Power System Stability

Summer 2000

5 Voltage Stability
or Load Stability Transient voltage stability Long term voltage stability (Partial) Voltage collapse Problems most articulated in developed power systems

Olof Samuelsson

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Basic phenomenon
1 High (reactive) loading reduces the voltage in an area 2 Temporary load reduction 3 Transfer capacity to the area is reduced 4 Load demand recovers 5 Voltage is further reduced 6 If there is no solution to load flow, the voltage collapses

Time scale: seconds to minutes

Olof Samuelsson

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Single load infinite bus

Voltage stability counterpart to single machine infinite bus

Taylor Example 2-2 with Fig. 2-7

Olof Samuelsson

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

PV curve
or Nose curve For constant power factor, how will the bus voltage vary with load level? Increase load level, load flow gives bus voltage Nose point for cos=1 at R=Xth P=0.5, V=0.7 Polar coordinates P/Q fixed, S variable P can be system, area or bus load Margin: Pre-contingency level post-contingency nose load Taylor Fig. 2-8 different PF

Olof Samuelsson

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Bottom of PV curve
On the lower side of the PV curve: increased load admittance reduces load power; adding a shunt capacitor reduces bus voltage; tap changers reduces voltage; stable for impedance load; unstable for constant power load.

Olof Samuelsson

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Mechanical PV analog
v 0 x i x P i v x

1 0.7

v1

v v2 P

Right angle corner will move on a circle Triangle area is P two solutions for each P Maximum power Pmax @ Vcrit, crit Vcrit=V1/sqrt(2) crit=45 Pmax =0.5V12/Xline Reactive voltage support corresponds to radial force

Olof Samuelsson

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Strength of power system

Short-circuit capacity kortslutningseffekt: Ssc=EthIscZth-1 Absolute value of how strong the system is at a bus

Short-circuit ratio SCR: SCR=Sequipment/Ssc Relative measure of how stiff the voltage is at bus: VEth(1-Q/Ssc) Rule of thumb for dimensioning reactive compensation.

Olof Samuelsson

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Analysis methods
Static methods for limits and location of problem area Circle diagram Q(P) PV curves V(P) (standard, not in Machowski) QV curves Q(V) Modal analysis of power flow Jacobian matrix Eigenvectors Participation Singular Value Decomposition

Dynamic methods for mechanism and course of events Detailed time simulation Quasi Steady State simulation (van Cutsem)

Olof Samuelsson

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

QV curves
For constant real power, how much reactive power injection at a bus is required to obtain a certain voltage there? Make bus PV and schedule P and V, load flow gives Q Rectangular coordinates P fixed, Q variable Q is bus injection Margin: Distance from bottom of curve up to operating point (Q=BSCV2 with BSC=0 if no compensation) Note: Q(V) in Machowski (Fig. 7.6) is upside down!

Taylor Fig. 2-9, different P

Olof Samuelsson

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Modal analysis
Modal analysis of power flow Jacobian matrix: Zero eigenvalue no load flow solution collapse Consensus: Eigenvalue magnitude has no meaning Eigenvector of smallest eigenvalue points out problem area and buses

Olof Samuelsson

10

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Stability criteria
Voltage stability margin PV Distance in load level change to collapse point QV Vertical distance: curve to Q=0 or Q=BSCV2 Stability indicators Smallest singular value of power flow Jacobian d(QSQL)/dV < 0 (in Machowski) dE/dV > 0 dQG/dQL > 0

Olof Samuelsson

11

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

EPRI Software
VSTAB Voltage Stability Analysis Program Off-line only PV and QV curves Modal analysis Contingency lists Load increase and generation dispatch Limiters and automatic controls

VSAT Voltage Security Assessment Tool On-line or off-line use Contingency screening and analysis Fast time domain (quasi steady state) simulation Transaction analysis Security margin

Olof Samuelsson

12

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Modeling considerations
Load models ZIP, dynamic Tap changers Generator current limiters Induction machines Thermostats

