Go Over Homework

Stress-Strain Analysis of Plastically

Deforming Members
Cyclic Loading
Chapter 13, Section 13.6
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Fig. 13.19
Cyclic Loading of Beams

For a beam loaded by a moment
that varies cyclically between M
max
and M
min
, use integral approach:

Stresses, o
max
and o
min
, have
nonlinear distributions

Strain distribution is linear

Ac = c
max

c
min
is also linear

Using amplitude quantities allows
analysis similar to that for static
loading
}
=
c
dy y t M
0
max max
2 o
}
=
c
dy y t M
0
min min
2 o
}
A = = A
c
dy y t M M M
0
min max
2 o
}
= =
A
c
a a
dy y t M
M
0
2
2
o
OR
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Fig. 13.19
Cyclic Loading of Beams (2)

Analysis can then proceed using
cyclic stress-strain curve to
determine stresses and strains at
edge of beam (y = c):
( ) ( )
max max max c c
f M g o c = =
( ) ( ) 2 2 2
c c
f M g o c A = A = A
c c c
c c c A =
max min c c c
o o o A =
max min
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Example 13.3

GIVEN: Rectangular beam made of elastic, perfectly
plastic material

FIND: For cyclic loading, assuming initial loading causes
yielding, find maximums, minimums and amplitudes of
stress and strain at y = c

SOLN: Elastic, perfectly plastic model for bending

For yielding during initial loading

If no reverse / cyclic yielding

Finally, minimum values are given by
|
.
|

\
|
s = =
E E tc
M
E
c
c
c
0
2
2
3 o
c
o
c
ca c c
c c c 2
max min
=
ca c c
o o o 2
max min
=
|
.
|

\
|
>
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
E E
tc M
c
c
0
2
0
0
2
3
1
1
o
c
c
o
o

( ) M tc
tc
E
c

=
0
2
0
2
0
3 o
o o
c
0 max
o o =
c
( )
max max
M g
c
= c

( )
max 0
2
0
2
0
max
3 M tc
tc
E
c

=
o
o o
c
|
.
|

\
|
s = =
E E tc
M
E
ca
a
ca ca ca
0
2
2
3 o
c c c o

If cyclic yielding
( )
( ) E
M tc
tc
E
ca
a
ca ca 0
0
2
0
2
0
0
3
o c
o
o o
c o o >

= =
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Fig. E13.3
Example 13.3
The analysis can then be applied for cyclic loading, and for
hysteresis loop events during irregular loading.
) (S g = c
|
.
|

\
| A
=
c A
= c
2 2
, ) (
S
g S g
a a
c, Notch Strain
c, Notch Strain
S
o, c
Static analysis using cyclic stress-strain curve
P, S, k
t
S
Load
General Cyclic Loading Analysis
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Example 13.4

GIVEN: Notched plate, AISI 4340 steel, k
t
= 2.80, cycled between
S
max
= 750 MPa

and S
min
= 50 MPa

FIND: Estimate stress-strain response

SOLN: Represent cyclic stress-strain curve using Ramberg-Osgood
equation for local stress and strain

Use Neubers

rule (R-O form)

Solve for o
max

, then for c
max

Now cyclic part
131 . 0
1 1
1655 207000
max max max max
max
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
'
+ =
'
o o o o
c
n
H E

n
H
E
k
S
t
'
|
.
|

\
|
'
+ =
1
max
max
2
max max
1 o
o o ( )
131 . 0
1
1655
207000
8 . 2
1
750
max
max
2
max
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
o
o o
02192 . 0
max
= c MPa 972
max
= o
MPa 350
2
1
min max
2
1
=

=
|
.
|

\
|
'
+ =
'
S S
S
H
E
k
S
a
a
a a
t
a
n
o
o o
131 . 0
1 1
1655 207000
max max
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
'
+ =
'
o o o o
c
n
H E
a a
a
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Example 13.4

SOLN continued:

Solve for o
a

, then for c
a

Finally, minimum values are
00962 . 0 2
max min
= =
a
c c c
00615 . 0
max
= c MPa 755 =
a
o
( )
131 . 0
1
1655
207000
8 . 2
1
MPa 350
2
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
a
a a
o
o o
131 . 0
1
1655 207000
max max
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
o o
c
a
MPa 538 2
max min
= =
a
o o o
Fig. E13.4
Time for a Break!
Time-Dependent Behavior:
Creep and Damping
Chapter 15
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Some Definitions

Creep is deformation that proceeds gradually with
time and is typically enhanced / more prevalent at
higher temperatures

In crystalline materials (metals and ceramics), it becomes
significant above 0.3 to 0.6T
m
, depending on the material

