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This web page presents statistics formulas described in the Stat Trek tutorials. Each formula links to a web page that explains how to use the formula.
Parameters
Population mean = = ! "i # $ %
Statistics
8nless otherwise noted9 these formulas assume simple random sampling.
Sample mean = x = ! xi # $ n
Sample &ariance = s+ = ! xi * x #+ $ n * 2 #
;orrelation
Pearson product*moment correlation = r = ! x6# $ s(rt ) ! x + # 3 ! 6+ # ,
;ounting
n factorial> nA = n 3 n*2# 3 n * +# 3 . . . 3 B 3 + 3 2. C6 con&ention9 @A = 2.
Probabilit6
=ule of addition> P D C# = P D# : P C# * P D C#
=andom -ariables
In the following formulas9 X and Y are random &ariables9 and a and b are constants.
-ariance of the sum of independent random &ariables = -ar " : 5# = -ar "# : -ar 5#
-ariance of the difference between independent random &ariables = -ar " * 5# = -ar "# : -ar 5#
Sampling Histributions
Iean of sampling distribution of the mean = x =
Standard de&iation of difference of sample means = 'd = s(rt) '2+ $ n2# : '++ $ n+# ,
Standard de&iation of difference of sample proportions = ' d = s(rt4 )P2 2 * P2# $ n2, : )P+ 2 * P+# $ n+, 7
Standard Error
Standard error of proportion = SEp = sp = s(rt) p 3 2 * p#$n , = s(rt p( $ n #
Standard error of difference of sample means = SE d = sd = s(rt) s2+ $ n2# : s++ $ n+# ,
Standard error of difference of sample proportions = s d = s(rt4 )p2 2 * p2# $ n2, : )p+ 2 * p+# $ n+, 7
x*2;r*2
3 Pr 3 2 * P#x * r
%*k;n*x
, $ ) % ;n ,
<inear Transformations
For the following formulas9 assume that 5 is a linear transformation of the random &ariable "9 defined b6 the e(uation> 5 = a" : b.
t*score = t = x * x# $ ) s$s(rt n# ,.
Estimation
L6pothesis Testing
Standardi/ed test statistic = Statistic * Parameter# $ Standard de&iation of statistic#
Hegrees of Freedom
The correct formula for degrees of freedom HF# depends on the situation the nature of the test statistic9 the number of samples9 underl6ing assumptions9 etc.#.
Mne*sample t*test> HF = n * 2
Sample Si/e
Celow9 the first two formulas find the smallest sample si/es re(uired to achie&e a fixed margin of error9 using simple random sampling. The third formula assigns sample to strata9 based on a proportionate design. The fourth formula9 %e6man allocation9 uses stratified sampling to minimi/e &ariance9 gi&en a fixed sample si/e. Dnd the last formula9 optimum allocation9 uses stratified sampling to minimi/e &ariance9 gi&en a fixed budget.