Engineering Structures 30 (2008) 1321 www.elsevier.

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Ductility analysis of prestressed concrete beams with unbonded tendons

J.S. Du a , Francis T.K. Au b, , Y.K. Cheung b , Albert K.H. Kwan b
a School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing Jiao Tong University, Beijing 100044, PR China b Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China

Received 27 October 2006; received in revised form 21 February 2007; accepted 22 February 2007 Available online 6 April 2007

Abstract This paper describes a numerical method for the full-range analysis of prestressed concrete exural members with unbonded tendons, taking into account the stress-path dependence of materials. The numerical results compare favourably with experimental results. Parametric studies are carried out to evaluate the inuence of loading type, spandepth ratio, combined reinforcement index (CRI), partial prestressing ratio, concrete compressive strength, and ratio of compressive reinforcement, etc. on the ductility behaviour. The results indicate that the curvature ductility factor of prestressed concrete members with unbonded tendons decreases with the increase of CRI. The curvature ductility factors for members with bonded and unbonded tendons for given values of CRI are also analyzed and compared. It is generally observed that when the CRI is between 0.15 and 0.20, the ductility factor of an unbonded member is close to that of the bonded one. Above this range of CRI the ductility factor of an unbonded member is higher than that of a bonded one, while below this range the ductility factor of an unbonded member is lower than that of a bonded one. c 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Ductility; Post-tensioning; Prestressed concrete; Unbonded tendons

1. Introduction The use of unbonded tendons is now common in prestressed concrete structures, and they may be in the form of internal or external tendons. With the increasing use of unbonded tendons in both new construction and retrotting of existing structures, there is the need for a closer look at their design and analysis. As the tendons and the surrounding concrete generally move with respect to each other, the stress increase in the tendons due to external loading subsequent to prestressing depends on the deformation of the whole member, and cannot be determined from the analysis of the cross section alone as in the case of bonded tendons. Many experimental and analytical studies have been carried out within the past ve decades for prediction of the exural resistance of prestressed concrete beams with unbonded tendons, which is closely related to the ultimate tendon stress at exural failure. However, there have been few investigations on the ductility of prestressed concrete members with unbonded tendons. In fact, ductility is as important as
Corresponding author. Tel.: +852 2859 2650; fax: +852 2559 5337.

exural resistance for a prestressed concrete member with unbonded tendons in order to assess its safety realistically. The present study aims to evaluate the exural ductility of prestressed concrete members with unbonded tendons, taking into account the stress-path dependence of materials. As the plastic hinges formed in a beam enter the post-peak stage, the other sections will be unloaded, and it is therefore necessary to consider the stress-path dependence. Using a nonlinear method of analysis, extensive parametric studies are carried out to evaluate the inuence of various parameters such as the loading type, the spandepth ratio, the effective reinforcement index, the partial prestressing ratio, the concrete compressive strength, and the ratio of compressive reinforcement on the ductility behaviour. 2. Ductility factor The ductility of a structural member is usually expressed in terms of a dimensionless ductility factor, which is the ratio of a kind of deformation at failure to that at yield. The curvature ductility factor used here is dened in terms of the ultimate curvature u and the curvature at rst yield y as

E-mail address: francis.au@hku.hk (F.T.K. Au). 0141-0296/$ - see front matter c 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.02.015

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strength f c , strain at peak stress co , and the stress f ci and strain ci at the inection point on the descending branch of the stressstrain curve. The in situ concrete strength f c can be obtained from the cylinder strength or cube strength by suitable conversion factors. The concrete stress c is related to the concrete strain c by A(c /co ) + B (c /co )2 c = fc 1 + ( A 2)(c /co ) + ( B + 1)(c /co )2 (2a)

in terms of parameters A and B . These parameters have been obtained by Attard and Stewart [4] as follows.
Fig. 1. Equivalent yield curvature y and maximum curvature u .

(a) For the ascending branch of the stressstrain curve: (1) A = E c co / f c ; B= (A 0.55 1)2 1. (2b) (2c)

= u / y .

