1

2
3
4
Transformer Construction
Basic Component of single phase transformer
Laminated iron core
Primary winding
N
P
Secondary winding
N
S
Load Supply
5
Transformer
Configuration of single phase transformer
Primary
Winding
Secondary
Winding
Multi-layer
Laminated
Iron Core
X
1
X
2
H
1
H
2
Winding
Terminals
6
7
8
Transformer
Construction of a small transformer a) Lamination b) Iron core
and winding
Iron core
Terminals
Secondary
winding
Insulation
9
Transformer
Dry-type 3 phase
transformer
10
Transformer
Oil insulated type transformer with
cooling system
Winding
Iron core
behind the steel
bar
Radiator
Steel
tank
Insulation
Bushing
Metal bar
Exterior
porcelain tube
Interior
porcelain tube
Flange
Porcelain
transformer bushing
11
Transformer
High Voltage
Transformer with
Cooling System
Oil tank
Cooling
radiators
High voltage
bushing
Low voltage
bushing
12
Transformer Core Material
B(H) Magnetising Curve
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Magnetic Field Intensity, H (A-turn/m)
M
a
g
n
e
t
i
c

F
l
u
x

D
e
n
s
i
t
y
,

B

(
T
)

Cast Iron
Cast Steel
Ordinary Sheet Steel
Quality Sheet Steel
13
Transformer Magnetic Circuit
Transformer Polarity
0 5 10 15 20
100
0
100
V
p
t ( )
V
s
t ( )
t
milli s
0 5 10 15 20
100
0
100
V
p
t ( )
V
s
t ( )
t
milli s
H
1
H
2
X
2
X
1
V
p
V
s
H
1
H
2
X
2
X
1
V
p
V
s
(a)
(b)
14
Transformer Magnetic Circuit
Amperes Law
Flux Density
Flux

N
m
I
m
E
A
H N I
m m
=
H B =
A B =
Magnetic Circuit
15
Voltage Induced in a Transformer
Voltage Induced
Modifying the above equation:
Voltage Induced
dt
d
N E
m

=
( ) ( )
dt
I d N A N I
dt
d
N A
dt
H d
N A
dt
A B d
N E
m m m m
m m m

2

= |

\
|
= = =
dt
I d
L E
m
=
16
Transformer Inductance and
Magnetic Energy
Inductance
Magnetic Energy

2
m
N A
L

=
2
2
m
I L
Energy =
17
Core measurement
w = 3in, h = w, a = 1in, b
= 1.5in
Im = 2A, Nm = 20, f =
60Hz,
Magnetic path length
and area
Lm = 2 (w + a) + 2 (h + a)
Acore = a b
Magnetic field intensity
Rajah 13: Litar Magnetik
H
m
I
m
N
m

L
m
:=
H
m
98.425
A
m
=
Transformer Magnetic Circuit
Analysis
18
Magnetic Circuit
Transformer Magnetic Circuit
Analysis
Magnetic flux density
free space or air permeability
Magnetic flux intensity (H)
B
m

o

r
H
m
:=

o
4 10
7

H
m
:=
H
m
98.425
A
m
=
19
Transformer Magnetic Circuit Analysis
Magnetic flux
Or
Magnetising sinusoidal current

m
B
m
A
core
:=

m

o

r

A
core
N
m

L
m
I
m
:=
I
mag
t ( ) 2 I
m
cos t
( )
:=
20
Transformer Magnetic Circuit Analysis
Magnetic Flux a function of time
Maximum Flux :
Flux a function of time :

max
2
o

r

A
core
N
m

L
m

\
|
|

I
m
:=

mag
t ( )
o

r

A
core
N
m

L
m
2 I
m
cos t
( )

( )
:=

mag
t ( )
max
cos t
( )
:=
21
Voltage Induced in a Transformer
RMS Voltage
E
rms
N
m

max

2
:=
E
ind
t ( ) N
m
t

mag
t ( )
d
d
:=
E
ind
t ( ) N
m
t

max
cos t
( )

( )
d
d
:=
E
ind
t ( ) N
m

max
sin t
( )
:=
22
Voltage Induced in a Transformer
Voltage Induced
Voltage Induced :
E
rms
4.443 f N
m

max
:=
E
ind
t ( ) L
ind
t
I
mag
t ( )
d
d

N
m
t

mag
t ( )
d
d
L
ind
t
I
mag
t ( )
d
d

23
Transformer Inductance
L
ind
N
m

mag
t ( )
I
mag
t ( )
L
ind
N
m

rms

I
m
L
ind
N
m

max
cos t
( )

( )

2 I
m
cos t
( )

L
ind
N
m
2
o

r

A
core
N
m

L
m

\
|
|

I
m

(
(

2 I
m

:=
L
ind

o

r

A
core
N
m
2

L
m
:=
24
Typical Magnetising Curve B/H
Linear Region, material permeability is constant.
Knee region, material permeability almost reaching
saturation.
Saturation region.