The Top 10 Airports in the world for 2007 : 2007 AIRPORT 1 2 Hong Kong Int'l Airport Seoul In cheon

Airport Singapore Changi Airport !unich Airport 5 6 7 & + 10 Kuala #u$pur Int'l Airport %urich Airport A$'ter(a$ Schiphol Airport )ancou*er Int'l Airport Kan'ai Int'l Airport !a(ri( ,ara-a' Airport 22 2006 2 5 1 " 6 & 11 15

The 5 Best Mass Transit Systems in the World To./o i' nu$0er 1 0/ 1ar2 !a'' tran'it there $o*e' 10 $illion plu' a (a/2 121 train line'3 4ith 1 train 'tation 5Shin-u.u5 that (oe' "252 $illion a (a/2 6ith 'o$e o1 the $o't co$ple73 high 'pee(3 e11icient3 an( clean train' 8 'u04a/' in the 4orl(2 9ot onl/ (o /ou ha*e :apan Rail operating the a0o*e groun( train' all o*er To./o $etropoli' area3 0ut /ou ha*e t4o (i11erent co$panie'3 To./o !etro an( Toei3 4ho operate the 'u04a/ '/'te$'2

Accor(ing to 6i.ipe(ia; <=the 'tation 4a' u'e( 0/ an a*erage o1 "252 $illion people per (a/ in 20063 $a.ing it the 0u'ie't train 'tation in the 4orl( in ter$' o1 nu$0er o1 pa''enger'2> Singapore i' 4orl( reno4ne( 1or it' clean an( e11icient $a''5rapi( '/'te$'2 Auto$atic (ri*erle'' train' an( 'uper0l/ (e'igne( 'tation' all a(( to the e7perience2 Hong Kong ; Pu0lic tran'portation here i' a4e'o$e2 ?*er/ " $inute' a train co$e'2 Train' (o not 'hare trac.' 4ith each other2 9ot onl/ that3 0ut the co$$uter train' are 'o relia0le3 that i1 the/ are $ore than 5 $inute' 0ehin(3 the/ i''ue /ou a @late pa''A to gi*e to /our 0o''8teacher2

Busiest Ports By olume 12 Singapore 22 Rotter(a$3 9etherlan(' "2 South #oui'iana3 B2S2A2 2 Shanghai3 China 52 Hong Kong3 China 62 Hou'ton3 B2S2A 72 Chi0a3 :apan &2 9ago/a3 :apan +2 Bl'an3 South Korea 102 K4ang/ang3 South Korea

The Port o1 Co.oha$a

The Port o1 Co.oha$a i' locate( on the north4e'tern e(ge o1 To./o ,a/2 It i' a naturall/ 0le''e( port 4ith a 'paciou' 4ater area on the ea'tern 'i(e an( un(ulate( hill' on the northern3 4e'tern an( 'outhern 'i(e'2 In a((ition to it' natural a''et'3 the port ha' 0een eDuippe( 4ith *ariou' 1acilitie'3 'uch a' inner an( outer 0rea.4ater'3 that protect' the port 1ro$ the e11ect' o1 4in(' an( ti(e'2 It al'o ha' an a$ple 4ater (epth2 !o"ation 9orth #atitu(e; #at2 "521+252+29 ?a't #ongitu(e; #ong2 1"+2"725 52?

A#$A %As of &une 2007' Port Area 5 73"152+ha 6ater1ront Area 5 23&2&27ha Co$$ercial %one 5 +7522ha In(u'trial %one 5 136+62 ha !arina Eone 5 22ha Recreational %one 5 +520ha Other' 5 572+ha ()ST*#+ *, T($ P*#T Opening o1 the port; :une 23 1&5+The Port o1 Co.oha$a ha' a long5 'tan(ing hi'tor/ o1 $ore than 1 0 /ear' a' a lea(ing international tra(e port in :apan2 P*#T A-T) )T)$S %200. Pro/isional' 9u$0er o1 inco$ing *e''el'; 23622 Fa*erage ;100 *e''el' 8 (a/ )olu$e o1 Cargo Han(ling; 1"&222 $illion ton' )alue o1 Tra(e; 112667 trillion Cen

