2.

Girgis, A. 2003. Optimization of

Spliced Precast Concrete I-Girder Superstructures. Ph.D. diss., University of NebraskaLincoln. 3. Bridge Design Manual Steering Committee. 1997. Precast Prestressed Concrete Bridge Design Manual. Chicago, IL: Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI). 4. Kamel, M. R. 1996. Innovative Precast Concrete Composite Bridge Systems. Ph.D. diss., University of Nebraska Lincoln. 5. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 2007. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. 4th ed. Washington, DC: AASHTO. 6. Loov, R., and A. Patnaik. 1994. Horizontal Shear Strength of Composite Concrete Beams with a Rough Interface. PCI Journal, V. 38, No. 1 (January February): pp. 4869. 7. ACI Committee 318. 2005. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-05) and Commentary (ACI 318R-05). Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute (ACI). 8. AASHTO. 2002. Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges. 17th ed. Washington, DC: AASHTO. 9. Mattock, A. H. 2001. Shear Friction and High-Strength Concrete. ACI Structural Journal, V. 98, No. 1 (JanuaryFebruary): pp. 5059. 10. Hanson, N. W. 1960. Precast-Prestressed Concrete Bridges2. Horizontal Shear Connections. Journal of the PCA Research and Development Laboratories, V. 2, No. 2 (May): pp. 3858. 11. Mattock, A. H., and P. H. Kaar. 1961. Precast-Prestressed Concrete Bridges4. Shear Tests of Continuous Girders. Journal of the PCA Research and Development Laboratories, V. 3, No. 1 (January): pp. 1946. 12. Saemann, J. C., and G. W. Washa. 1964. Horizontal Shear Connections between Precast Beams and Cast-inPlace Slabs. ACI Journal, V. 61, No. 11 (November): pp. 13831408. 13. Hall, Weston, R. F. Mast, J. C. Saemann, and G. W. Washa. 1965. Discussion: Horizontal Shear Connections between Precast Beams and Cast-inPlace Slabs. Journal of the American Concrete Institute, V. 62, No. 6 (June):
PCI JOURNAL

Fig. 23. The completed Clarks Bridge on North Highway 92 in Nebraska.

highway vertical clearance limitations during transport. The proposed horizontal shear reinforcement uses 1.25-in.diameter (32 mm) lubricated coil threaded rods spaced at intervals of 12 in. (300 mm). The rods are fully embedded in the forms during concrete placement, and the threaded rods are then turned to protrude 8 in. (200 mm) into the pocket. This method of reinforcement allows for utilization of standard forms without any penetrations. Use of a precast concrete haunch optimizes the structural system and provides a shallow depth in the positive-moment zones of a continuous-span bridge. This arrangement, combined with continuity post-tensioning, allows precast concrete to compete in a domain previously satisfied exclusively by haunched steel-plate girder bridges. Loov and Patnaiks interface shear resistance equation produced values that closely matched the test results.6 When data from this project are combined with previous research results, the AASHTO LRFD5 method of interface shear design proves to be a more conservative estimate than that of Loov and Patnaik, even when the upper limit for interface shear resistance rose from 0.20 fc' to 0.25 fc' (the upper limit in calculations would be helpful in bridge applications similar to the one presented in this paper [Fig. 9]).

AckNOWLedgmeNts
The research reported herein was performed under NDOR project SPRPL-1(038) P535, Spliced I-Girder Concrete Bridge System. Special thanks are extended to the following individuals: Sameh Badie of George Washington University for his help in providing technical guidance during the first period of system development, Sherif Yehia of Western Michigan University for his help in sharing his experience during the testing program, and Nick Meek and Kelvin Lein of the University of Nebraska who played an essential role in the testing program of this research. The authors also thank Lyman Freemon, Nebraska state bridge engineer, whose vision and leadership made this project a reality; assistant bridge engineer Sam Fallaha, who provided valuable leadership and technical support throughout the project; Mark Lafferty of Concrete Industries in Lincoln; and Todd Culp and Dennis Drews of Coreslab in Omaha, who led efforts in producing the precast concrete NU 1100 and the haunch block. Finally, the authors appreciate the technical assistance of Emily Lorenz, PCI Journal editor-in-chief, and George Nasser, editor emeritus, as well as the constructive comments and suggestions of the PCI Journal reviewers.

RefeReNces
1. Nebraska
Department of Roads (NDOR). 2001. Bridge Office Policies and Procedures (BOPP) Manual. Lincoln, NE: NDOR.

94