The denitions of equivalent yield curvature and ultimate curvature as proposed by Park [1] for general cases of momentcurvature response are adopted in the present study. The ultimate curvature u is taken as the curvature of the section when the resisting moment has dropped to 85% of the peak resisting moment after reaching the peak (Fig. 1). The yield curvature y is taken as the curvature at the hypothetical yield point of an equivalent perfectly elasto-plastic system with an elastic stiffness equal to the secant stiffness of the section at 75% of the peak resisting moment and a yield moment equal to the peak resisting moment itself. This denition of ductility factor applies even if there is no obvious yield point identied as a kink on the momentcurvature curve. However, it is required to obtain the full-range behaviour at least covering the deformation up to the point where the moment drops to 85% of the peak moment. 3. Numerical analysis 3.1. Numerical model and material properties The numerical model adopted is based on the incremental deformation method as described by Au et al. [2] to evaluate the nonlinear response of partially prestressed concrete members with unbonded tendons. In addition, the present model can simulate the post-peak behaviour of the member and take into account the strain reversal in non-prestressed steel and concrete at the descending branches of the stressstrain curves. Analytical models of the stressstrain curves of constituent materials are used. An iteration procedure is implemented to satisfy compatibility and equilibrium at every step in the solution process. The assumptions adopted are: (1) plane sections remain plane after bending; (2) the constitutive relations for prestressing tendons, non-prestressed steel and concrete are known; (3) the friction between the concrete and prestressing tendons is neglected; and (4) the member has adequate shear strength. The stressstrain relationship for concrete in compression as proposed by Attard and Setunge [3] has been shown to be applicable to concrete strengths from 20 to 130 MPa, and is used in the study. The parameters to establish the equation include the modulus of elasticity of concrete E c , in situ concrete

(b) For the descending branch of the stressstrain curve: f ci (ci co )2 ; co ci ( f c f ci ) B = 0. A= (2d) (2e)

In the above equations, the values of E c , co , f ci and ci may be determined from E c = 4370( f c )0.52 ; co = 4.11( f c )
0.75

(2f) (2g) (2h) (2i)

/ Ec

f ci / f c = 1.41 0.17 ln( f c ); ci /c = 2.50 0.30 ln( f c )

where E c and f c are in MPa and co is dimensionless. The stressstrain relationship for concrete in tension is assumed to be linear with a slope equal to the elastic modulus in compression at zero stress. The tensile strength of concrete is taken as 0.1 f c . The contribution of concrete in tension after cracking is neglected. The model of Bahn and Hsu [5] for the unloading stressstrain relationship of concrete is adopted: unlo c unlo /co cp /co 1+ cp /co = 0.95 ; (3a) fc fc c /co cp /co cp c = 0.30 co co
2

(3b)

where unlo and unlo are respectively the stress and strain in concrete on unloading; c and c are respectively the stress and strain in concrete in Eq. (2a); cp is the residual plastic strain in concrete corresponding to unloading from point (c , c ); and co is concrete strain at peak stress f c . Fig. 2 shows typical loading and unloading curves adopted in the study. The non-prestressed steel is assumed to be perfectly elastoplastic as shown in Fig. 3. To cater for strain reversal, the stress-path dependence of the stressstrain relation is taken into account by assuming that the unloading path follows the initial elastic slope. When the steel strain s increases, the steel stress

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Fig. 4. Stressstrain relationship of prestressing tendons. Fig. 2. Stressstrain curve for concrete.

Fig. 5. Arrangement of elements along the beam for analysis.

3.2. Numerical procedures It is assumed that the symmetrically loaded beam also fails symmetrically with a plastic hinge formed at mid-span. For the analysis, half of the beam is subdivided into m beam elements (k = 1, 2, . . . , m ) as shown in Fig. 5. For convenience, the rst element (k = 1) at the centre of the beam is taken as the control element where the concrete strain at the top bre is increased by increments to simulate the applied loading or imposed displacement. The length of the control element is taken as half of the plastic hinge length l p , while the length of the other elements is about 0.5d p where d p is the depth to centroid of the prestressing tendon. Corleys expression for the plastic hinge length l p as modied by Mattock [8] is adopted, namely, l p = 0.5d p + 0.05 Z (8)

Fig. 3. Stressstrain relationship of non-prestressed steel allowing for stresspath dependence.

s is given by At elastic stage: s = E s s After yielding: s = f y (4a) (4b)

where E s is the modulus of elasticity and f y is the yield strength. On unloading after yielding, the steel stress s can be written in terms of the steel strain s and the residual strain sp as s = E s (s sp ) (5)

where the residual strain sp can be evaluated from the last strain increment as sp = s s / E s . (6)