PORT OG SI9HAPOR? On a*erage3 Singapore attract' 'o$e 1 03000 *e''el call' annuall/2 ,e'i(e' e11icient cargo han(ling3 0un.ering3 oil re1ining3 'hip0uil(ing an( 'hip repair3 the Singapore port i' note( 1or it' 4i(e range o1 $arine 'er*ice' inclu(ing pilotage3 to4age3 hea*/ li1t 'er*ice'3 o11'hore 'upport3 'al*age 4or.3 1re'h 4ater 'uppl/3 cre4 change3 'hip 'upplie' an( 'lop (i'po'al3 a$ong other'2

Co$prehen'i*e port 1acilitie' an( 'er*ice' re$ain un'urpa''e( in ter$' o1 Dualit/3 e11icienc/3 co$petiti*ene'' an( relia0ilit/2 The'e are 0ac.e( 0/ international ter$inal operator' 1or cargo8container han(ling3 oil re1ining3 an( petroche$ical'2 The $ariti$e in(u'tr/ reDuire' a 'tea(/ pool o1 Duali1ie( an( Dualit/ $anpo4er to 'upport it' ro0u't gro4th2 It o11er' goo( career pro'pect' 4ith co$$en'urate 'alarie'3 -o0 'ta0ilit/ an( -o0 1le7i0ilit/2 !ore i$portantl/3 the in(u'tr/ pre'ent' intere'ting challenge' 1or the (/na$ic an( a(*enturou' in(i*i(ual2 #e*eraging on it' /ear' o1 e7perience in (e*eloping an( $aintaining one o1 the 0u'ie't port' in the 4orl(3 a Dualit/ $erchant 1leet an( a *i0rant $ariti$e centre3 Singapore ha' earne( it'el1 a glo0al reputation a' a Centre o1 ?7cellence 1or Port an( !ariti$e Training an( ?(ucation2 6e a(opt high training 'tan(ar('3 an( o11er a 0roa( range o1 'hip an( 'hore50a'e( cour'e' in 1ir't5rate training 1acilitie'2 Our Integrate( Si$ulation Centre o1 Singapore FISCI pro*i(e' highl/ reali'tic $ariti$e 'i$ulation training 1or 'hip o11icer' an( cre4 in a ri'.51ree en*iron$ent2 6e al'o 1un( training progra$$e' that enhance local e7perti'e in $ariti$e3 an( port3 $arine3 an( o11'hore 'er*ice' that are high *alue5 a((e( an( .no4le(ge50a'e(2 Our SJ&0 $illion !ariti$e Clu'ter Gun( pro*i(e' attracti*e 1un(ing2 Other organi'ation' that con(uct port3 $ariti$e an( 'hipping cour'e' an( e7ecuti*e progra$$e' in Singapore inclu(e the Singapore !ariti$e Aca(e$/3 the local pol/technic'3 PSA In'titute3 an( the aca(e$ic in'titution'3 na$el/3 9ational Bni*er'it/ o1 Singapore3 9an/ang Technological Bni*er'it/ an( Singapore !anage$ent Bni*er'it/ Port Klang Port Klang i' i(eall/ place( to capitali'e on the (o$e'tic an( international $ar.et'2 The three container ter$inal' no4 han(le a total capacit/ o1 "26 $illion T?B' per annu$3 an( i' e7pecte( to

han(le &2 $illion T?B' 0/ the /ear 20102 0orthport The 0orthport -T1 operate' 0erth' at it' ter$inal; Berth 0o1 2 Thi' container 0erth cater' to *e''el' o1 up to 03000 tonne' (i'place$ent. Berth 0o1 34 104 11 Can acco$$o(ate 'hip' o1 up to 603000 tonne' (i'place$ent2 Berthin5 ,a"ilities Berth 0o1 !en5th %m' 6epth alon5side & + 10 11 21" "20 "20 226 1025 1"22 1"22 1"22 Ma7 /essel si8e %displa"ement tonnes' 03000 603000 603000 603000

The 0orthport -T2 ha' 5 0erth' o1 121 .$ 1or 'hip' o1 up to &03000 tonne' (i'place$ent2 Berthin5 ,a"ilities Ma7 /essel si8e Berth 0o1 !en5th %m' 6epth alon5side %displa"ement tonnes' 17 21" 1" &03000 1& 21" 1" &03000 1+ 21" 1" &03000 20 21" 1" &03000 21 21" 1" &03000 The 0orthport -T9 operate' " 0erth' at it' ter$inal an( can acco$$o(ate 'hip' o1 up to 1203000 tonne' (i'place$ent2 Berthin5 ,a"ilities Ma7 /essel si8e Berth 0o1 !en5th %m' 6epth alon5side %displa"ement tonnes' 12 17& 15 1203000 1" 17& 15 1203000 1 17& 15 1203000

