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Light System
1
Mbonu ekene Samuel, 2 Okwu Patrick Ikechukwu, 3Ezekwe Chinwe Genevra, 4 !uzie "chechukwu Chiemezuwo Electronics Development Institute, Awka National agency for Science an Engineering Infrastructure !NASENI" mbo#eke#$am%&ahoo'com, okwu(i%)mail'com, norakin)chi%&ahoo'com, a!uzia$o*tbiz%&ahoo'com
1, 2, 3, 4
!stract "n this paper# a self $iagnostic system for maintenance of traffic light system is $evelope$% The &uality of light pro$uce$ !y the light emitting element of traffic light system at remote site is monitore$ via graphical user interface '(U")% The remote system*s status report o!taine$ from the (U" helps the maintenance operator's) to change or repair the traffic light hea$ at appropriate time% The remote site consists of a prototype T+ ,unction traffic light# controlle$ !y an intelligent processor 'microcontroller) -hich also monitors an$ $iagnoses fault's) in the system an$ alerts the central server via (SM mo$em interface$ to it% The microcontroller emulates the attention ' T) comman$ of the mo$em an$ uses it to sen$ fault alert in form of short message service 'SMS) to the host server% The server has (SM receiver interface to it through a smart level converter 'ma. /0/)% The tools use$ in the $evelopment of the prototype T+1unction traffic light inclu$e proteus 2irtual Simulation Mo$ule Soft-are Development 3it '2SMSD3) use$ to $evelop the (U" an$ the host server# macro integrate$ $evelopment environment'M"D4) use$ to e$it an$ assem!ly the soft-are program% 5ellon programmer -as use$ to transfer the assem!le$ program to the microcontroller chip% The results sho-e$ that proteus professional# though primarily a virtual $evelopment tool can also !e use$ for real time $evelopment of a prototype em!e$$e$ system# re$ucing $esign+market time% 3ey5or$s: 6self $iagnostic# graphical user interface# proteus 2SM# real time $evelopment# prototype em!e$$e$ system%7 I# IN$%&D'($I&N
$)e wor (rotot&(e comes from t)e *atin wor s (roto, meaning ori)inal, an t&(u$, meaning *orm or mo+el# In a non+tec)nical conte,t, a prototype is an especially representative e,ample of a given category# In software evelopment, a prototype is a ru imentary working mo el of a pro uct or information system, usually -uilt for emonstration purposes or as part of t)e evelopment process# In t)e systems evelopment life cycle !SD*(" prototyping mo el, a -asic version of t)e system is -uilt, teste , an t)en reworke as necessary until an accepta-le prototype is finally ac)ieve from w)ic) t)e complete system or pro uct can now -e evelope # In prototype+-ase programming, a prototype is an original o-.ect/ new o-.ects are create -y copying t)e prototype# In )ar ware esign, a prototype is a 0)an +-uilt0 mo el t)at represents a manufacture !easily replica-le" pro uct sufficiently for esigners to visuali1e an test t)e esign 2134# $)e term 5maintenance6 means to keep t)e e7uipment in operational con ition or repair it to its operational mo e# 8aintenance )as ma.orly -een applie in pro uction system w)ere t)e main o-.ective is to )ave increase availa-ility of pro uction systems, wit) increase safety an optimi1e cost 214# Accor ing to 214, t)e maintenance strategies t)at are commonly applie in plants inclu e -reak own maintenance, preventive or sc)e ule maintenance, pre ictive or con ition -ase maintenance, opportunity maintenance an esign out maintenance# $)e e7uipment un er -reak own maintenance is allowe to run until it -reaks own -efore repairing it# $)is strategy is suita-le for e7uipments t)at are not critical an )ave spare capacity or re un ancy availa-le# In pre ictive maintenance, t)e con ition of t)e system is monitore # (on ition monitoring !(8" etects an iagnoses faults an it )elps in planne maintenance