The stressstrain formula for prestressing steel proposed by Menegotto and Pinto [6] was shown by Naaman [7] to be realistic, and it is adopted here. The stress ps is related to the strain p by ps = E p p { Q + (1 Q )/[1 + ( E p p /( K f py )) N ]1/ N } Q = ( f pu K f py )/( E p pu K f py ) (7a) (7b)

as shown in Fig. 4 where E p is the modulus of elasticity of prestressing steel; f py is the yield stress of prestressing steel; f pu and pu are the ultimate stress and strain of prestressing steel, respectively; and the empirical parameters N , K and Q are respectively 7.344, 1.0618 and 0.01174 for 7-wire strands of Grade 270 with ultimate tensile strength of 1863 MPa.

where Z is the shear span or the distance between the point of maximum moment and point of contra-exure. For each value of concrete strain at the top bre of the control element, a three-level iteration procedure is carried out to satisfy the following criteria: (1) equilibrium of forces across the depth of all beam elements; (2) equilibrium between the externally applied load and the internal moment resistance at each beam element; and (3) compatibility of the average strain and average elongation between the end anchorages of the unbonded prestressing tendons. The concrete strain at the top bre of the control element is increased monotonically until the moment at which the control element has experienced its peak moment and dropped to 85% of the peak value. The computer program written can cope with various cases including central point load, third-point loading and uniform loading as well as straight, harped and parabolic tendon proles. It can also conduct a ductility analysis of the corresponding bonded beam containing the same number of tendons as that of the unbonded one. It requires

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total ultimate load. The reinforcement was characterized by the combined reinforcement index (CRI) q0 at mid-span dened as q0 = A p f pe + As f y bd p f c (9)

Fig. 6. Simplied loaddeection curve for unbonded partially prestressed concrete beams.

the input of member and section dimensions, pattern of loading, reinforcement areas, tendon prole, material strength and stressstrain characteristics. The output includes the stress increment in tendons, equivalent yielding and ultimate curvatures, ductility factor, mid-span deection of the beam, etc. Unless otherwise stated, the spandepth ratio is the ratio of the span L to the effective depth d p at mid-span. 3.3. Verication of numerical results The numerical results are veried by comparison of the loaddeection curves with some experimental results. The loaddeection curves of most unbonded and bonded partially prestressed concrete beams clearly exhibit three stages as shown in Fig. 6, namely (a) elastic, (b) cracked-elastic and (c) plastic. The transition from the rst stage to the second stage is caused by cracking, while the transition to the third stage is caused by yielding of the non-prestressed steel. In the work of Du and Tao [9] on simply supported unbonded and bonded partially prestressed concrete beams, all the test beams were 160 mm 280 mm in cross section and were tested with thirdpoint loading over a 4200 mm span. The spandepth ratio was 19.1. The unbonded prestressed concrete beams were divided into three categories and each beam was designed for the nonprestressed steel to carry about 30%, 50% and 70% of the

where f pe is the effective stress in prestressed steel; f y is the yield strength of non-prestressed tension steel; f c is the compressive strength of concrete; A p is the cross-sectional area of prestressing steel; As is the cross-sectional areas of nonprestressed tension steel; b is the width of compression face of the beam; d p is the distance from extreme compression bre to centroid of prestressed steel. The 26 partially prestressed concrete beams were divided into four groups, namely Groups A, B, C and D, which were unbonded except for those in Group D. The beams in Groups A, B and C were classied according to the CRI q0 , namely low (q0 < 0.15), medium (0.15 < q0 < 0.25) and high (q0 > 0.25). The nine beams in Group A were reclassied into three categories, each containing three beams corresponding to the three different levels of q0 as stated above. Groups A and B were similar in that each beam in Group B was identical to one in Group A, except that the strengths of the prestressing steel and concrete in the former were higher. Group C consisted of four beams which were identical to Beams A-1, A-3, A-7 and A-9, except that cold stretched bars of higher strength were used instead of ordinary non-prestressed steel. The four beams in Group D were largely duplicates of their counterparts in Group A, except that those in Group D were bonded. Beam-D0 was an ordinary reinforced concrete beam. Beams D-1 and D-3 were bonded partially prestressed concrete beams while Beam D-10 was a fully prestressed beam. The loaddeection curves for Beams A-1, A-2 and A-3 in Group A and Beams D-1 and D3 in Group D are plotted in Fig. 7(a) and (b), respectively. It can be seen that the numerical results agree quite well with the experimental results. In the study by Campbell and Chouinard [10], six partially prestressed concrete beams with unbonded tendons having a section of 160 mm 280 mm and overall length of 3600 mm were tested under third-point loading. The span length was 3300 mm, and the spandepth ratio was 15. The study focused

(a) Unbonded beams.

