Experiment 11 Topic: Qualitative analysis Purpose: To determine the cations and anions of inorganic substances Theory: Chemical analysis

is the process by which we can find out the composition of substances by breaking down into constituents. Qualitative analysis is used to find the elements present in a given compound or mixture. Reactions of the cations and anions with specific reagents enable its identifying to be obtained. Qualitative analysis is used to separate and detect cations and anions in a sample substance. n an educational setting! it is generally true that the concentrations of the ions to be identified are all approximately "."# $ in an a%ueous solution. The &semimicro& level of %ualitative analysis employs methods used to detect #'( mg of an ion in ) m* of solution. +irst! ions are removed in groups from the initial a%ueous solution. ,fter each group has been separated! then testing is conducted for the individual ions in each group. -ere is a common grouping of cations: .roup : ,g/! -g((/! 0b(/ 0recipitated in # $ -Cl .roup : 1i2/! Cd(/! Cu(/! -g(/! 30b(/4! 5b2/ and 5b)/! 5n(/ and 5n6/ 0recipitated in ".# $ -(5 solution at p- ".) .roup : ,l2/! 3Cd(/4! Co(/! Cr2/! +e(/ and +e2/! $n(/! 7i(/! 8n(/ 0recipitated in ".# $ -(5 solution at p- 9 .roup :: 1a(/! Ca(/! ;/! $g(/! 7a/! 7-6/ 1a(/! Ca(/! and $g(/ are precipitated in ".( $ 37-64(C<2 solution at p- #"= the other ions are soluble $any reagents are used in %ualitative analysis! but only a few are involved in nearly every group procedure. The four most commonly used reagents are >$ -Cl! >$ -7<2! >$ 7a<-! >$ 7-2. ?nderstanding the uses of the reagents is helpful when planning an analysis.

Procedures: a4 5olids ;, # and ;, (are simple salts. The following experiments with solid ;, # carry out to identify its cations and anions. b4 Then! we are re%uired to plan and to carry out a few experiments to identify the cations and anions present in solid ;, (. n all experiments! the reagent should be added gradually until no further change is observed. The observations and the deductions make from them in the process provided. @educe what u can tell about ;, # and ;, (. <bservations should include details of colour changes! precipitates and tests on gases evolved and you should indicate clearly at which stage in a test a change occurs.

Tests on KA 1 Test #4 ,dd dilute hydrochloric acid to a small amount of solid ;, # and then warm gently (4 @issolve solid ;, # in distilled water and filter. ?se separate portions of the filtrate for tests 3 4 to 3 :4. . ,dd a%ueous sodium hydroxide! then in excess Cloudy Ahite precipitate Clear in excess <nly ,lB! 0bC! 8nC and 1aC dissolve and form white precipitate in a%ueous sodium hydroxide and become colourless when dissolve in excess in a%ueous sodium hydroxide <nly $gC! 0bC! 8nC and 1aC dissolve and form white precipitate in ammonia and no reaction when a%ueous ammonium chloride adds in. <bservations nsoluble in cold water 5oluble in hot water Cloudy @eductions *ead3 4 chloride! 0bCl = *ead3 4 bromide! 0b1r= *ead3 4 iodide! 0b and 1arium 3 4 chloride! 1aCl are insoluble in cold water but soluble in hot water

,dd a%ueous ammonia! then in excess followed by a%ueous ammonium

Cloudy Ahite precipitate 7o reaction in excess

chloride . ,dd a%ueous iron 3 4 chloride and then warm. :. ,dd a%ueous silver nitrate followed by dilute nitric acid 1rownish colour This substance cannot replace the iron 3 4 in the solution. t must be the substance under iron in the electrochemical series. This is the test for chloride ion! Cl. The substance will form white precipitate during this reaction. t can be concluded that chloride ion is present. This is the test for chloride ion! Cl.

-ave white precipitate

:. ,dd a%ueous disodium hydrogen phosphate ,dd a%ueous potassium chromate 3: 4 followed by dilute hydrochloric acid

-ave white precipitate

:.

Dellow Clear

0otassium chromate 3: 4 is the test for sulphate ion. n this test! the substances did not react with 0otassium chromate 3: 4 that means sulphate ions are absent.

dentify of ;, #: ;, # has reaction when add it into dilute hydrochloric acid and then warm gently. t becomes insoluble when it is cold. t also dissolves and form white precipitate in an a%ueous sodium hydroxide and become colourless when dissolve in excess a%ueous sodium hydroxide. ;, # will dissolve and form white precipitate in ammonia and no reaction when a%ueous ammonium chloride adds in. ;, # cannot replace the iron 3 4 in the solution. t must be the substances under the iron in electrochemical series. ;, # will form white precipitate during the reaction use to test the present of chloride ions. This positive result means the chloride ions are present. n this test! the substances did not react with 0otassium chromate 3: 4 that means sulphate ions are absent. ,s a conclusion! it may be lead 3 4 chloride! 0bCl .