-ase on e7uipment con ition# $)is con ition -ase maintenance strategy or pre ictive maintenance is preferre for critical systems an for suc) systems, -reak own maintenance is to -e avoi e # A num-er of (8 tec)ni7ues suc) as vi-ration, temperature, oil analysis, etc#, )ave -een evelope , w)ic) gui e t)e users in planne maintenance 214# None of t)ese tec)ni7ues can -e applie irectly to traffic lig)t system w)ose failure can -e as critical as pro uction plant since it can lea to loss of life, .o-, even property# 9ust imagine a fire fig)ter s7ua -eing trappe in a traffic )ol up as a result of traffic lig)t malfunction or failure# 8aintenance culture )as -een very poor wit) respect to traffic lig)t system, evi ence -y lack of or scanty pu-lications an conference procee ings on t)e su-.ect matter# $)is paper t)erefore seeks to evelop a self iagnostic system t)at will monitor t)e state of traffic lig)t system an sen situation report to maintenance operators# $raffic lig)t )ea is use as a case stu y Self+ iagnosis, a term tra itionally use in me ical science to mean t)e process of iagnosing or i entifying me ical con itions in oneself, )as in recent years -een applie in science an engineering for fault i entification an correction# Aut)ors of 234 evelope low )ar ware over)ea self+ iagnosis tec)ni7ue using ree +solomon co es for self+ repairing c)ips# $)e circuit un er +ia)no$i$ is assume to -e compose of a large num-er of fiel repaira-le units !:%'s", w)ic) can -e replace wit) spares w)en t)ey are foun to -e efective# 9en+ ()ie) ;e) et al in 244 propose a systematic approac) in testing flas) memories# inclu ing t)e evelopment of marc)+like test algorit)ms, cost+ effective fault +ia)no$i$ met)o ology, an -uilt+in $el*+test !<IS$" sc)eme# A novel generali1e + comparison+-ase $el*++ia)no$i$ algorit)m for multiprocessor an multicomputer systems using a multilayere neural network is escri-e -y 2=4# $)e aut)ors consi ere t)e system+level $el*++ia)no$i$ of multiprocessor an multicomputer systems un er t)e generali1e comparison mo el !>(8"# In t)is +ia)no$i$ mo el, a set of tasks is assigne to pairs of no es an t)eir outcomes are compare -y neig)-oring no es# $)e collections of all comparison outcomes, agreements an isagreements among t)e no es, are use to i entify t)e set of faulty no es# In t)is work, t)e comparison+self approac) propose -y 2=4 is applie in traffic lig)t control system# Specific tasks are assigne to sensor no es t)at monitor t)e
state of traffic lamp )ea s# An Intelligent controller in return evaluates t)e state of eac) lamp )ea -y comparing t)e real outputs of t)e sensor no es wit) t)e e,pecte outputs store in t)e ata -ase resi ing in t)e memory of t)e controller# ?ow (roteu$ (ro*e$$ional, t)oug) primarily a virtual evelopment tool, can -e use for real time evelopment of a prototype monitoring system is s)ow case in t)is work#' II# &verview of Software evelopment tool for em-e e system evelopment
Em-e e system is usually comprise of )ar ware an firmware# $)e firmware is t)e application specific software !ASS" running insi e a microcontroller w)ic) controls t)e )ar ware interface to it# A num-er of software evelopment tools are availa-le for em-e e systems# $)e list inclu es -ut not limite to electronic work -enc), livewire, multism, e ison an eagle 2@4, 2A4 2B4# $)e ma.or raw -ack of t)e mentione tools is t)at none of t)em )as virtual com port w)ic) can -e use to interface e,ternal microcontroller )ar ware for real life simulation an ata ac7uisition# <esi es, t)eir component li-rary is limite w)en it comes to )ig) level intelligent applications !?*IA"# Alt)oug) $INA, also a evelopment tool, )as real time measurement capa-ility, it oes not provi e virtual port for real life em-e e system interface 2C4# Droteus Eirtual Simulation 8o ule !ES8" Software Development Fit !SDF" overcomes t)ese limitations# Droteus is software for microcontroller simulation, sc)ematic capture, an printe circuit -oar !D(<" esign# It is evelope -y *a-center Electronics# :igure 1 s)ows t)e virtual D<C com port w)ic) can -e use to transfer an receive ata serially to an fro an e,ternal microcontroller -ase system w)ile figure 2 s)ows )ow to interface t)e port to a microcontroller# $)e com port can accept -au rates in t)e range of 2433-ps to =A@33-ps#