(b) Bonded beams.

Fig. 7. Comparison of numerical results with experimental results of Du and Tao [9].

J.S. Du et al. / Engineering Structures 30 (2008) 1321 Table 1 Comparison of experimental and calculated values of ultimate tendon stress f ps and ultimate exural moment Mu of Campbell and Chouinard [10] Beam no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mean Standard deviation Ultimate tendon stress f ps Tested (MPa) Calculated (MPa) 1476 1467 1381 1348 1274 1269 1521 1461 1325 1382 1315 1272 Error (%) 3.0 0.4 4.1 2.5 3.2 0.2 0.8 2.8 Ultimate exural moment Mu Tested (kN m) Calculated (kN m) 45.5 63.3 81.1 98.0 105.5 120.0 46.7 58.5 71.8 91.5 102 117

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Error (%) 2.6 7.6 11.5 6.6 3.3 2.5 4.8 4.9

on the inuence of non-prestressed steel on the strength. Table 1 shows the experimental and computed results of ultimate tendon stress f ps and ultimate exural moment Mu . Good agreement is observed for the six beams tested. The average discrepancy of the computed values with respect to the measured values of ultimate tendon stress is 0.8% while the standard deviation of discrepancy is 2.8%. The corresponding discrepancies for ultimate exural strength have an average of 4.8% and a standard deviation of 4.9%. 4. Parametric studies Parametric studies were conducted on simply supported rectangular beams as shown in Fig. 8. Emphasis is placed on the parameters that may inuence the stress increase in prestressing tendons together with the curvature ductility factor at mid-span. They include a wide range of spandepth ratios ( L /d p = 545), three different load applications (central point, third-point and uniform), three tendon proles (straight, harped and parabolic), and numerous reinforcement and strength parameters. The partial prestressing ratio (PPR) and the compression steel index c dened as follows were adopted: PPR = c = A p f pe A p f pe + As f y As f y A p f pe + As f y (10) (11)

where As and f y are the cross-sectional areas and the yield strengths of non-prestressed compression steel, respectively. 4.1. Inuence of concrete compressive strength To study the inuence of concrete compressive strength on the curvature ductility factor of prestressed concrete members with unbonded tendons, a beam of spandepth ratio equal to 10, with straight tendon prole and loaded with third-point loading is chosen. Fig. 9(a)(d) illustrate the variation of curvature ductility factor with the CRI q0 for concrete compressive strengths of 30, 60 and 90 MPa. It is generally observed that at a given CRI q0 , the curvature ductility factor decreases as the concrete compressive strength increases. However, the trend is less signicant for the higher range of CRI and concrete compressive strength, such as when the CRI is greater than 0.15 and the concrete compressive strength is greater than 60 MPa. Taking as an example the case of PPR = 0.3 and f pe = 0.5 f pu as shown in Fig. 9(a), at CRI of 0.05, the curvature ductility factor of the beam with concrete strength 60 MPa is about 49% of that with concrete strength 30 MPa, while the curvature ductility factor of the beam with concrete strength 90 MPa is about 66% of that with concrete strength 60 MPa. When the CRI is increased to 0.15, the curvature ductility factor of the beam with concrete strength 60 MPa is about 54% of that with concrete strength 30 MPa, while the curvature ductility factor of the beam with concrete strength 90 MPa is about

Fig. 8. Prestressed concrete members studied: (a) tendon proles, (b) section.

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Fig. 9. Inuence of concrete compressive strength on ductility of unbonded members with straight tendons and L /d p = 10 under third-point loading: (a) PPR = 0.3, f pe = 0.5 f pu ; (b) PPR = 0.3, f pe = 0.6 f pu ; (c) PPR = 0.7, f pe = 0.6 f pu ; (d) PPR = 0.7, f pe = 0.7 f pu .

