Chapter 1

answers:- integration by rst principles

1.1 answer

xy frpm rst principles

First attempt this exercise using the standard partition. The presence of square roots in the Riemann Sum creates difculties. You will then see the reason for strange choice of partition.

1.1.1 drawing the partion

9/16

4/16

1/16 0 0 1/16 4/16 9/16

Figure 1.1: Partition for Function involving Square Roots

1.1.2 the mesh

The span of the partition element Ii j corners d  1 n j n 

 i 1  n j 1  n 

i 1 2
i 2 j 1 2
j 2   is the distance between the two n n n n

i 1 2   n    1 2i 1 2 2j 1 n2 


i   n

 

j   n

j 1  n 

2

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The mesh of the partition Pn is the largest of these spans 1 mesh Pn

i
j 1

2

n and occurs when i

2n 1
2

j n. Thus

1 2n n2  1 8n2 n2 8 8 2 n n3

8n


2 n4

which tends to zero as n tends to innity.

1.1.3 integral as limit of Rieman sum

First compute the measure (area) of the subinterval Ii j Ii j


i2 n2

2 i 1 2  n

j2 n2

2 j 1 2  n

2i 1 2 j 1 n4

We pick an (easy) point xi j and form the Riemann Sum R f

Pn

i2  n 2  j 2  n2 

Ii j

for each i
j; 1

i
j

1 i j n

f xi j Ii j


1 i j n

i2 j 2  n4

2i 1 2 j 1  n4

1 n6 1

1 n6 i 1 1  n6 1  n6

n i 1 n

i j n n n j 1

i 2i 1 j 2 j 1 i 2i 1 j 2 j 1


i 2i 2i2

1


j 1 2

j 2 j 1

i 1

n 1  2 i2 n6 i 1 

 1 n n 1 2n 1 n n 1  2  n6  6  2 2 2 2 n n 1 1 2n 1  n 6 3 2 2 2 2 n n 1 4n 1  62 n6 2 2 1 1 n 4 1 n 36

i 1

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February 13, 2003

Thus

xyd x
y

lim R f
Pn  2 1 1 n 4 1 n lim  n 36 2 2 1 0 4 0 36 4 9
n

1.2 integration from rst principles over the tetrahedron

1.2.1 sketch of tetrahedron
See 1.6.1

1.2.2 the integral as limit of Rieman sum

Write Ii jk Partition Pn may be written I We compute the measure of a subinterval; Ii jk


i 1
i   j 1
j  k 1
k n n n n n n

i
j
k

1 i jk n

Ii

jk

i i 1 n n 


j n

j 1 n 

k k 1 n n 

1 n


1 n


1 n

1 n3

as expected all subintervals have the same measure. Next we compute the span of a subinterval;

span Ii jk

d


i n j n k n

i i 1  n n  1   n 3 n
2

i 1 j 1 k 1 2  

j  n 1   n

j 1 n 
2

1   n

1 2

k k 1  n n 

2

1 2

as expected all subintervals have the same span which thus equals the mesh of the partition (recall mesh=max span ). 3 mesh Pn n

As the theory requires, mesh Pn tends to zero as n tends to innity.

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As a nal preliminary to forming a Riemann sum lets pick a point in each subinterval; put xi jk

i n j n k n

Ii jk

i
j
k

We are ready to form and compute a Rieman Sum for the function f over the partition Pn of the rectangloid I. R f
Pn f xi jk Ii jk 1 i jk n
  
1 i jk n

1 n3 

f xi jk

1 n
3

1 i jk n

f xi jk

But f xi jk 0 unless xi jk

i n

j n 1 n3 

k n

in which case f xi jk 1 . R f
Pn
 
1 i j k;i j k n

1 1

1 n3 

1 k n1 j n k1 i n j k

Note the manipulation of the index range, see lecture notes. We compute the easy inner sum.


1 n3 

1 k n1 j n k

j k

To simplify the current inner sum put J n k j; j 1

 

J n k 1; j n k

j 0.

1 n3  1 n3 

1 k n0 J n k 1

1 k n

n k 1 n k 2

To simplify current inner sum substitute K n k; k 1

  

K n 1; k n

K 0.

1 n3  1 2n3 

0 K n 1

K 1 K 2

0 K n 1

1 n 1 n 2n  2n3  6 1 n 1 n 2n   2n3  1 n 1 n 2n   2n3  6 n 1 n 2n 4 12n3 1 1 4 1 2 1 12 n n

K2 1

0 K n 1

n n 1  2 1 3n n 1  6 4 

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February 13, 2003

Thus

lim

1 4 1 1 2 1 12 n n

1 1 0 1 2 0 12

1 6

February 13, 2003

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