Westports Berthin5 ,a"ilities Berth 0o1 !en5th %m' 6epth alon5side

Ma7 /essel si8e %displa"ement tonnes' &03000 &03000 1153000

,07 ,0& ,0+

"00 "00 "00

15 15 15

,10 "00 15 1153000 ,11 "00 15 1153000 ,12 "00 15 1153000 The " ter$inal' ha*e 'ophi'ticate( 0ac.5up 1acilitie' 'uch a' po't5 Pana$a7 Dua/ crane'3 RTH' an( 'tra((le carrie' to han(le up to 1205 $illion T?B'2

-ontainer Ship Types The 'hip (i$en'ion'3 'uch a' the 'hip 0rea(th3 (epen( on the nu$0er o1 container' place( a0rea't on (ec. an( in the hol('2 Thu'3 one e7tra container 0o7 a0rea't in a gi*en 'hip (e'ign in*ol*e' an increa'e( 'hip 0rea(th o1 a0out 22& $eter'2 The a*erage loa(e( container 4eigh' a0out 10512 ton' 0ut3 o1 cour'e3 thi' $a/ *ar/3 'o the $o(ern container *e''el' are (i$en'ione( 1or 1251 (4t per T?B2 Container'hip capacit/ i' nor$all/ e7pre''e( in T4ent/51oot ?Dui*alent Bnit' FT?BI3 4hich i' (e1ine( a' the nu$0er o1 20' 7 &' 7 &'6K container' it can carr/L or3 'i$ilarl/3 in Gort/51oot ?Dui*alent Bnit'2 Container'hip' *ar/ con'i(era0l/ in 'iEe2 So$e o1 tho'e 'er*ing $a-or port' ha*e capacitie' e7cee(ing 53000 T?B2 So$e recentl/ 0uilt 1or 1ee(er 'er*ice Fi2e23 'er*ing '$all outport' 1ro$ a $a-or portI ha*e capacitie' o1 00 T?B or le''2

Post:Mala""a:Ma7 !alacca5$a7 rel1ect' the 1act that a (ra1t o1 21 $ i' the $a7i$u$ per$i''i0le (raught through the !alacca Strait2 6ith the inten(e( increa'e o1 the cro''5'ection 0rea(th an( (epth o1 the SueE Canal o*er the co$ing ten /ear'3 the 1&3000 T?B container 'hip 4ill al'o 0e a0le to pa'' the SueE Canal2 On the other han(3 a 1uture container 'hip 4ith a (ra1t o1 21 $ 4oul( reDuire e7i'ting har0or' to 0e (re(ge(2 To(a/3 onl/ the har0or' o1 Singapore an( Rotter(a$ are (eep enough2

Container 'hip' are (e'igne( 'o that no 'pace i' 4a'te(2 Capacit/ i' $ea'ure( in T4ent/51oot eDui*alent unit FT?BI3 the nu$0er o1 'tan(ar( 2051oot container' $ea'uring 20 M &20 M &25 1eet F621 M 22 M 226 $etre'I a *e''el can carr/2 Thi' not 4ith'tan(ing3 $o't container' u'e( to(a/ $ea'ure 0 1eet F12 $etre'I in length2 A0o*e a certain 'iEe3 container 'hip' (o not carr/ their o4n loa(ing gear3 'o loa(ing an( unloa(ing can onl/ 0e (one at port' 4ith the nece''ar/ crane'2 Ho4e*er3 '$aller 'hip' 4ith capacitie' up to 23+00 T?B are o1ten eDuippe( 4ith their o4n crane'2 In1or$all/ .no4n a' K0o7 0oat'3K the/ carr/ the $a-orit/ o1 the 4orl('' (r/ cargo3 $eaning $anu1acture( goo('2 Cargoe' li.e $etal ore' or coal or 4heat are carrie( in 0ul. carrier'2 There are large $ain line *e''el' that pl/ the (eep 'ea route'3 then $an/ '$all K1ee(erK 'hip' that 'uppl/ the large 'hip' at centraliEe( hu0 port'2 !o't container 'hip' are propelle( 0/ (ie'el engine'3 an( ha*e cre4' o1 0et4een 20 an( 0 people2 The/ generall/ ha*e a large acco$$o(ation 0loc. at the 'tern3 near the engine roo$2 Container 'hip' no4 carr/ up to 153000 T?B Fappro7i$atel/ eDui*alent to "5 1005car (ou0le5'tac. inter$o(al 1reight train'I on a *o/age2 #arge container 'hip' Fo*er 73000 T?BI ha*e 0een 0uilt in the 1ollo4ing 'hip/ar(';

