REVIEWER IN RESEARCH

RESEARCH METHODS

Qualitative * words & images * in-depth analysis * subjective * few subjects * more biased * open-ended questions

Mixed Methods * use of both quali and quanti methods in the same study

Quantitative * numbers * stat analysis * objective * many subjects * less biased * closed-ended questions

Case study * twin studies * online stalking * criminal profiling

Ethnography * studies subjects in their natural surroundings * participant observation

Psychological Test * gets answers to sensitive topics without respondents knowing it

Indigenous Research * studies a phenomenon unique to a place or to a group of people

Historical Research * library work that digs deep into the past to explain the present

Descriptive Survey * gets answers to questions from many respondents * relates variables

Expriment * controlled study using lab or field work * proves cause and effect

PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST
Tree Sketch Test
Trunk The trunk represents the sense of who you are, and how intact your personality is. Heavy lines or shadings--anxiety. Diameter of trunk--strength Trunk split in the middle--very fragile inside, may indicate a mental illness Branches They symbolize the efforts you make to get connected to the world around you and how you support your needs to survive. Detached limbs--difficulties to reach out and get help Small and short branches--limited skills in reaching out Big branches--demanding in your quest to meet your needs Club-shaped or very pointy branches--aggressiveness Knotted or twisted branches--extra efforts to reach out Dead branches--hopelessness Tree is in the shape of a ball--not so adventurous in seeking experiences No branches--you are very choosy with the people you reach out to

SAMPLING METHODS
1. Random Sampling Sample size depends on what type of research method will be used. If you choose to survey an entire population instead of selecting examples, then that is NOT considered random sampling. a. Simple random sampling--example: lottery, or fishbowl method. b. Cluster sampling--divide population into similar clusters, then get random samples from each clusters. Example: In CSA, the eight sections of Fourth Year High school are considered clusters (they are in the same level). If you select 5 respondents from each section, that is cluster sampling. c. Stratified sampling--divide population into strata with very different characteristics (age, occupation, socio-economic status, educational attainment, etc.) Example: The different departments (preschool, grade school, high school, college, faculty, non-teaching personnel, and administration) are different strata (singular: stratum) so if you sample 5 respondents randomly from each department, that is stratified sampling. d. Systematic sampling--arrange respondents (alphabetically or by assigned number), randomly select a starting point, count regular intervals. Example: B5, B10, B15, B20, G5, G10, G15, G20. 2. Nonrandom Sampling a. Convenience Sampling--uses who is available b. Snowball method--starts with a few respondents who refer more respondents who fit the researchers criteria, hence the sample size grows. c. Quota Sampling--keep going until quota is reached per stratum d. Purposive Sampling A typical case is someone who can represent the average person in terms of a fixed set of criteria. Deviant cases are those who exhibit unusual behavior or abilities. They could be positive or negative. Special cases are those that exceed the rest of a population in terms of a particular variable.

Leaves They show that your efforts to reach out are successful Without leaves--feeling barren Leaves detached from the branches--the nurturing you get could be unpredictable Pointy leaves--aggressive behavior Extremely detailed leaves--obsessive-compulsive tendencies

Roots They are what grounds you and show how much in touch you are with reality. No roots--insecurity and lack of knowledge of own identity Large roots--excessive concern with testing your reality. You decide slowly because you want to be practical. Dead roots--feeling of being disconnected from reality, leading to emptiness

Other details Fruit--a sense of accomplishment. Apples--high need for nurturing. Christmas tree -- a fantasy to be a child again. Knotholes--absence of self-control; trauma