Tests on KA 2 Test #4 ,dd dilute hydrochloric acid to a small amount of solid ;, ( and then warm gently <bservations 5oluble Reddish brown rritating smell @eductions This substance is soluble in hydrochloric acid. 1ased on the colour! only iron 3 4 is brown colour.

(4 @issolve solid ;, ( in distilled water and filter. ?se separate portions of the filtrate for tests 3 4 to 3 :4. . ,dd a%ueous sodium hydroxide! then in excess 5oluble in a little a%ueous sodium hydroxide 1rown precipitate 7o reaction in excess 5oluble in a little ammonia 1rown precipitate 7o reaction when a%ueous ammonia chloride <nly iron 3 4! +eB will form brown precipitate when a little a%ueous sodium hydroxide add in and no reaction when in an excess.

. ,dd a%ueous ammonia! then in excess followed by a%ueous ammonium chloride ,dd a%ueous iron 3 4 chloride and then warm.

<nly iron 3 4! +eB will form brown precipitate when a little a%ueous sodium hydroxide add in and no reaction when ammonium chloride adds in.

1rown precipitate ron 3 4! +eB shows brown colour.

,dd a%ueous silver nitrate

Ahite precipitate Dellow milky solution

This is the test for chloride ion! Cl. The substance will form white precipitate

followed by dilute nitric acid :. ,dd a%ueous disodium hydrogen phosphate :. ,dd a%ueous potassium chromate 3: 4 followed by dilute hydrochloric acid -ave white precipitate

during this reaction. t can be concluded that chloride ion is present. This is the test for chloride ion! Cl.

7o reaction

0otassium chromate 3: 4 is the test for sulphate ion. n this test! the substances did not react with 0otassium chromate 3: 4 that means sulphate ions are absent.

dentity of ;, (: ;, ( is soluble in hydrochloric acid. 1ased on the colour! only iron 3 4 is brown colour. <nly iron 3 4! +eB will form brown precipitate when in a little a%ueous sodium hydroxide add in and no reaction when in an excess. <nly iron 3 4! +eB will form brown precipitate when in a little ammonium chloride add in. ;, ( was been confirmed that it has iron 3 4! +eB because ;, ( will form white precipitate during the reaction use to test the present of chloride ions. This positive result means the chloride ions are present. 0otassium chromate 3: 4 is the test for sulphate ions. n this test! the substances did not react with 0otassium chromate 3: 4 that means sulphate ions are absent. ,s a conclusion! ;, ( may be is iron 3 4 chloride! +eCl . Discussion: #. 5odium hydroxide solution is a strong alkali! providing a high concentration of hydroxide ions. -ence! it is able to precipitate all the metal cations used. (. The weaker ammonia solution is unable to ioniEe fully to provide a high concentration of hydroxide ions needed to precipitate calcium ions. 2. Transition metal cations form coloured precipitate whereas non' transition metal cations form white precipitate. 6. ,%ueous silver nitrate followed by dilute nitric acid is used to test the present of the chloride ions! Cl. ). $ay be the test will not accurate because of the concentration of the solution! contaminated test tube used! the time we add the solution and the others.

Conclusion: Qualitative analysis is used to find the elements present in a given compound or mixture. Reactions of the cations and anions with specific reagents enable its identifying to be obtained.

REFLECTION

Im glad that this experiment has finished sucessfully. Firstly, I would like to thank our Chemistry lecturer,Madam.Habibah binti Buang , for all the guidance that she has shown throughout the experiment. Her guidance has indeed eased the process of completion of this assignment. I would also like to express our gratitude towards my partner andaroobini a!p "a#edran. $ithout her, this experiment would not be able to be finished on time and sucessfully. %ur dedication and cooperation ha&e made this experiment a success. I ha&e learned a lot of new knowledge after finished up the experiment. From this experiment I ha&e learned how to handle the corrosi&e substances such as strong acid and alkali with carefully. 'fter getting the outlines for the experiment, I did not really understand the topic gi&en. (he )ualitati&e analysis of cation and anion not clear to us. *o we asked our other friends about few details on the experiment. $hen duing this experiment I obser&ed carefully the changes occur when each substances add in unknown li)uid. I record the all the obser&ation and get some information from internet sources and books. It is extremely useful to know how to detect the presence of specific ions in an a)ueous solution. 'fter duing this experiment I able to co&er up all the cations and anions present in the unknown solution. I would like to also apologi+e to my friends if I,&e hurt their feelings in a way or another while doing this experiment.