Space System Design

MAE 342, Princeton University Robert Stengel

Text and References

Principal textbook
Fundamentals of Space Systems, V. L. Pisacane, Oxford University Press, 2005

Supplemental references
Spacecraft Systems Engineering, Fortesque, Stark, and Swinerd, J. Wiley & Sons, 2003 Space Mission Analysis and Design, Larson and Wertz, Microcosm Press, 2006.

Helpful resources
Books on reserve at Engineering Library (paper and on-line) Web pages
http://blackboard.princeton.edu/

~5 homework assignments Ofce hours: TuTh, 1:30-2:30 pm, or any time the door (D-202, E-Quad) is open Assistant-in-Instruction: Chiranjeev Kalra

GRADING
Class participation: 10% Mid-Term Exam: 15% End-of-Term Exam: 15% Assignments: 30% Term Paper: 30%

http://www.princeton.edu/~stengel/MAE342.html
Aviation Week [D-202, Eng. Library, E-journals] NASA and AIAA pubs

Copyright 2008 by Robert Stengel. All rights reserved. For educational use only. http://www.princeton.edu/~stengel/MAE342.html

First Half of the Term

Brief History of Space Systems Launch Vehicle Design
Propulsion Trajectories Congurations

Second Half of the Term

Attitude Dynamics Sensors and Actuators Attitude Control Mechanisms Communications and Data Transfer Flight Computers and Telemetry Power Systems Thermal Control Reliability and Quality Assurance Systems Engineering and Integration End-of-Term Exam

Manned Spacecraft Earth Satellite Environment and Orbits Spacecraft Conguration Design Planetary Rover Design Satellites and Probes Spacecraft Structures Flight Path Guidance and Navigation Mid-Term Exam

Bean-Counters Heaven: How Many Satellites in Orbit?

http://www.aiaa.org/aerospace/Article.cfm?issuetocid=122&ArchiveIssueID=17 ~600 satellites in orbit and operational at the end of 2000

Spacecraft Mission Objectives and Requirements

Fortescue

Spacecraft Subsystems
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Fortescue

Functional Requirements of Spacecraft Subsystems

Payload must be pointed in the right direction Payload must be operable Data must be communicated to the ground Desired orbit for the mission must be maintained Payload must be held together and mounted on the spacecraft structure Payload must operate reliably over some specied period Adequate power must be provided

Numbers refer to mission functions

Early History of Space Systems

1926-1945: Goddard rockets; V-2 and its precursors
Development of rocket technology Development of guidance and control systems

Robert Goddards Rockets (1926-1941)

1945-1949: Learning from the V-2; Altitude sounding

V-2/WAC-Corporal to 250-mi altitude (Project Bumper) Development of military missiles

Liquid-fuel rocket Gyro-stabilized guidance system Faster than the speed of sound 1.7-mi altitude

German A-3

Goddards Proposal to Send a Rocket to the Moon

and the New York Times!s editorial response of January 13, 1920 (from Wikipedia)
"after the rocket quits our air and really starts on its longer journey it will neither be accelerated nor maintained by the explosion of the charges it then might have left. To claim that it would be is to deny a fundamental law of dynamics, and only Dr. Einstein and his chosen dozen, so few and t, are licensed to do that." (The NYT Editorial) expressed disbelief that Professor Goddard actually "does not know of the relation of action to reaction, and the need to have something better than a vacuum against which to react" and even talked of "such things as intentional mistakes or oversights."

German A-4 (V-2) Rocket

Wernher Von Braun

Liquid-fuel rocket 6,084 built; 1000+ test ights; 3,225 launched in combat Gyroscopes and accelerometer for guidance Air and jet vanes for pitch, yaw, and roll control torques Aft tail for aerodynamic stability

German A-4 (V-2) Rocket

Project Bumper (V-2/WAC Corporal)

8 ights, 4 failures; Mach 9 Engineering development High-altitude photography Atmospheric temperature prole Cosmic radiation

Post-WWII History of Space Systems

1945-1957: Payload design; animals in space
Sounding rockets Aerobee, Viking, Vanguard IRBMs and ICBMs received major emphasis in US and USSR

Sounding Rockets

1957-1961: Unmanned satellites; animals in orbit; manned spaceight about the Earth
1957: Sputnik 1 1958: Van Allen belts (Explorer 1); NACA -> NASA 1959: Luna 1-3 1961: Gagarin orbit; Ham and Shepard sub-orbit; Enos orbit
Several minutes of highaltitude ight
Weightlessness Above the atmosphere Near-vacuum High-altitude measurements

Sputnik 1

Simplicity, low cost Recoverable payloads Wide range of ight conditions

Sounding Rocket Launch

Sounding Rocket Missions

Sputnik 1 and the R-7

(October 4, 1957)
R-7 (Semyorka) launch vehicle
1-1/2-stage ICBM
4 strap-on booster rockets 1 core-stage rocket Liquid oxygen and kerosene Lift-off thrust: 3.9 MN