O(en'e Steel Ship/ar(3 Nen$ar. H/un(ai Hea*/ In(u'trie'3 South Korea Sa$'ung Hea*/ In(u'trie'3 South Korea Nae4oo Ship0uil(ing O !arine ?ngineering Co23 #t( 3 South Korea IHI3 Kure3 :apan !it'u0i'hi Hea*/ In(u'trie'3 9aga'a.i3 :apan Hu(ong5%honghua Ship0uil(ing3 Shanghai3 China

Septem;er 22th4 200< : (am;ur5 Ship "hristened in Shen8hen=-hina Another 5iant /essel of the Post:Panama7 "lass enterin5 ser/i"e with -*S-* > -hina?s liner "ompany in/est stron5ly in the e7pansion of its ;o7ship fleet

The 'hip3 4hich can acco$$o(ate 73500 'tan(ar( container'3 4ill 0e (eplo/e( on a ten5/ear 1i7e(5ter$ charter 4ith the Chine'e 'hipping co$pan/ COSCO Container #ine'2 Together 4ith it' i(entical 'i'ter *e''el KCOSCO #ong ,eachK it i' one o1 the 0igge't *e''el that ha' e*er 0een chri'tene( 1or a Chine'e 'hipping co$pan/2 The ne4 *e''el 4a' na$e( 0/ !' Can Piaopei3 )ice !a/or o1 ShenEhen2

12Tan.er' 1or petroleu$ an( re1ine( petroleu$ 22#iDui( natural ga' F#9HI carrier' "2Che$ical carrier' 2Co$0ination *e''el' 52,ul. carrier' 62Heneral cargo *e''el' 72Container 'hip' &2Other t/pe' o1 tran'port *e''el' +29on5tran'port *e''el'

World sea transportation in millions of tons

12Iron ore 22Coal "2Hrain 2,au7ite an( alu$ina

#igui( 9atural Ha' Carrier LNG Carriers When natural gas is super-cooled to -162C, it becomes liquid. Liquefied natural gas, or LN , ta!es up onl" a fraction of the #olume of gas in its normal state. $hat ma!es it a practical %a" to transport large quantities of natural gas from production areas to mar!ets.

Dry Bulk Carriers carr" specific cargoes such as %ood chips and steaming coal.

Car Carriers to ship all t"pes of motor #ehicles, from automobiles to construction machiner"

Tankers &ur tan!er fleet carries a range of liquid cargoes, from crude oil, gasoline, !erosene, and other petroleum and chemical products Oil tankers

2Co$0ination *e''el'

0alla't 4ater

Shipping $o*e' o*er +0 per cent o1 the 4orl('' co$$o(itie'1 an( tran'1er' appro7i$atel/ " to 5 0illion tonne' o1 0alla't 4ater internationall/ each /ear22 6hile 0alla't 4ater i' nece''ar/ to properl/ 0alance a 'hip3 it i' al'o a 'igni1icant 'ource o1 in*a'i*e 'pecie' an( a $a-or en*iron$ental concern 1ro$ the In(ian Ocean to the Hreat #a.e'2 ?n*iron$ent Cana(a i' 4or.ing 4ith Tran'port Cana(a an( Gi'herie' an( Ocean' Cana(a to a((re'' the threat o1 in*a'i*e 'pecie' in 0alla't 4ater 0/ a''e''ing ne4 technologie' 1or treat$ent2 All Aboard: How Invasive Species Travel the Globe A 'hip ta.e' on 4ater in port to .eep it 'ta0le at 'ea3 4ith the a$ount o1 4ater (epen(ing on the t/pe o1 'hip an( the a$ount o1 cargo on 0oar(2 The 4ater ta.en on 4hile in port inclu(e' *ariou' 'pecie' o1 aDuatic li1e nati*e to that port2 The 'hip then procee(' on it' *o/age3 carr/ing thi' 4ater in it' 0alla't tan.' to help 0alance the *e''el2 A1ter arri*ing at the (e'tination port3 cargo i' loa(e( onto the 'hip an( the 0alla't 4ater i' e$ptie( into the 4ater' at that port3 along 4ith