THE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

When is it inappropriate to administer a survey? * when your respondents are illiterate (literacy) * when your respondents are too young too understand what the survey means 2 GENERAL TYPES OF QUESTIONS Open--answers are longer, less structured, and less predictable Closed--answers are shorter and predictable --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INFORMATION THAT CAN BE OBTAINED FROM QUESTIONNAIRES Facts/factual/biographical data--such as name, age, gender, address, birth date Actions--activities that respondents engage in Opinions--a side of an ssue that respondents believe to be true Attitudes--how respondents feel and act toward an issue because of their personality Motives--why someone does something; the reason behind an action Past behavior--manner in which respondents acted in the past Likely Future Behavior--manner in which respondents predict they would most probably behave in a hypothetical future situation --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PARTS OF A QUESTIONNAIRE 1. Title-- What your survey is about: sensitizes your respondents about what type of content to expect from the survey 2. Intro paragraph--explains who you are, what organization you represent, what information you need, what you will do with your information, clause of confidentiality to guarantee anonymity 3. Content Questions--comprise the body of the questionnaire * clarify instructions * number questions * divide into sections * use filter questions * easy questions first, tougher questions towards the end * do not reveal answers to later questions 4. End Instructions and Thanks ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7 FAULTY QUESTIONS TO AVOID 1. Leading questionsdropping hints about your biases as a researcher FAULTY: Are you in favor of allowing homosexual couples to enjoy legally married life just like heterosexual couples? CORRECT: Are you in favor of legalizing gay marriage? 2. Ambiguous questions-- Ambiguous Questionsuse words that might be interpreted in different ways FAULTY: Do you have many friends? CORRECT: How many friends do you have? 3. Multiple-Content Questionstricky! Use them in separate questions. FAULTY: Have you suffered from headaches and colds lately? CORRECT: Have you suffered from headaches lately? Have you suffered from colds lately? 4. Overly complex vocabulary (big words)--use simpler words instead 5. Embarassing or Awkward Questionstaboo topics: sexual behavior, disgusting topics, illegal activities FAULTY: Does your child steal? CORRECT: Which of the following best describes your child? 1. He or she never steals. 2. He or she sometimes steals from family members at home (such as coins from dads pockets, chocolates from the refrigerator, mommys makeup). 3. He or she steals sometimes, from family members and outside the home. 4. He or she has stolen on several occasions. 6. Over-elaborate phrasing; double negatives FAULTY: Has it happened to you that over a long period of time, when you did not do any other activity but to study hard for a test, you did not earn a passing grade? CORRECT: Have you failed despite studying hard for a test? 7. Prestige biasciting authority to establish your credibility FAULTY: Doctors say that junk food is bad for your health. Do you agree? CORRECT: Do you believe that junk food is bad for your health?

OTHER TERMS TO REMEMBER acquiescent response--the tendency of respondents to check one column of extreme responses (all strongly agree or all strongly disagree) in all items in a Likert attitude scale without reading the questions first just to finish the survey in a very short time. This phenomenon happens when the respondents are not given enough time to answer the survey, are not in the right mood to answer surveys, are too busy doing something else, or do not find the survey topic interesting. If you observe this phenomenon in a lot of questionnaires returned to you, it means that you cannot rely on the data from your questionnaires. DO NOT USE THAT DATA. It would be best to readminister your questionnaires to a different group of respondents. You can avoid this bty making your thesis topic interesting, formatting your questionnaires well, and giving more time to answer the survey. filter question--question that determines whether respondents need to answer the next related questions or proceed to the next section of questions

CHECKLISTS, RATING SCALES, AND RANKING SCALES Checklist--Ask the respondent to tick items in a list that applies to them. Rating Scales--Ask the respondent to rate interests, opinions, attitudes, feelings, behavior, attitudes, satisfaction, or agreement using a scale. - Likert Scale--Uses fixed categories (Strongly Agree, Agree, Neutral, Disagree, Strongly Disagree) - Semantic Differential Scale--Uses different pairs of antonyms as extreme categories, no name for in-between categories Ranking Scales--Ask the respondent to arrange items in a particular order

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------tickbox--square, circle, or blank where respondents are supposed to place a tick mark number code--number assigned to an option to guide the researcher during data collection EXAMPLES OF LIKERT SCALES --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INTEREST

CHARACTERISTICS OF SCALES unidimensional--the scale measures one specific criterion (big = tall? heavy?) linear--no gaps in between categories reliable--gives the same results if readministered to the same respondent or group of respondents

A. CSA added Forensic Science to its college course offerings. (declarative) B. I believe that pirating DVDs should be strictly prohibited. (declarative) C. I slam and lock the door when my parents scold me. . (declarative)
SATISFACTION OPINION

valid--it measures what it is supposed to measure

BEHAVIOR

D. Your bully classmate get kicked out of school. . (declarative) E. How often do you use an EPass when you leave the classroom? (interrogative) F. Justin Bieber is extremely talented.
FREQUENCY

Tip: Be prepared for these types of tests: * true or false * matching type * analogy * multiple choice * likert scale construction
NOTE: When you construct a likert scale, select ONLY ONE set of categories per scale. (Choose one from A to E.) Write strongly worded declarative statements at the left, and the categories at the right. Use interrogative sentences only when your chosen category is frequency. 4

Strongly Agree --- Agree --- Neutral --- Disagree---Strongly Disagree