Olof Samuelsson

13

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Load behavior
Induction motors Constant Z in short time-scale Constant P in longer time-scale Time scale: seconds Dominate air conditioner behavior Heating with thermostatic control Constant Z in short time-scale Constant P or energy in longer time-scale Time scale: minutes Load diversity only average power is supplied Tap changers Controls low side voltage to nominal value Counteracts load relief Reduces stability margin if not blocked

Olof Samuelsson

14

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Load modeling
Load recovery common to induction motors, thermostatic loads and tap changers. Taylor Fig. 4-20

Hill-Karlsson load model captures dynamic restoration

p = x Pd = 1 x p + Ps (v) Pt (v) Tp

1 x p + Pt (v) Tp
s

v Ps (v) = P0 v0

v Pt (v) = P0 v0

Olof Samuelsson

15

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Field current limit

Thermal capacity makes temporary overload possible Limitation in three steps short time, medium and stationary At current limit: Constant terminal voltage Increased Zth reduced S
sc

constant field voltage

Margin to voltage collapse is reduced

Taylor Figs. 2-13, 14 Qgen0 at normal operation maximizes fast reactive reserves AVR control of high-side transformer voltage reduces Zth Harald Scherers work aims at explicit control of temperature

Olof Samuelsson

16

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Scenarios
All with an initial voltage reduction 1. Transient voltage stability (0-10 s): Induction motor stalling (wind parks) gives domino effect Loss of synchronism 2. Longer-term voltage stability (some minutes): Load recovery due to tap changer action Field current limiter action 3. Longer-term voltage stability (tens of minutes): Load buildup Loss of diversity among thermostatic loads

Olof Samuelsson

17

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Voltage collapse events

Date Location Time frame Transient, 1 s Transient, 2 s Transient, 4 s Transient, 10 s Longer term? 35 s Longer term, 55 s Longer term, 1-3 min Longer term, 1-3 min Longer term, 1-3 min Longer term, 1-3 min Longer term, minutes Longer term, 4-5 min Longer term, 6-7 min Longer term Longer term Longer term, 20 min Longer term, 26 min Longer term, 30 min 860413 Winnipeg, Canada, Nelson River HVDC link 861130 SE Brazil, Paraguay, Itaipu HVDC link 850517 S Florida, USA 870822 W Tennessee, USA 960702 Western USA 831227 Sweden 820902 Florida, USA 821126 Florida, USA 821228 Florida, USA 821230 Florida, USA 770922 Jacksonville, Florida 820804 Belgium 870112 Western France 651209 Bretagne, France 761110 Bretagne, France 870723 Tokyo, Japan 781219 France 700822 Japan

Olof Samuelsson

18

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Means for mitigation

Passive reactive compensation system more volatile Synchronous condensers and self-commutated power electronics may add reactive power independent of voltage (Under voltage) Load shedding (Stefan Arnborg, KTH) Tap blocking or reversal (voltage reduction) Temporary increased reactive output of generator Voltage regulation at the high side of the step up transformer Monitoring of reactive reserves in different areas

Olof Samuelsson

19

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Reactive compensation
Local compensation improves cos; transfer capacity is used for P.

Remote compensation remote voltage is increased; transfer capacity is used for P and Q; overvoltage at load rejection.

Use local compensation if possible do not transfer Q!

Olof Samuelsson

20

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Shunt compensation
Taylor Fig. 3-16

IEEE Tutorial Fig. Large-Disturbance Voltage Stability

Do not wait!

Olof Samuelsson

21

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Series compensation
Fixed or thyristor controlled capacitor in series with line

Reactive generation increases with current and load and makes reactive compensation self-regulating

Taylor Fig. 3-17

Olof Samuelsson

22

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

SVC
Static Var Compensator A Shunt Capacitor which is connected during a variable part of the 50 Hz period by thyristors Variable capacitance

PQ(V) characteristic Taylor Fig. 3-11

Olof Samuelsson

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