nu$erou' aDuatic 'to4a4a/' 1ro$ the 'tart o1 the -ourne/2 A 'ingle 0ul. cargo *e''el in the Hreat #a.e' can carr/ up to 203000 tonne' o1 0alla't 4ater Fappro7i$atel/ 10 Ol/$pic5'iEe '4i$$ing pool'I that

%e0ra $u''el'2 $a/ contain 'e*eral hun(re( (i11erent aDuatic 'pecie'2 9ot all the'e 1oreign 'pecie' are in*a'i*e2 Ho4e*er3 1oreign 'pecie' that ha*e pro*en to 0e in*a'i*e3 'uch a' the %e0ra !u''el an( Chine'e !itten Cra03 ha*e 0een (etri$ental to the eco'/'te$' an( econo$ie' o1 the location' 4here the 4ater ha' 0een (u$pe(2 In 1act3 the intro(uction o1 in*a'i*e $arine 'pecie' into ne4 en*iron$ent' 0/ 'hip'' 0alla't 4ater ha' 0een i(enti1ie( 0/ the Bnite( 9ation' a' one o1 the 1our greate't threat' to the 4orl('' ocean'2

%e0ra $u''el'2

-he"@in5 ;allast water

To re(uce the ri'. o1 un4ante( organi'$' entering 9e4 %ealan( 4ater'3 regulation' reDuire 'hip' to e7change their high5ri'. 0alla't 4ater a4a/ 1ro$ coa't'2 Thi' $an i' ta.ing 'a$ple' o1 4ater in a 'hipA' hol( to chec. that the *e''el ha' co$plie( 4ith the reDuire$ent'2

Singapore: Tuas Dry Dock for the Repair of Ships

Sea The (eepe't part o1 the 4orl( i' !ariana Trench in the Paci1ic Ocean2 It i' 103+11 $etre' 0elo4 'ea le*el2 51 6eep !it@e4 $urasian Basin in Ar"ti" *"ean: 5<50 m %174221 ft' #it.e Neep 'ea i' locate( in northea't Hreenlan( in the ?ura'ian ,a'in in the Arctic Ocean2 The #it.e i' the (eepe't point in the Arctic Ocean 0/ 5 50 $eter'2 ?ura'ian ,a'in3 i' one o1 the t4o $ain 'trea$' in 4hich the Arctic ,a'in o1 the Arctic Ocean i' (i*i(e( 0/ the #o$ono'o* Ri(ge2 Thi' i' the a((ition o1 the 9orth Atlantic ,a'in2

Neep #itt.e ?ura'ian ,a'in in Arctic Ocean <1 South Sandwi"h Tren"h in Southern *"ean: 7295 m %294797 ft' South San(4ich Trench i' preci'el/ locate( in the South Atlantic Ocean3 100 .$ to ea't o1 the South San(4ich I'lan('2 Thi' trench i' al'o .no4n a' the trench 1or$e( 0/ the 'u0(uction o1 the 'outhern South A$erica plate2 South San(4ich

I'lan(' i' a 'erie' o1 *olcanic i'lan(' a' the re'ult o1 'u0(uction2 !ount ,elin(a i' an acti*e *olcano that 'till acti*e on the i'lan( o1 !ontagu2

South San(4ich Trench in the Southern Ocean 91 &a/a Tren"h in )ndian *"ean 7252 m: %294212 ft' Gor$erl/ al'o .no4n a' the Sun(a Trench3 an( 'till 1o$ou' a' the :a*a Trench3 4hich i' locate( in the northea't In(ian Ocean3 4ith an area o1 2600 .$ an( $a7i$u$ (epth o1 7725 $eter'2 Thi' trench i' the (eepe't point o1 the In(ian Ocean2

