Patagonia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Patagonia (disambiguation).

Map by the cartographer of the King of Spain, Juan de la Cruz Cano y Olmedilla, 1775 Patagonia is a region located at the southern end of South America, shared by Argentina and Chile. The region comprises the southern section of the Andes mountains to the southwest towards the Pacific Ocean and from the east of the mountain range to the valleys it follows the Colorado River south towards Carmen de Patagones in the Atlantic Ocean. To the west, it includes the territory of Valdivia through Tierra del Fuego archipelago.[1] The name Patagonia comes from the word patagn[2] used by Magellan in 1520 to describe the native people that his expedition thought to be giants. It is now believed that the people he called the Patagons were Tehuelches, who tended to be taller than Europeans of the time.[3][4] The Argentine portion of Patagonia includes the provinces of Neuqun, Ro Negro, Chubut and Santa Cruz, as well as the eastern portion of Tierra del Fuego archipelago and the southernmost department of Buenos Aires province: Patagones. The Argentine politicoeconomic Patagonic Region includes the Province of La Pampa.[5] As the 1775 map shown here indicates, the Chilean Aysn and Magallanes regions have long been regarded as part of Patagonia, including the west side of Tierra del Fuego and Cape Horn. More recently the government has included Palena Province in Los Lagos Region as part of Chilean Patagonia, and sometimes other parts of Valdivia and Llanquihue have been included as well.[6]

Contents

1 Population and land area o 1.1 Largest cities 2 Physical geography o 2.1 Geology 3 Political divisions 4 Climate 5 Fauna 6 History o 6.1 Pre-Columbian Patagonia (10,000 BC 1520 AD) o 6.2 Early European exploration and Spanish conquest attempts (15201584) 6.2.1 Patagonian giants: early European perceptions o 6.3 Scientific exploration (17641842) o 6.4 Chilean and Argentine expansion (18431902) 6.4.1 The Conquest of the Desert and the 1881 treaty 7 Economy o 7.1 Livestock o 7.2 Tourism o 7.3 Energy 8 Cuisine 9 Foreign land buyer's issue 10 Gallery 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links

Population and land area

This section requires expansion. (May 2013)
Patagonia

Regions

Eastern Patagonia Western Patagonia Tierra del Fuego

Ecoregions

Valdivian forests Magellanic forests Patagonian steppe

National parks

Laguna San Rafael Los Glaciares Nahuel Huapi Torres del Paine Alberto de Agostini Tierra del Fuego

Administrative division

Chile Palena Province Aisn Region Magallanes Region Argentina Neuqun Province Ro Negro Province Chubut Province Santa Cruz Province Tierra del Fuego Province

v t e

Country Area Population Density 2 Argentina 2,780,400 km 40,091,359 14.4 per km2 Chile 743,812 km2 16,601,707 22.3 per km2 Patagonia 1,043,076 km2 1,999,540 1.9 per km2
[7][8]

Largest cities
N. 1 City Neuqun Population 345 097 (Metropolitan Province / Region Neuqun Province Country Argentina

N.

City area)

Population

Province / Region

Country

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Comodoro Rivadavia Punta Arenas San Carlos de Bariloche Trelew Ro Gallegos General Roca Ro Grande Cipolletti

173 300 116 005 108 250[9] 99 201 97 742 85 883 67 038 79 097 80 101 56 956 50 041 52 704 39 848

Chubut Province Magallanes Region Ro Negro Province Chubut Province Santa Cruz Province Ro Negro Province Tierra del Fuego Province Ro Negro Province Chubut Province Tierra del Fuego Province Aysn Region Ro Negro Province Chubut Province

Argentina Chile Argentina Argentina Argentina Argentina Argentina Argentina Argentina Argentina Chile Argentina Argentina