76% of that with concrete strength 60 MPa. It can therefore be concluded that at high values of CRI, the concrete compressive strength has limited inuence on the curvature ductility factor of prestressed concrete members with unbonded tendons. 4.2. Effect of effective prestress and PPR on ductility A beam of spandepth ratio equal to 10, with straight tendon prole and loaded with third-point loading, is again chosen. Figs. 10 and 11 show the variation of curvature ductility factor with CRI at different values of effective prestress f pe and PPR. It can be seen from Fig. 10 that the ductility factor increases slightly at given CRI as the effective prestress f pe increases. However, when the CRI is above 0.15, the variation of ductility factor with the change of effective prestress f pe is minimal. Fig. 11 demonstrates that the ductility factor decreases with the increase of PPR at given CRI. It is generally observed that the higher the CRI, the smaller the inuence of PPR. 4.3. Inuence of spandepth ratio, type of loading and tendon proles on ductility To illustrate the inuence of member spandepth ratio on the curvature ductility factor, members with a wide range of spandepth ratios are studied. While keeping the depth to straight prestressing tendons d p constant, the span length is varied to give spandepth ratios in the range of 545. In addition, the concrete compressive strength is taken as 60 MPa, with PPR = 0.7 and f pe = 0.7 f pu . Fig. 12(a)(c) show the variation of curvature ductility factor with spandepth ratio

under three different loading types. It can be observed from Fig. 12(a) that under third-point loading, for a given CRI, the spandepth ratio has almost no inuence on the curvature ductility factor. On the other hand, under central point loading and uniform loading as shown in Fig. 12(b) and (c) respectively, at the lower CRI value of q0 = 0.10, the curvature ductility factor increases by about 27% when the spandepth ratio increases from 5 to 15, and then remains constant thereafter. However, at higher CRI values of q0 = 0.20 and q0 = 0.30, the spandepth ratio has no signicant inuence on ductility. Fig. 12(d) shows the effect of three different loading types on the ductility factor for a member with straight tendon prole of spandepth ratio 15, f c = 60 MPa, PPR = 0.7 and f pe = 0.7 f pu . Everything else being equal, at a given CRI q0 , the curvature ductility factor of a prestressed concrete member with unbonded tendons under central point loading is higher than that under third-point loading by up to 30%, while the corresponding value of ductility factor for uniform loading is slightly lower than that for central point loading. Three tendon proles, namely straight, harped and parabolic tendons as shown in Fig. 8(a), are adopted to study the effect of different tendon proles on the curvature ductility factor. The results indicate that, at given CRI and load patterns, the three tendon proles considered have very little inuence on the curvature ductility factors. 4.4. Inuence of compression steel content on ductility To analyze the inuence of compression steel content on ductility, three compression steel indices, namely c = 0.0,

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Fig. 10. Effect of f pe on ductility of unbonded members with straight tendons and L /d p = 10 under third-point loading: (a) PPR = 0.3, f c = 60 MPa; (b) PPR = 0.3, f c = 90 MPa.

Fig. 11. Effect of PPR on ductility of unbonded members with straight tendons and L /d p = 10 under third-point loading: (a) f pe = 0.5 f pu , f c = 30 MPa; (b) f pe = 0.5 f pu , f c = 90 MPa.

Fig. 12. Effect of spandepth ratio and loading type on ductility of unbonded members with straight tendons: (a) third-point loading; (b) central point load; (c) uniform loading; (d) spandepth ratio = 15.

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Fig. 13. Inuence of compression steel content on ductility of unbonded members with straight tendons under third-point loading: (a) PPR = 0.3; (b) PPR = 0.7.

0.15 and 0.25, are used. Fig. 13(a) and (b) present the change of curvature ductility factor with CRI for the three compression steel indices. Neither a clear nor a consistent trend can be observed from Fig. 13 when c varies from 0.0 to 0.25. It is observed that when CRI is above 0.15, the compression steel index has almost no inuence on the ductility factor. However, a decrease in ductility factor of up to 28% can be observed for the CRI value of q0 = 0.05 when c increases from zero to 0.25. 5. Effect of bonding on ductility of members The effect of bonding on ductility of prestressed concrete members with straight tendon proles under third-point loading is evaluated. For a given value of CRI q0 , the corresponding curvature ductility factors for unbonded and bonded members

are analyzed and compared. Some of the typical results are plotted in Fig. 14(a)(d). It is found that, everything else being equal, the curvature ductility factors of both the unbonded and bonded members decrease with the increase of CRI q0 . It is generally observed that when CRI q0 is between 0.20 and 0.30, the ductility factor of the unbonded member is higher than that of the bonded one by about 10%15%. For CRI q0 between 0.15 and 0.20, the ductility factor of the unbonded member is close to that of the bonded one. For CRI q0 below 0.15, the ductility factor of the unbonded member is usually lower than that of the bonded one by about 10%15%. In the case of CRI q0 = 0.05, the ductility factor of the unbonded member can sometimes be lower than that of the bonded one by up to 30%. However, at such a low level of CRI, the ductility factor is well above what is normally considered adequate.