Occurs in polymers at room temperature, but by very
different mechanisms / process
Focus on viscoelasticity

in next lecture

Creep rupture occurs when a material gradual tears
apart as a result of excessive creep deformation
Stress vs. temperature for 3% deformation in 10 minutes
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Fig. 15.1
Examples of Temperature Resistance
Designing for High Temperature Operation

At higher temperatures, deformation modes in crystalline
materials can include

Yielding

time-independent plastic deformation
Yield strength can be a function of temperature

Creep

time-dependent plastic deformation

For design purposes, we must consider both processes

Checking that effective stress from 3-D stress state will not cause
yielding while also considering creep deformation as a function of
time
For creep, often normalize temperature, T, with respect to the crystalline
melting temperature, T
m

Homologous Temperature, T / T
m
T / T
m

Deformation mechanism maps

Shows what deformation mechanism is
dominant for any given combination of o and T
To really know / predict high T useful life, still must
do testing

usually accelerated testing
shear strain rates
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Fig. 15.16
Example of Deformation Mechanism Map
Creep Testing

Creep resistance is measured for a given temperature and
constant stress level (typically using a constant axial force)

The increase in strain is measured with time

Test durations can range from ~ 1 minute to years

Repeat for a number of stresses and temperatures
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Fig. 15.3
time
STRESS
0 t
1
0
t
sc
A
c A
= c

Behavior Observed in Creep Tests

Initial strain on loading (stage 0)

Could be just elastic strain or elastic
plus plastic strains

Stage I

Primary creep

Stain rate decreases with time /
increasing strain

Dislocation density is increasing,
material strengthening

Stage II

Secondary creep

Strain rate is constant (and is a
minimum)

Dislocation density stays roughly
constant

Stage III

Tertiary creep

Strain rate increases in unstable
manner toward failure (creep rupture)

Necking and/or internal void / crack
formation
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Fig. 15.4
dt
dc
c =

Strain Rate
t
r
Tests on lead at 17C by Andrade 1910, 1914
Example Test Data
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Fig. 15.5
Fig. 15.6
Constant
true stress
Trends with Temperature and Stress
| | o T or
+ | |
+ | |
r sc
r sc
t T
t T
and the , as , fixed For
and the , as , fixed For
c o
c o

Stress vs. steady-state creep rate

Representing Creep Test Results

Results from single creep test summarized by providing

Typically interested in steady-state creep rate when designing for long
life and dimensional tolerance is critical (e.g., jet engine turbine blade)

Typically interested in rupture life [or time to reach strain of

interest]
when creep deformation is tolerable but failure must not occur [or a
particular value of creep strain (e.g., 1%) cannot be tolerated]
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Fig. 15.7
Fig. 15.8
Stress vs. creep rupture life
) (or and , , ,
f r sc
t t T c o

Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves

Creep data = strain vs. time for
various stress values

For a given constant value of time, we
have strain values and corresponding
stress values

Use to form isochronous stress-strain
curve

Do for several values of time to form
family of curves

Often curves are not linear, but a
secant modulus, E
s
, can be
determined for specific range of strain

For family of isochronous curves, E
s
values can be plotted vs. time for
given strain range

Do for multiple strain ranges to give a
family of curves
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Fig. 15.11
Viscous Creep

In fluid mechanics, viscosity of a liquid is defined as the ratio
of applied shear stress to shear strain rate

Lets define tensile viscosity as

Many amorphous solids can be thought of as liquids with
very high viscosities

Applied stress causes molecules or groups of molecules to move
relative to one another in a time-dependent manner
This is a diffusion process and is enhanced with increasing temperature,
which increases oscillations of atoms about their equilibrium position

Thermally activated physical processes often follow the
Arrhenius equation:

Q = activation energy
Describes energy barrier that must be overcome for molecular motion
Might change if physical mechanism changes with T or o

t
q
t

=
c
o
q

=
RT
Q
Ae

= c

RT
Q
e A

= o c
1

OR
Creep Mechanisms in Crystalline
Solids
Chapter 15, Section 15.3.3
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Q
c
Q
c
Q
c
Steady-State Creep Rate and the Dorn Equation

Dorn Equation is a slightly more complex
form of the Arrhenius Equation:

A

and n are material constants
A, n, and Q
c
all depend on stress and temperature
due to changes in creep mechanism

Q
c

activation energy for self-diffusion when
T

0.5T
m
Works for many elements, as shown in plot to right
Also, in plot in bottom corner, for T < 0.5T
m
,
multiple creep mechanisms are likely operative,
but for T

0.5T
m
, diffusional

flow is primary
mechanism

Generalized Dorn Equation

Applies for all creep mechanisms
RT
c
Q
e A
n
sc

'
= o c

( )
p n
d
b
G kT
Gb e D A
kT
Q
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

o
c
0

Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Steady-State Creep and Creep Mechanisms

Useful form of Dorn Equation:

d is average grain diameter

Comparing with previous equations, we have an inverse
temperature dependence
A

and A
1
from before would all have a temperature dependence, but it is
often weak
RT
Q
e
T d
A
q
m