10 Puerto Madryn 11 Ushuaia 12 Coyhaique 13 Viedma 14 Esquel

Physical geography
See also: Geography of Argentina and Geography of Chile Argentine Patagonia is for the most part a region of steppelike plains, rising in a succession of 13 abrupt terraces about 100 metres (330 feet) at a time, and covered with an enormous bed of shingle almost bare of vegetation.[1] In the hollows of the plains are ponds or lakes of fresh and brackish water. Towards the Andes, the shingle gives place to porphyry, granite, and basalt lavas, animal life becomes more abundant and vegetation more luxuriant. It is characteristic of the flora of the western coast, and consist principally of southern beech and conifers. The high rainfall against the western Andes (Wet Andes) and the low sea surface temperatures offshore give rise to cold and humid air masses, contributing to the ice-fields and glaciers, the largest ice-fields in the Southern hemisphere outside of Antarctica.[1] Among the depressions by which the plateau is intersected transversely, the principal are the Gualichu, south of the Ro Negro, the Maquinchao and Valcheta (through which

previously flowed the waters of Nahuel Huapi Lake, which now feed the river Limay); the Senguerr (spelled Senguer on most Argentine maps and within the corresponding region), the Deseado River. Besides these transverse depressions (some of them marking lines of ancient inter-oceanic communication), there are others which were occupied by more or less extensive lakes, such as the Yagagtoo, Musters and Colhue Huapi, and others situated to the south of Puerto Deseado, in the centre of the country. In the central region volcanic eruptions, which have taken part in the formation of the plateau during the Cenozoic, cover a large part of the land with basaltic lava-caps; and in the western third, more recent glacial deposits appear above the lava. There, in contact with folded Cretaceous rocks, uplifted by the Cenozoic granite, erosion, caused principally by the sudden melting and retreat of the ice, aided by tectonic changes, has scooped out a deep longitudinal depression. It generally separates the plateau from the first lofty hills, the ridges generally called the pre-Cordillera. To the west of these, a similar longitudinal depression extends all along the foot of the snowy Andean Cordillera. This latter depression contains the richest and most fertile land of Patagonia. Lake basins along the Cordillera were also excavated by ice-streams, including Lake Argentino and Lake Fagnano, as well as coastal bays such as Baha Intil.[1]

Geology
The geological constitution is in accordance with the orographic physiognomy. The Cenozoic plateau, flat on the east, gradually rising on the west, shows Upper Cretaceous caps at its base. First come Lower Cretaceous hills raised by granite and dioritic rocks, undoubtedly emplaced during the Cenozoic, as in some cases these rocks have broken across the Cenozoic beds, so rich in mammal remains; then follow, on the west, metamorphic schists of uncertain age; then quartzites appear, resting directly on the primitive granite and gneiss which form the axis of the Cordillera. Porphyritic rocks occur between the schists and the quartzites. The Cenozoic deposits are greatly varied in character, and there is considerable difference of opinion concerning the succession and correlation of the beds. They are divided by Wilckensi into the following series (in ascending order): 1. Pyrotherium-Notostylops beds. Of terrestrial origin, containing remains of mammalia. Eocene and Oligocene. 2. Patagonian Molasse. Partly marine, partly terrestrial. Lower Miocene. 3. Santa Cruz series. Containing remains of mammals. Middle and Upper Miocene. 4. Paran series. Sandstones and conglomerates with marine fossils. Pliocene. Confined to the eastern part of the region. The Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits have revealed a most interesting vertebrate fauna. This, together with the discovery of the perfect cranium of a chelonian of the genus Myolania, which is almost identical with Myolania oweni of the Pleistocene age in Queensland, forms an evident proof of the connection between the Australian and South American continents. The Patagonian Myolania belongs to the Upper Chalk, having been found associated with remains of Dinosauria. Fossils of the mid-Cretaceous Argentinosaurus, which may be the largest of all dinosaurs, have been found in Patagonia, and a model of the mid-Jurassic Piatnitzkysaurus graces the concourse of the Trelew airport (the skeleton is in the Trelew paleontological museum). Of more than paleontological