:a*a Trench in In(ian Ocean 21 Milwau@ee 6eep4 Puerto #i"o Tren"h in Atlanti" *"ean: 2.<2 m %224979 ft' !il4au.ee3 al'o .no4n a' that !il4au.ee (eep3 i' the (eeper part o1 the Atlantic an( Puerto Rico trench2Ha' a (epth o1 273 +" 1eet2 Onl/ & $ile' 1ro$ the 'ea to4ar(' the 4e't coa't o1 Puerto Rico2 Puerto Rico Trench i' an ocean trench locate( on the 0or(er 0et4een the Cari00ean Sea an( Atlantic Ocean2 Thi' trench a''ociate( 4ith the $ulti1acete( change' 0et4een 'u0(uction region along the 'outhern i'lan( o1 #e''er Antille'2 #a/' on the 4e'tern 0or(er 0et4een Cu0a an( Hi'paniola through the Ca/$an Trench to the coa't o1 Central A$erica2

!il4au.ee Neep Puerto Rico Trench in Atlantic Ocean

11 -hallen5er 6eep4 Mariana Tren"h in Pa"ifi" *"ean 101329 m %951297 ft' !ariana Trench i' the (eepe't 'ea part in the 4orl(3 an( the lo4e't ele*ation o1 the 'ur1ace o1 the ?arth2 #ocate( in the 4e'tern Paci1ic Ocean3 to the ea't 'i(e o1 the !ariana I'lan('2 Trench appro7i$atel/ 2550 .$ long3 0ut ha' an a*erage thic.ne'' o1 onl/ a0out 6+ .$2 The (epth reache( 1130"" 1eet in the Challenger Neep2

Challenger Neep3 !ariana Trench in Paci1ic Ocean 6eepest *"ean 6epth Challenger Neep i' a '$all 'lot 'hape( *alle/ that i' the (e1ining region 1or !ariana trench F4hich happen' to 0e the (eepe't ocean trenchI o1 Paci1ic ocean2 The na$e Challenger Neep3 attri0ute' to the 1act that it 4a' 1ir't (i'co*ere( 0/ a ,riti'h 'ur*e/ 'hip3 Challenger II3 in 1+512 It i' 'ai(3 i1 one coul( cut o11 the !ount ?*ere't at 'ea le*el3 an( put it in the !ariana Trench3 there 4oul( 'till 0e o*er a

$ile o1 4ater on the top o1 the 4orl('' highe't pea.Q I'n't that an a$aEing 1actR In 1+603 Bnite( State' 'ent a $ini 'u0$arine FTrie'teI3 4hich touche( the (eepe't ocean (epth at "53&"& 1t3 4hich al'o $eant that there 4a' a0out 7S $ile' o1 4ater a0o*e itQ !ariana Trench3 till (ate3 happen' to 0e the (eepe't part o1 the ocean3 4ith Challenger Neep (e1ining the point o1 (epth at the 'outhern en( o1 the trench2 It coul( al'o 0e ter$e( a' the lo4e't 'ur1ace o1 the earth'' cru't2 #ocate( at a con*ergent plate 0oun(ar/3 4here t4o litho'pheric plate' colli(e3 (eep in the 6e'tern Paci1ic Ocean an( to the ea't o1 !ariana I'lan(' Fan( that' 4h/ the na$eQI3 lie' thi' trench2 It run' a0out 102+1 .$' at Challenger Neep an( 1120" K$' at )it/aE5I Neep2 Till (ate3 the (eepe't ocean (epth a' calculate( 0/ the :apane'e3 i' a0out "53&"& 1eet2 9o4 the Due'tion ari'e'3 4h/ i' thi' Challenger (eep3 'o (eepR Oceanograph/ no4 0eco$e' all the $ore intere'ting3 4hen it co$e' to ocean an( lan( 1or$ationQ Our earth'' cru't i' $a(e up o1 $a$$oth tectonic plate'3 4hich are al4a/' in a con'tant $otion2 So the/ ten( to 'li(e pa't each other3 cra'h or e*en 0u$p3 cau'ing the oceanic plate' to plunge 1urther (eep to4ar(' the $olten $antle3 4hich con'titute' the earth center2 Re$e$0er3 the oceanic cru't i' $uch hea*ier than the continental cru't3 4hat 4e 'ee2 !ean4hile3 the lighter continental plate' 'tart $ounting on the oceanic cru't3 (ue to 4hich there i' an inten'e 1orce create( 0/ the $o*e$ent o1 the'e oceanic plate'3 that a trench i' 1or$e(2 An( Paci1ic plate i' 0/ 1ar3 the large't tectonic plate an( i' inten'el/ (en'e an( co$pact2 O*er the /ear'3 un(er con'tant $otion o1 'u0(uction o1 oceanic cru't o1 the Paci1ic plate3 the !ariana trench 4a' 1or$e(2 A *er/ intere'ting Paci1ic Ocean 1act i' that3 at the 0otto$ o1 the trench3 the h/(ro'tatic pre''ure e7erte( i' a0out 10&26 $egapa'cal' T 153750 p'i3 4hich i' nearl/ a thou'an( ti$e' greater than the nor$al at$o'pheric pre''ure at 'ea le*el2 An( an i$portant point to re$e$0er here3 !ariana trench happen' to 0e the (eepe't trench an( 9OT a point clo'er to ?arth'' $antle2 Here i' a ta0le 1or /ou3 li'ting all the (eepe't point' in the 1i*e ro/al ocean' o1 the 4orl(2 6eepest Point Paci1ic Ocean F!ariana TrenchI Atlantic Ocean FPuerto Rico TrenchI In(ian Ocean F:a*a TrenchI Arctic Ocean F?ura'ia ,a'inI 6epth "53& 0 1eet T 103+2 $t' 2&3"7 1eet T &6 & $t' 2"3"76 1eet T 7125 $eter' 173&&1 1eet T 5 50 $eter'