Intelligent Agent
Control Program
Data base
"""%
:igure 3 s)ows t)e conceptual arc)itecture mo el of t)e traffic lig)t monitoring system wit) low cost grap)ical user interface# <elow is t)e escription of t)e mo el# $)e traffic lig)t apartment )ouses t)e lamp )ea w)ic) is ma e up of si, ac lamp -ul-s arrange in t)e Nort)+East irection# $)e Nort) irection is compose of t)ree -ul-s !re , am-er green"# Eac) -ul- is )ouse in a separate apartment, see figure 4# $)e East irection is a replica of t)e Nort) irection# Eac) -ul- apartment )as a lig)t sensor em-e e it# $)e intelligent controller )as t)ree ma.or software componentsG control program !(D", intelligent agent !IA" an ata -ase !D<"# $)e control program controls t)e switc)ing pattern of t)e -ul-s# It also put t)e system on )ol if a fault occurs until t)e fault is cleare # $)e ata -ase is a look up ta-le t)at contains t)e input patterns to t)e -ul-s an e,pecte output patterns# $)e intelligent agent takes an input pattern from t)e control program an t)en matc)es t)e real output pattern against t)e e,pecte output pattern an reports -ack any mismatc) or error to t)e control program# $)e IA also uses rule -ase reasoning to i entify fault!s" an t)en prompts an copies t)e fault!s" to transmission su-routine w)ic) uses attention comman !A$" protocol to sen s)ort message service !S8S" fault alert to t)e )ost computer# Em-e e application programming interface !ADI" is use to ac)ieve a S8A%$ interfacing an communication -etween t)e intelligent controller an t)e >S8 mo em# $)e >S8 mo em acts as a ra io fre7uency transmitter w)ic) sen s t)e fault alert to t)e manager !)ost computer" an manager6s mo-ile p)one#
$)e )ost computer contains t)e application program !AD" for grap)ical user interface !>'I" containing t)e virtual mo el !E8" of t)e traffic lig)t system# $)e E8 )as a li7ui crystal isplay !*(D" for virtual isplay of t)e state of t)e system at t)e remote site# H)en a fault occurs, remote site alerts t)e manager via t)e >'I an )is mo-ile station# E8 alarm is also activate # $)e manager upon receiving t)e alert instructs t)e tec)nician to go an rectify t)e faults!s" at t)e remote site# After clearing t)e fault!s", t)e tec)nician or operator resets t)e system ena-ling t)e intelligent controller to sen situation report to t)e manager -efore continuing its operation#
"2%
mac)ines cycles 2124# Now t)e voltage c)arge in an %( circuit is given -y Ec J E !1 K eL+tI%(" 21C4MMMMMM !1" 2134 H)ere %( J time constant t J 2 mac)ines cycles now E J Ecc J =v Ec J voltage across (3 w)ic) is usually less t)an Ecc -ecause of isc)arging action of t)e capacitor t)roug) resistor %1# 8ac)ine cycle J 1Ivalue of crystalI128?1 224 1Imac)ine cycle J 11#3=C2 , 13L@ I 12 , 13L@ J :igure =G t)e sc)ematic esign of t)e traffic lig)t system# :igure = s)ows t)e sc)ematic esign for implementation of t)e traffic lig)t system at remote site an is ma e up of t)e following components# The "ntelligent Controller: Atmel BCc=1 C21#@ F?1 8ac)ine cycle J 1IC21#@ F?1 J 1#3B=Nsec 2mac)iunes J 2 , 1#3B= J 2#1ANs :rom !1" EcIE J 1 K eL+tI%c eL+tI%c J !1 K EcIE" lneL+tI%c J ln !1 K EcIE" c J +tI%!1 K EcIE" *et %1 J 13k, t)en c3 J 13NO, t J 2#1ANs $)e crystal oscillator !P1" provi es operating fre7uency of t)e microcontroller# $)e 11#3=C28?1 value was c)osen so t)at S8A%$ interface -etween