Fig. 14. Effect of bonding on ductility of members with straight tendons under third-point loading: (a) PPR = 0.3; (b) PPR = 0.7; (c) c = 0.15; (d) c = 0.25.

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6. Discussions and conclusions Based on the parametric studies carried out using the numerical method developed for full-range analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn concerning the ductility of prestressed concrete beams with unbonded tendons: (1) As the tendon stress f ps at nominal moment resistance of unbonded members is member-dependent, it cannot be determined directly from the analysis of a cross section by strain compatibility. The CRI q0 , which makes use of the effective prestress f pe instead, is more convenient for describing the exural ductility of unbonded members. It is observed that the curvature ductility factor of unbonded members decreases with the increase of CRI q0 . (2) For equal values of CRI q0 , the curvature ductility factor of an unbonded member decreases as the concrete compressive strength increases. However, the trend is less notable for the higher range of CRI and concrete compressive strength. At a given value of CRI q0 , the curvature ductility factor of an unbonded member decreases with the increase of PPR and effective prestress f pe . It is observed that the higher the CRI q0 is, the smaller is the inuence of PPR, the effective prestress f pe and the compression steel content. (3) Under third-point loading and at a given CRI q0 , the spandepth ratio has almost no effect on the curvature ductility factor of an unbonded member. On the other hand, under central point and uniform loading, the spandepth ratio has some effect on ductility only at low CRI and low spandepth ratio. (4) Everything else being equal, at a given CRI q0 , the curvature ductility factor of an unbonded member under central point load is higher than that under third-point loading by up to 30%, while the corresponding value of ductility factor under uniform loading is slightly lower than that under a central point load. (5) It is generally observed that when the CRI q0 is between 0.15 and 0.20, the ductility factor of an unbonded member is close to that of the bonded one. Above this range of CRI

q0 , the ductility factor of an unbonded member is higher; while below this range, the ductility factor of an unbonded member is lower but at such a low level of CRI the ductility factor is well above what is normally considered adequate. (6) The method presented enables the designer to assess the ductility of unbonded members reasonably accurately. Acknowledgements The work described in this paper has been partially supported by the Internal Award for CAS Membership of The University of Hong Kong and the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (RGC project no. HKU 7101/04E). References
[1] Park R. Ductility evaluation from laboratory and analytical testing. In: Proceedings of the 9th world conference on earthquake engineering, vol. VIII. 1988. p. 60516. [2] Au FTK, Du JS, Cheung YK. Service load analysis of unbonded partially prestressed concrete members. Magazine of Concrete Research 2005; 57(4):199209. [3] Attard MM, Setunge S. The stressstrain relationship of conned and unconned concrete. ACI Materials Journal 1996;93(5):43342. [4] Attard MM, Stewart MG. A two parameter stress block for high-strength concrete. ACI Structural Journal 1998;95(3):30517. [5] Bahn BY, Hsu CT. Stressstrain behavior of concrete under cyclic loading. ACI Materials Journal 1998;95(2):17893. [6] Menegotto M, Pinto PE. Method of analysis for cyclically loaded RC plane frames, including changes in geometry and non-elastic behavior or elements under combined normal force and bending. In: IABSE preliminary report for symposium on resistance and ultimate deformability of structures acted on by well-dened repeated loads. 1973. p. 1522. [7] Naaman AE. Partially prestressed concrete: Review and recommendations. PCI Journal 1985;30(6):3171. [8] Mattock AH. Discussion of rotational capacity of concrete beams by Corley, W. Journal of the Structural Division ASCE 1967;93(2):51922. [9] Du GC, Tao XK. Ultimate stress of unbonded tendons in partially prestressed concrete beams. PCI Journal 1985;30(6):7291. [10] Campbell TI, Chouinard KL. Inuence of non-prestressed reinforcement on the strength of unbonded partially prestressed concrete members. ACI Structural Journal 1991;88(5):54651.