Antarctic Ocean FSouth San(4ich TrenchI 2"37"6 1eet T 72"5 $eter' So the'e 4ere 'o$e intere'ting 1act' a0out the (eepe't ocean3 The Paci1icQ Ocean' are Duite 1a'cinatingQ 9o 4on(er3 the (eep 0lue 4ater' 4ith an un(e1ine( horiEon3 'tra((le all acro'' the 4orl( connecting the *ariou' continent' an( 0uil(ing up the 'tronge't eco'/'te$ to 'u'tain li1e on earth2 Cet

there i' 'o $uch o1 un.no4n3 unra*ele( $/'terie' 'till 4aiting to 0e un1ol(e( 1ro$ the (eepe't ocean o1 the 4orl(2 The Hreat ,lue Hole o1 ,eliEe3 6orl(A' Neepe't Sea5Hole

I1 /ou e*er co$e near the coa't o1 ,eliEe3 /ou 'houl( tr/ not to $i'' the opportunit/ to *i'it the Hreat ,lue Hole3 one o1 the 4orl(A' $o't recogniEa0le natural 4on(er'2 The Hreat ,lue Hole i' locate( in ,eliEe ,arrier Ree1 Re'er*e S/'te$3 a0out 60 $ile' a4a/ 1ro$ ,eliEe Cit/2 It i' 0elie*e( that thi' hole i' the 4orl(A' large't 'ea5hole2 It i' a0out 125 $eter' (eep an( it' (ia$eter i' a0out "00 $eter' 4i(e2 It ha' 0een create( 0/ the 'ea le*el increa'e a0out 653000 /ear' ago

Surfa"e Area of the Planet F51030663000 'D .$I 1 Paci1ic Ocean F"53&"7 1tI F103+2 $eter'I 22 Atlantic Ocean F"032 6 1tI F+321+ $eter'I " In(ian Ocean F2 3 60 1tI F73 55 $eter'I Cari00ean Sea F2237&& 1tI F63+ 6 $eter'I 5 Arctic Ocean F1&3 56 1tI F53625 $eter'I 6 South China Sea F163 56 1tI F53016 $eter'I 7 ,ering Sea F15365+ 1tI F 377" $eter'I & !e(iterranean Sea F1531+7 1tI F 36"2 $eter'I + Hul1 o1 !e7ico F123 25 1tI F"37&7 $eter'I 10 :apan Sea F123276 1tI F"37 2 $eter'I !and Area on the Planet F1 &36 73000 'D .$I 2311A *"ean Area F""5325&3000 'D .$I Total Water Area F"613 1+3000 'D .$I 7013A Type of Water F+7U 'altI3 F"U 1re'hI To convert sq km (kilometers) to sq miles, multiply kilometers by: 0.386102

!a-or Oil Co$panie' o1 the 6orl( The lea(ing oil co$panie' o1 the 4orl( are;

