T.C.

ZMR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ME 409 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory

TENSION TEST

zge A.

2009, December

ZMR

Ob"ec#$%e
The objectives of this lab are: 1

to perform tension tests on aluminum/steel to gain an appreciation of tensile testing e uipment an! proce!ures to e"amine the resulting stress#strain curve to gain an appreciation of the tensile behavior of the teste! material an! to i!entify/calculate the significant mechanical properties of the teste! material to compare the physical tensile#failure characteristics of the metal

A&&'r'#()

$ 1%0 &' capacity electro#mechanically operate! universal tension/compression loa! frame (ill be use! to test the tensile specimens) The applie! loa! on the specimen is !etermine! in!irectly from a tensile loa! cell) $ caliper (ill be use! to measure the !imensions of the test specimens) The elongation of the loa!e! test specimen (ill be !etermine! in!irectly by using an e"tensometer) $ computer !ata#ac uisition system (ill be use! to generate loa! an! !isplacement !ata)

. 2.

M'#er$'*)
*0*+ $luminum or +04 stainless steel)

A+'*,)$) -. Re)(*#)
E/CEL TA0LES
AND

CALCULATIONS

T'b*e

Sample

Code

Gauge Length (Go) 41,15

Wo (mm) 12,43 12,45 12,5 12,46 au!e "en!t# ( f,mm) 50,56

to(mm) 3,98 3,99 3,97 3,98 Ao (mm2) 49,5908

Wf(mm) 10,58 10,78 10,41 10,59 Af (mm2) 13,3081

tf(mm) 1,25 1,29 1,23 1,25667

Lf(mm)

Aluminum

al-2 mean values

214,5

Reduced section(f,mm) 100

e,ma$
92,9324

'. De#erm$+'#$-+ -. #1e #e+)$*e )#re+2#1 3 4( 5 The ultimate tensile strength ,-T./ 0u1 is the ma"imum loa! sustaine! by the specimen !ivi!e! by the original specimen cross#sectional area) $s can be easily seen in 2igure 1/ the ma"imum point of the Engineering stress#strain curve for $l correspon!s to 0u 394/9 M5a an! this is the ultimate tensile strength of $l)

Figure 1 Engineering stress-strain curve of Al

F$2(re 2 E+2$+eer$+2 )#re))6)#r'$+ c(r%e '+7 )#-8e %er)() e+2$+eer$+2 )#r'$+

b. C'*c(*'#$-+ -. #1e m'9$m(m *-'7 3Pm'95.

0u35ma"$0 94/9 M5a35ma"49/%906 mm4 5ma"34*06/%9 '

c. C'*c(*'#$-+ -. #1e M-7(*() -. E*')#$c$#, 3E5. 7n the early ,lo( strain1 portion of the curve/ many materials obey 8oo&e9s la( to a reasonable appro"imation/ so that stress is proportional to strain (ith the constant of proportionality being the mo!ulus of elasticity or :oung9s mo!ulus/ !enote! E:

0e3E);e

Figure 3 calculation of modulus elasticity E!

$s can be seen in / 7 specifie! t(o points on the elastic region (hich are not at either the top or bottom an! these points are ,0/00141%< %0/4*==1 an! ,0/000+=9=< 1*/19%01) $lso 7 use e"cel to !ra( a linear line of these specifie! !ata region/ the line e uation is y 3 441%9" # 0/1196/ y is the engineering stress an! " is engineering strain) The slope of this line is >!" / its value gives us the Mo!ulus of Elasticity/ E)

!y!"3441%9 E3441%9 M5a

2urthermore/ Mo!ulus of Elasticity/ E can be calculate! from the t(o specifie! points from the relation given belo(/

E301#04;1#;4
?ith this relation (e fin! a closer value of E that (as calculate! from the slope of the line)

E301#04;1#;43%0/4*==#1*/19%00/00141%#0/000+=9= E3410+0 M5a

7 thin& the first metho! is more reliable because the line inclu!es much more than t(o !ata points) @0#strainA location on the strain a"is is the " value (hen y30 in the e uation of line/ y 3 441%9" # 0/1196) 7f y30 0 3 441%9" # 0/1196 "34/64B10#* is the @0#strainA location) 7. De#erm$+'#$-+:c'*c(*'#$-+ -. #1e ,$e*7 )#re+2#1, 4Y , .-r A* 2or most engineering materials/ the curve (ill have an initial linear elastic region as in 2igure 4 in (hich !eformation is reversible an! time in!epen!ent) The slope in this region is :oung9s mo!ulus E) -nloa!ing the specimen at point C in 2igure 4 the portion CC D is linear an! is essentially parallel to the original line EC A) 4

The horiFontal !istance EC D is calle! the permanent set correspon!ing to the stress at C) This is the basis for the construction of the arbitrary yiel! strength) To !etermine the yiel! strength/ a straight line CC @ is !ra(n parallel to the initial elastic line EC 9 but !isplace! from it by an arbitrary value of permanent strain) The permanent strain commonly use! is 0)40 percent of the original gage length) The intersection of this line (ith the curve !etermines the stress value calle! the yiel! strength) 7n reporting the yiel! strength/ the amount of permanent set shoul! be specifie!) The arbitrary yiel! strength is use! especially for those materials not e"hibiting a natural yiel! point such as nonferrous metals< but it is not limite! to these) 5lastic behavior is some(hat time#!epen!ent/ particularly at high temperatures) $lso at high temperatures/ a small amount of time#!epen!ent reversible strain may be !etectable/ in!icative of anelastic behavior)

Figure " #eneral Stress- Strain $iagram

0.2;

OFFSET METHOD

Figure % &ield Strengt'

$s can be easily seen from 2igure % the :iel! .trength/ 0y 3=4 M5a ) The stress#strain curve !oes not remain linear all the (ay to the yiel! point) The proportional elastic limit ,5EL1 sho(n in 2igure 4 is the point (here the curve starts to !eviate from a straight line) The elastic limit ,fre uently in!istinguishable from 5EL1 can be seen in 2igure 4 is the point on the curve beyon! (hich plastic !eformation is present after release of the loa!) 7f the stress is increase! further/ the stress#strain curve !eparts more an! more from the straight line) This curve is typical of that of many !uctile metals li&e $l that (e use! in our e"periment)

e. C'*c(*'#$-+ -. #1e &erce+# re7(c#$-+ -. 're', ;RA The GH$ is given by

GH$3100)$0#$f$0
%

GH$3100)49/%906#1+/+06149/%906 GH$3=+/=G
.. S8e#c1 -. #1e .r'c#(re )(r.'ce) -. 7(c#$*e m'#er$'*) As can be seen in 2igure * ,it shows the macroscopic differences between two ductile specimens (a,b) and the brittle specimen (c).

Figure ( fracture mec'anisms

Figure ) se*uence and events in nec+ing and fracture of a tensile test s,ecimen- .a/ early stage of nec+ing0 .1/ small voids 1egin to form 2it'in t'e nec+ed region0 .c/ voids coalesce ,roducing an internal crac+0 .d/ rest of cross section 1egins fail at t'e ,eri,'ery 1y s'earing0 .e/ final fracture surfaces +no2n cu, and cone fracture!

On the microscopic level, ductile fracture surfaces also appear rough and irregular. The surface consists of many microvoids and dimples. 2igure 6 and 2igure 9 demonstrate the microscopic qualities of ductile fracture surfaces.

Figure 3 ductile fracture surfaces

Figure 4 ductile fracture surfaces