microcontroller is use # It )as 4 inputIoutput ports, 32 inputIoutput pins, serial communication port, 4F- of internal %&8, 12B k- of internal %A8 among ot)er features 2114# Din C is t)e %ESE$ pin# It is an input an is active )ig) !normally low"# 'pon applying a )ig) pulse to t)is pin, t)e microcontroller will reset an terminate all activities# $)is is often referre to as a power on reset# In or er for t)e %ESE$ input to -e effective, it must )ave a minimum uration of 2
t)e controller an stan ar mo ems can -e ac)ieve 2124# (apacitors (1 an (2 provi e sta-ility to t)e crystal uring operation# The relay "nterface "C# UL8/990: t)is is use to ac)ieve a neat an smoot) interface -etween t)e
The fee$!ack 4lement: :igure @ s)ows t)e e,pan e circuit iagram of t)e fee -ack element#
controller an t)e ac relays# 8ore information a-out t)e c)ip can -e gotten from 2144# The traffic :ul!s: 223vac, 43H -ul-s are use as lamp )ea s# $)ey are interface t)roug) t)e relays# (SM mo$em: Alt)oug) t)ere are >S8 mo ems customi1e for em-e e applications, Sagem p)one !8y+P= " was use in t)is work -ecause of its low cost an ot)er a vantages enumerate in 21=4#
:igure @G e,pan e circuit iagram of fee -ack element#
to t)e controllers
It is ma e up of resistors !%2+%A, eac) 13 kilo o)ms" connecte in series wit) a lig)t epen ent resistor !*D%"# $)is arrangement forms a voltage ivi er an t)e output is fe into t)e input of an operational
amplifier !op+amp"# $)e ot)er input of t)e amplifier is reference to 2E# $)e value of t)e *D% on total arkness is a-out 23 kilo o)ms# So t)e input to t)e op amp at total arkness is Eop J !23I !23Q13""R=
J 3#33v# $)is will force t)e op+amp output to )ig)# Now w)en lig)t from t)e traffic lamp )ea falls on t)e *D%, its resistance re uces forcing t)e op amp input to rop -elow 2v t)ere-y making t)e output low# It is t)ese c)anges t)at t)e intelligent agent monitors an makes ecision -ase microcontroller :% ;ault "$entification 4ac) time t)ere is a mismatc) of input pattern an e,pecte output fee -ack pattern, t)e controller sen s sms to t)e )ost computer an also to t)e mo-ile on t)e rule em-e e in t)e
$)e flow c)art t)at implements t)e program control, monitoring an sms alert is s)own in figure C# Note t)at fee -ack is connecte to port1 !D1" an output -ul-s to port 3 !D3" of t)e microcontroller as s)own in figure 3# N is use to represent states, i#e, NJ333 K 33=# D% "mplementation of (raphical User "nterface
p)one of t)e manager# $)e sms contains t)e state co e of t)e pattern in 7uestion, t)e input pattern an real+time fee -ack pattern# $)e )ost computer also )as ata -ase containing t)e vectors of input pattern an e,pecte output fee -ack pattern# :ault :igure AG >'I for $raffic *ig)t 8onitoring :igure A s)ows t)e >'I at t)e )ost computer# It comprises *(D isplay unit, t)e virtual traffic lig)t )ea s, >S8 mo em receiver, -u11er alarm, all interface to intelligent microcontroller# $)e controller receives t)e sms fault alert t)roug) t)e receiver, e,tracts an interprets it an t)en, isplays t)e result on t)e *(D# $)e present state of t)e traffic lig)t )ea s at remote site is replicate -y t)e virtual )ea s# :igure B s)ows t)e flow c)art for fault
i entification is one -y complementing t)e real+time fee -ack pattern an using t)e result to activate t)e virtual traffic lig)t# $)e )ost computer uses t)e input pattern to e,tract t)e e,pecte output result an
isplay it on *(D# $)us, -y rea ing t)e information on t)e *(D an o-serving t)e virtual traffic lig)t, t)e manager can easily i entify t)e fault!s"# C% Soft-are "mplementation
"
iagnosis
at
manager6s
)ost
$tart
Displa& defa'lt
message
+E$ E*tract the fa'lt message Displa& fa'lt alert on .CD/ on alarm
