 'a!se, S" a is 'a!se, -$t R is tr$e
=?, I : T/ nn(*er, nn(c!!inear %ectrs are !inear!y independent,
II: Any three cp!anar %ectrs are !inear!y dependent,
0hich ' a-%e statement is tr$eY
=" On!y I >" n!y II
6" Bth I and II S" neither I nr II
=AAG
==, I' S is the circ$mcentre,; is centrid is the rthcentre ' the
then SA7S,7SC9
=,SD >,SO 6,OS S,OD
=AAB
=>, I' the %ectr e#$atin t a p!ane passing thr$gh the pints
A(a",B(b",C(c" is R 9 &a:yb:*c then &:y:*9
=,? >,= 6,> S,6
=6, I' ai:-<:c$ is the -isectr ' the ang!e -et/een the
%ectrs i7< and <7$then
=, a 9 - >,- 9 c 6,c 9 a S,a 9 - 9 c
=S, I' 96i(><:$4 9 (i7<7$ then the $nit %ectr para!!e! t the %ecdtr
is
=,(>R6"i ((=R6"<:(>R6"$ >,(>R@"i ((=R@"<:(>R@"$ 6, S,
=AAJ
=@, The rati in /hich i:><:6$ di%ides the .in ' (>i:6<:@$ and Ai($ is
=, (6 : > >,= : > 6, > : 6 S, (S : 6
=AAE
=B, The Three pints /hse psitin %ectrs are
=,'rm the %ertices ' an e#$i!atera! triang!e
>,'rm the %ertices ' an right ang!ed triang!e
6,are c!!inear
S,'rm the %ertices ' an issce!es triang!e
=AAA
=A ,I' A 9 6i(><:$, B 9 >i:S<(6$ then 9
=, >, 6, S,
=C, I' a 9 6i(>.:3, b9(i:.:3 then the $nit %ectr para!!e! t a7b is
=, >, 6, S,
>999
=D, I' OABC is a para!!e!gram /ith O, 8 a 4 A, 8 b then OA9
=, a7b >, a(b 6, S,
AIEEE
>99F
>?, The %ectr and
are the sides ' a triang!e ABC, The !ength ' the meadian
thr$gh A is
=, >, 6, S,
>=, Cnsider the pints A,B,C,E /ith psitin %ectrs ,
, , respecti%e!y, Then ABCE is a
=" s#$are >" rhm-$s
6" para!!e!gram -$t nt a rhm-$s
S" rectang!e
>99G
>>, 1et -e three nn(*er %ectrs, n t/ ' /hich are c!!inear, I' the
%ectr is c!!inear /ith and is c!!inear /ith , then 9
=" >" 6" S"
>99>
>6, I' then 9
=+ 6i(S< >+ 6i:S< 6+ Si(S< S+ Si:S<
>99=
>S, I'
9
=, >,
6, S,
>@, ABCE is apara!!e!gram /ith AC,BE as diagna!s ,The
=, >, 6, S,
>99>
>B, The three pints A,B,C ha%e psitin %ectrs (=,&,6",(6,S,A"and (y,(
>,(@" are c!!inear then (&,y" 9
=,(>,(6" >,((>,6" 6,((>,(6" S,(>,6"
>A The psitin %ectrs ' the %ertices ' the triang!e are >i(<7$, i(6<(@$,
6i(S<(S$then they 'rm a ,,,,,triang!e
=,E#$i!atera! >,Isce!es