Sputnik 1 and the R-7

(October 4, 1957)
Sputnik 1
84 kg, 58-cm diameter 96-min, elliptical orbit 1,440 orbits Measurements
Gravity Ionospheric effects Internal temperature and pressure
Micrometeoroid detection

Sergey Korolyov

267-ton gross weight

New York Times October 5th Front Page

The Space Race had begun Security implications

Project Vanguard (1957-1959)

3 stages
1st-stage based on Viking; gimballed motor for control 2nd-stage based on Aerobee; reaction-control thrusters Solid-fuel 3rd stage; spin stabilized

Project Vanguard (1957-1959)

Juno 1 Launched Explorer 1 (Jan. 31, 1958)

Juno lineage from V-2
Jupiter Redstone

11 launches, 3 satellites Vanguard 1 solar-powered, still in orbit (launched 3/17/58) Measurements

Gravity Ionospheric effects Internal temperature Optical scanner Magnetic eld Solar X-rays Micrometeorites

Explorer 1

Earth Satellite Firsts

Communications satellites
1960: 1961: 1962: 1963: Echo 1 First amateur radio satellite (OSCAR 1) Telstar 1 Geosynchronous satellite (Syncom 1)

Earth Satellite Firsts

1959:
1960: 1972: (ERTS 1) 1962: 1962: Weather satellite: TIROS-1 Earth observation satellite: Landsat 1 Navigation satellite: Transit Astronomical satellite: Ariel (UK/US)

Lunar Probe Firsts

Lunar yby (Luna 1, Pioneer 4) Lunar impact (Luna 2) Pictures of The Far Side (Luna 3)

1966:
Lunar soft landing (Luna 9, Surveyor 1) Lunar orbit (Lunar Orbiter 1)

Lunar Probe Firsts

1967:
High-resolution photos (Ranger 7)

Inner-Planet Probe Firsts

1962: 1964: 1970: 1971: Venus yby (Mariner 2) Mars yby (Mariner 4) Venus lander (Venera 8) Mars orbit (Mars 2 Orbiter)

1970:
Robotic sample return (Luna 16) Robotic lunar rover (Luna 17)

Inner-Planet Probe Firsts

1973: 1975: 1978: Mercury yby (Mariner 10) Mars landing (Viking 1) Venus orbit (Pioneer Venus 1)

Outer-Planet Probe Firsts

1972: 1973: 1986: 1989: Jupiter yby (Pioneer 10) Saturn yby (Pioneer 11) Uranus yby (Voyager 2) Neptune yby (Voyager 2)

Lagrange-Point Firsts
Equilibrium points in a rotating 2-body system, e.g.,
Sun-Earth Earth-Moon

Comet and Asteroid Rendezvous Firsts

1999: 2005: Comet sample return (Stardust) Asteroid landing (Muses-C/Hayabusa)

1978: Solar observatory at L1 (ISEE-3); later rendezvoused with a comet as ICE (1983) 2001: Astronomical observatory at L2 (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe)

Manned Spacecraft Launch Vehicles

1961:Gagarin orbit (Vostok); Shepard suborbit (Mercury/Redstone) 1962:Glenn orbit (Mercury/Atlas) 1964:USSR 3-person crew in orbit (Voshkod) 1965:US 2-person crew in orbit (Gemini/Titan II)

Manned Spacecraft
1961: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: Gagarin orbit (Vostok); Shepard sub-orbit (Mercury/Redstone) Glenn orbit (Mercury/Atlas) X-15 reaches 100-km altitude USSR 3-person crew in orbit (Voshkod) US 2-person crew in orbit (Gemini/Titan II)

Manned Flight to the Moon

1961-1972: Apollo Program
6 lunar landings and returns

Manned Flight to the Moon

1961-1974: Soviet Lunar Program
4 launches (unmanned), none successful
N-1 LK

Command/ Service Module Lunar Module

LOK

Saturn V

Space Stations
1971-1982: 1973-1974: 1975: 1986-2001: 1998-present: Salyut space stations Skylab space station Soyuz-Apollo docking Mir space station International space station

Space Shuttle
1981-present:
5-7 astronauts 50,000-lb payload 118 missions own 5 operational vehicles; 2 destroyed
1986: Challenger accident 2003: Columbia accident

Project Constellation

Saturn V - Space Shuttle Ares Size Comparison

Orion: Crew Spacecraft Ares 1: Crew Launch Vehicle

First launch scheduled for 2009

Ares 5: Cargo Launch Vehicle

First launch scheduled for 2018

V-2

Next Time: Launch Vehicle Design: Propulsion