Displa& the fa'lt on the 0irt'al traffic light abd
,-
Is s&stem reset(
+E$
$tart
$et ,23 $end o'tp't pattern for state , to P3 4ait for appropriate Time/Tn Collect feedb) and chec) for mismatch +E$
Increment ,
An& mismatc h(
,-
,-
Is ,2 ( +E$ $et , 2 3
,-
5a'lt cleare d(
+E$
$)e complete traffic lig)t system was teste an t)e result ta-ulate as s)own in ta-le 1# $a-le 1G summary of test an result
$est &pen an run t)e >'I at )ost computer# E,pecte %esult $)e >'I s)oul isplay 5$raffic lig)t monitoring system6 wit) %e an >reen lig)ts s)owing as epicte in figure A# $)e system s)oul initiali1e an sen sms status report to )ost computer# $)ereafter system s)oul start working accor ing to state transition ta-le 1# $)e system at remote en s)oul sen error report to t)e )ost computer an mo-ile p)one of t)e manager, 5Q234B3@B@33ACB6, an put t)e traffic lig)t on )ol # %esult o-taine $)e >'I isplaye 5$raffic lig)t monitoring system6 after 2 secon s# $)e %e an >reen lig)ts also came on# $)e >'I i receive t)e status report after 13 secon s as s)own in figure 13#$)e system starte working accor ing to ta-le 1# $)e )ost computer an t)e p)one wit) t)e mo-ile num-er 6Q234B3@B@33ACB6 receive sms error report# All t)e traffic lig)ts went off even t)oug) t)ere was still power in t)e system# $)e manager an t)e )ost computer receive sms status report 1= secon s after resetting t)e system at remote site# $)e remote site also starte working normal#
fast em-e e system prototyping# $)ese capa-ilities can -e e,plore # $)e com port an t)e approac) use in t)is work can -e employe in ot)er system evelopment#
%eferencesG
214 224 234
244
Disena-le %ED -ulin t)e N&%$? irection using simulator switc), SH1#
2=4
2@4
2A4
$)e remote system s)oul sen status report to )ost computer an manager6s mo-ile p)one# $)ereafter, t)e system s)oul start working normal#
Felly, Ant)ony, T8anaging maintenance resourcesU, <utterwort)+?einemann, 233@# (ollacott, %#A#, T8ec)anical fault iagnosisU, ()apman an ?all, 1CAA Piangyu $ang, Seongmoon Hang, TA low )ar ware over)ea self+ iagnosis tec)ni7ue using ree +solomon co es for self+repairing c)ipsU, IEEE $ransactions on (omputers EolumeG =C , IssueG 13, Du-lication ;earG 2313 , Dage!s"G 133C + 131C 9en+()ie) ;e), Fuo+*iang ()eng, ;ung+:a ()ou, ()eng+Hen Hu, T:las) memory testing an -uilt+In self+ iagnosis wit) marc)+like test algorit)msU, computer+ai e esign of integrate circuits an systems, IEEE transactions on EolumeG 2@ , IssueG @ Du-lication ;earG 233A, Dage!s"G 1131 K 1113 El)a ef, 8# , Nayak, A#, TA novel generali1e + comparison+-ase self+ iagnosis algorit)m for multiprocessor an multicomputer systems using a multilayere neural networkU, 2313 IEEE 13t) International (onference, Du-lication ;earG 2313 , Dage!s"G 24= K 2=2 8att)ew >ra er, $)omas 8c>i--on, TA Survey an %eview of Software Development $ools for Development of Em-e e SystemsU, I$$ A vance Engineering V Sciences (orp, 8arc) 233A# )ttpGIIwww#electronics+ la-#comI ownloa sIsc)ematicI33=I )ttpGIIwww#tina#comIEnglis)ItinaI
mi market#tec)target#comI efinitionIprototype www#B3=2#c3m 8u)amma Ali 8a1i i an 9anice ># 8a1i i, B3=1 8icrocontroller an Em-e e Systems# 2134 Daul ?olowit1, Art of electronics, 2n e ition 2144 )ttpGIIp f# atas)eetcatalog#comI atas)eet2IfI 3c@, @a4@ig4@7l,f3.27saiiBo3y#p f 21=4 A cost+effective approac) to microcontroller -ase sms applicationG a case for my,+ sagem p)one series, Drof# ?#(# Inyiama !D)D", 8-onu E# Samuel !<# Eng", international .ournal o* aca emic researc) Eol# 3, No# =, Septem-er, 2311, II Dart
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(&N(*'SI&N
Suick prototyping )elps to re uce esign+market time# Droteus ES8 )as in-uilt capa-ilities t)at ena-le
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