=
o
c
2

Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
( )
p n
d
b
G kT
Gb e D A
kT
Q
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

o
c
0

T / T
m
Temperature Dependence of Dislocation Glide

Dislocation motion (glide) is assisted by
thermal activation

Recall the components of the critical
resolved shear stress

Athermal

component, t
a
Related to obstacles to dislocation motion

Thermally dependent component, t
f
Represents resistance to dislocation motion due to
short-range barriers

(i.e., atomic scale barriers)
Thermal activation reduces the energy barrier for a
dislocation to move from one lattice location to another
For BCC metals, T has a major influence in plastic
deformation
f a CRSS
t t t + =
T / T
m
Diffusional Flow Mechanisms

Nabarro-Herring (NH) Creep

Applied stress creates tensile and
compressive regions within a grain

Concentration of vacancies in tensile regions
is greater than that in compressive region

Vacancy concentration gradient diffusion

Diffusion leads to shape change

NH creep is competitive with dislocation
glide

Increases with increasing T and decreasing
o relative to dislocation glide

Strain rate approximated by

m = 1 (viscous process), q = 2

D
L
= lattice diffusion coefficient
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Fig. 2.26
T / T
m
2 1
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
~
d
b
G kT
Gb D A
L NH
NH
o
c

Diffusional Flow Mechanisms

Coble Creep

Also driven by stress-induced vacancy
concentration gradient
BUT

Diffusional

mass transport occurs along:

Grain boundaries in polycrystalline materials

Surfaces in single crystal materials

NH and Coble creep mechanisms operate in
tandem

Coble creep operates at lower T and
requires slightly larger o relative to NH creep

Strain rate approximated by

m = 1 (viscous process), q = 3

D
GB
= grain boundary diffusion coefficient

o = effective width of grain boundary
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
T / T
m
3 1
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
~
d
b
b G kT
Gb D A
GB C
C
o o
c

Grain Boundary Sliding

Grain boundary sliding occurs in conjunction with
Nabarro-Herring and Coble creep mechanisms

Sliding accommodated by vacancy diffusion
through the crystal lattice (q = 2) or along grain
boundaries (q = 3)
T / T
m
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Fig. 15.14
Dislocation or Power Law Creep

Rather than involving point defects, dislocation (power-law) creep involves much
more drastic motion of dislocations

Higher stresses are required, but temperatures can be lower than

for diffusional

creep

Significant mechanism is thought to be dislocation climb

Immobile dislocation must move to another lattice plane

Requires rearrangement of atoms by vacancy diffusion, so still diffusion controlled

Results in ability to deform more than the material would have otherwise

Strain rate not significantly affected by grain size but is a strong function of stress (m ~ 5)
T / T
m
Vacancy-Assisted Dislocation Climb

Strain rate approximated by

m = 3-8, q = 0
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
5
|
.
|

\
|
~
G kT
ADGb
DC
o
c

RT
Q
q
m
sc
e
T d
A

o
= c
2

R = universal gas constant

Q = activation energy
A
2

, m, q = constants
Q, A
2

, m, and q vary with
the creep mechanism
Steady-state creep in crystalline materials (metals and ceramics)
shear strain
rates
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Fig. 15.16
Deformation Mechanism Maps

Shows deformation mechanism that is
dominant for any given combination of
stress and temperature

Diffusional

flow and power-law creep
regions can be subdivided to show
different types

At very high stresses, plastic deformation
by dislocation glide dominates

Ideal (theoretical shear) strength also
shown

Note lines of constant shear strain rate

Below the lowest one of these lines,
consider behavior to be elastic

Dynamic recrystallization

voids forming
along grain boundaries, etc. repair as they
try to form
( ) 300
300
= T h G G
3 / 3 c t o

= =
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Fig. 15.8
Time-Temperature Parameters and Life Estimates

Test times for creep measurements are generally limited to 1000 h (42
days) to 10,000 h (14 months)

Simple accelerated testing approaches use extrapolation to estimate

Behavior at low strain rates and long times more typical of service conditions from
high strain rate data (Fig. 15.7)

Life time from stress vs. rupture life (or time to a particular strain value) (Fig. 15.8)

Does not work well, because curves are not linear or are so over

only small
ranges, and slope changes can occur with changes in creep mechanism

More successful approaches use elevated temperatures with short time tests

Assume mechanism is the same for test as it is for service conditions
Fig. 15.7
Time-temperature Parameters
- Sherby-Dorn parameter
- Larson-Miller parameter

Time-Temperature Parameters

Integrating differential form of Arrhenius Equation

Creep strains form a unique curve for a given stress if
plotted versus the temperature-compensated time