The ?77on !o0il Corporation; Thi' A$erican oil an( ga' corporation i' the progen/ o1 :ohn N2 Roc.e1eller'' Stan(ar( Oil Co$pan/3 1or$e( 0/ the $erger o1 ?77on an( !o0il on 9o*e$0er "03 1+++2 The 4orl('' 0igge't pu0licl/ tra(e( co$pan/ ha' it' hea(Duarter' in Ir*ing3 Te7a'2 It' re'er*e' at the en( o1 2007 4ere aroun( 72 0illion 0arrel' o1 oil5eDui*alent' F,,O?I3 4hich are e7pecte( to la't 1or the ne7t 1 /ear'2

Ro/al Nutch Shell plc; It 4a' 1or$e( in 1+07 4hen Ro/al Nutch Petroleu$ Co$pan/ $erge( 4ith Shell Tran'port an( Tra(ing Co$pan/ #t(3 BK2 The initial e'ta0li'h$ent inclu(e( 60 U Nutch an( 0U ,riti'h 'hare'2 ,P plc; Ha*ing it' hea(Duarter' in #on(on3 thi' co$pan/ 4a' (i'co*ere( 0/ 6illia$ Kno7 N'Arc/ in !a/ 1+0& in the !i((le ?a't2 It 4a' calle( the Anglo5Iranian Oil Co$pan/ FAIOCI 0e1ore it 0eca$e the ,riti'h Petroleu$ in 1+5 2 In 1++&3 it 0eca$e ,P A$oco a1ter $erging 4ith A$oco o1 In(iana2 In 20003 it 4a' rena$e( ,P an( a(opte( the tagline K,e/on( Petroleu$2K Che*ron8Te7aco Corporation; It 4a' 1or$e( a1ter the 'plit o1 :ohn N2 Roc.e1eller'' Stan(ar( Oil Co$pan/ in 1+11 an( na$e( SoCal2 It 4a' one o1 the Se*en Si'ter' that (o$inate( the 4orl( oil in(u'tr/ in the earl/ 20th centur/2 F CA#T?PI

Temen55or 6am

Power Station i' a (a$ in Heri.3 Pera.3 !ala/'ia2 It i' locate( on Sungai Pera. a0out 200 .$ northea't o1 Ipoh2 Con'truction o1 the (a$ i$poun(e( Te$enggor #a.e Tenom Pan5i 6am Tenom Pan5i 6am i' the h/(roelectric plant in Teno$3 Sa0ah3 !ala/'ia2 It i' locate( 120 .$ 'outh o1 Kota Kina0alu on the Pa(a' Ri*er2 The pro-ect i' a run5 o11 ri*er h/(roelectric po4er plant Sultan Mahmud Power Station Sultan Mahmud Power Station or Benyir 6am F!ala/; ?$pangan Ken/irI i' the h/(roelectric (a$ 4hich 1or$' Ken/ir #a.e3 Terengganu3 !ala/'ia2 It i' locate( 50 .$ 'outh4e't o1 Kuala Terengganu on the Ken/ir Ri*er2 The pro-ect i' a $ultipurpo'e h/(roelectric po4er an( 1loo( $itigation 'che$e Per5au 6am Per5au 6am i' the h/(roelectric (a$ in Kuala Cong3 Kelantan3 !ala/'ia2 It i' locate( a0out 100 .$ 4e't o1 Kota ,haru -henderoh Power Station -henderoh Power Station or -henderoh 6am i' the ol(e't h/(roelectric (a$ an( po4er 'tation in !ala/'ia2 The (a$ i' locate( in Ta'i. Chen(eroh3 near Kuala Kang'ar3 Pera.2 It 4a' con'tructe( on the earl/ 1+20' 0/ the ,riti'h Ge(erate( !ala/ State' a($ini'tration Ba@un 6am The Ba@un 6am i' an un(er con'truction e$0an.$ent (a$ locate( in Sara4a.3 !ala/'ia on the ,alui Ri*er3V1W a tri0utar/ or 'ource o1 the Ra-ang Ri*er an( 'o$e 'i7t/ .ilo$eter' 4e't o1 ,elaga2V2W A' part o1 the pro-ect3 the 'econ( talle't concrete51ace( roc.1ill (a$ in the 4orl( 4oul( 0e 0uilt2 It i' planne( to generate 23 00 $ega4att' F!6I o1 electricit/ once co$plete(