Define Sherby-Dorn parameter, P
SD
= log u
r

Q assumed to be constant

Define Larson-Miller parameter, P
LM
= 0.217Q

u
r
is assumed to be constant
( )
RT
Q
te A
sc

= o c
RT
Q
te

= u
( )
RT
Q
te A

= o c

( ) dt e A d
RT
Q
= o c

T
Q
t e
RT
Q
t P
r r SD
217 . 0
log log log =
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
( ) ( )
r r r r LM
C C t T t T P u u log log log log = + = =
Sherby-Dorn Parameter
( f P
T
Q
t
T
Q
t P
SD
r
r SD
)
273 C K ,
cal/mole ,
h hours, ,
217 . 0
log
o =
+ =
=
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Fig. 15.20
Time-Temperature Parameters
Larsen-Miller Parameter
( f P
T
C
t
C t T P
LM
r
r LM
)
273 C K ,
h log ,
h hours, ,
) (log
o =
+ =
+ =
Fig. 15.22
Sherby-Dorn Parameter
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Time-Temperature Parameters
Larsen-Miller Parameter
T
Q
t P
r SD
217 . 0
log =
Fig. 15.21
) (log C t T P
r LM
+ =
Fig. 15.23
T
Q
t P
r SD
217 . 0
log =
( )
128 . 5
K 873
cal/mole 000 , 85 217 . 0
0 . 16
217 . 0
log = + = + =
T
Q
P t
SD r
days 5600 h 400 , 134 10
128 . 5
= = =
r
t
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
) (log C t T P
r LM
+ =
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
337 . 5 17
K 873
500 , 19
log = = = C
T
P
t
LM
r
days 9050 h 200 , 217 10
337 . 5
= = =
r
t
Larson and Miller
1952 ASME paper
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Fig. 15.24
3
3
2
2 1 0
273 C) ( (K) , log
x b x b x b b P
T T x
LM
+ + + =
+ = o =
C
T
P
t
LM
r
= log
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Fitting Stress vs. T-T Parameter Data
T
Q
P t
SD r
217 . 0
log + =
3
3
2
2 1 0
273 C) ( (K) , log
x a x a x a a P
T T x
SD
+ + + =
+ = = o
Sometimes linear fits (a
2

= a
3

= 0 or b
2

= b
3

= 0) are sufficient
10
100
1000
16,000 18,000 20,000 22,000 24,000
P
LM
, Larson-Miller Parameter, K-log (h)
o
,

S
t
r
e
s
s
,

M
P
a
data
fit
1Cr-1Mo-0.25V Steel
10
100
1000
14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000 22,000 24,000 26,000
P
LM
, Larson-Miller Parameter, K-log (h)
o
,

S
t
r
e
s
s
,

M
P
a
data
fit
Alloy A-286
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
)

1
t t X
r
=
o
o
=
o
) (

2
o = o =
t
t
X
r
t
)

, (

t t T T T
r f f
= o = o = A
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Fig. 15.25
Safety Factors for Creep Rupture
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Example 15.5
Larson-Miller Constants S-590 alloy
C b
0
b
1
b
2
b
3
17 38,405 -8,206 0 0
200 600 1.50 547.9 13,149
o, MPa
T,
o
C
log o T, K P
LM
log t
r
t
r
, hours t
r
, days Item = Value
(a), (b1) 200 600 2.301 873 19,523 5.363 230,583 9,608 X
t
17.54
(b2) 271.2 600 2.433 873 18,437 4.119 13,149 547.9 X
o
1.36
(c) 200 651.4 2.301 924.4 19,523 4.119 13,149 547.9 AT
f
51.4
(b2) Vary o by Solver to make t
r
= service life. (c) Vary T by Solver to make t
r
= service life.
MPa ,

o C ,

T years ,

t hours ,

t days ,

t
r
t
r
LM
r
t C
T
P
t
log
10 , log = =
3
3
2
2 1 0
273 C) ( (K) , log
x b x b x b b P
T T x
LM
+ + + =
+ = o =
Creep Under Multiaxial Stress

Creep test data is typically uniaxial, so how do we extend to multiaxial

stress states?

For viscous creep under uniaxial

tension, we defined viscosity,

3-D normal stresses can be shown to result in normal strain rates in each
direction by:

If shear stresses and strains are present:

Effective stress and effective strain rate can be determined from principal
stresses and corresponding strain rates:

If stress-strain curve is nonlinear, use secant version of viscosity:
( ) | |
( ) | |
( ) | |
y x z z
z x y y
z y x x
o o o
q
c
o o o
q
c
o o o
q
c
+ =
+ =
+ =
5 . 0
1
5 . 0
1
5 . 0
1

c
o
q

=
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
zx zx yz yz xy xy
t
q
t
q
t
q

3 3 3
= = =

c
o
q

=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
3
2
2
1
c c c c c c c o o o o o o o

+ + = + + =