interest,[10] the middle Jurassic Los Molles formation and the still richer late Jurassic (Tithonian) and early Cretaceous (Berriasian) Vaca Muerta formation above it in the Neuqun basin are reported to contain huge hydrocarbon reserves (mostly gas in Los Molles, both gas and oil in Vaca Muerta) partly accessible through hydraulic fracturing.[11] Other specimens of the interesting fauna of Patagonia, belonging to the Middle Cenozoic, are the gigantic wingless birds, exceeding in size any hitherto known, and the singular mammal Pyrotherium, also of very large dimensions. In the Cenozoic marine formation, a considerable number of cetaceans has been discovered. In deposits of much later date, formed when the landscape of the country did not differ materially from that of the present time, there have been discovered remains of pampean mammals, such as Glyptodon and Macrauchenia. In a cave near ltima Esperanza Sound, a gigantic ground sloth (Grypoiherium listai) was found, an animal which lived contemporaneously with humans. Its skin, well preserved, showed that its extermination was very recent (in geological time). With the remains of Grypotherium have been found those of the horse (Hippidion), which are known only from the lower pampas mud, and of the Arciotherium, which is found, although not in abundance, in even the most modern Pleistocene deposits in the pampas of Buenos Aires. This latter animal may still survive as footprintsattributed to it, have been observed on the borders of the rivers Tamangoand Pista, affluents of the Las Hefas, which run through the eastern foot-hills of the Cordillera in 47S.[citation needed] Glaciers occupy the valleys of the main chain and some of the lateral ridges of the Andean Cordillera. In general these glaciers flow into lakes towards the East and into Pacific Ocean fjords towards the West. Some of the larger lakes located to the east of the glaciated Cordillera include; General Carrera Lake, Cochrane/Pueyrredn Lake, O'Higgins/San Martn Lake, Lake Viedma, Argentino Lake and many other smaller lakes. In turn, some of these lakes, as is the case with the first three mentioned, drain into the Pacific Ocean through short mountainous rivers. The latter two lakes flow to the Atlantic Ocean through longer and slower moving rivers. These glacial lakes are often strewn with many icebergs. In Patagonia an immense ice-sheet extended to the east of the present Atlantic coast at the close of the Cenozoic era, while, during more recent glaciation, the terminal moraines have generally stopped, 50 kilometers (30 mi) in the north and 80 kilometers (50 mi) in the south, east of the summit of the Cordillera. These ice-sheets, which scooped out the greater part of the longitudinal depressions, and appear to have rapidly retreated to the point where the glaciers now exist, did not, however, in their retreat fill up with their detritus the fjords of the Cordillera, for these are now occupied by deep lakes on the east, and on the west by the Pacific channels, some of which are as much as 460 m (1,510 ft) in depth, and soundings taken in them show that the fjords are as usual deeper in the vicinity of the mountains than to the west of the islands. Several of the high peaks are still active volcanoes. Geologists believe that Patagonia was at one time a portion of the Antarctic continent, the permanence of which dates from very recent times. Islets arose around Chilo in relatively recent times, and the character of the pampean formation are evidence of this. Some of the promontories of Chilo are still called huapi, the Araucanian equivalent for "islands." This may refer to the time, told in oral histories, when they were islands. They are composed of caps of shingle, with great, more or less rounded boulders, sand and volcanic ashes,

precisely of the same form as occurs on the Patagonian plateau. From an examination of the pampean formation, it is evident that in recent times the land of the province of Buenos Aires extended farther to the east. The advance of the sea, and the salt water deposits left by it when it retired, formed some of the lowlands that occur on the littoral and in the interior of the pampas, which are much more recent phenomena. Certain caps of shingle are derived from rocks of a different class from those of the neighboring hills, and that, instead are observed on the Atlantic coasts of the same province. As they increase in quantity and size towards the south, they seem to indicate that the caps of shingle which now cover such a great part of the Patagonian territory recently extended farther to the east, over land which has now disappeared beneath the sea. Other marine deposits along the same coasts became converted into bays during the subsequent advance of the sea. Near the present coast are deposits of volcanic ashes, and the ocean deposits on shore blocks of basaltic lava, which likely came from eruptions of submerged volcanoes now extinct. The remains of pampean mammals have been found in Pleistocene deposits in the bay of Puerto San Julian and in Santa Cruz. The animals are believed to have reached these localities from the east; it is not probable that they advanced from the north southwards across the plateau, as it was intersected at that time by great rivers and covered by the icesheet. With the exception of the discoveries at the inlet of Ultima Esperanza, which is in close communication with the Atlantic valley of Ro Gallegos, none of these remains has been discovered in the Andean regions.

Political divisions
At a state level Patagonia is divided between two countries - Chile and Argentina. Each of these countries has organized its Patagonian territories in non-equivalent administrative subdivisions: Provinces and departments in Argentina and regions, provinces and communes in Chile. Being an unitarian state Chile's first level administrative division -the regions - enjoys far less autonomy than Argentine provinces. Argentina provinces have elected governors and parliaments while Chilean regions have government appointed intendants. The Patagonian Provinces of Argentina are Neuqun, Ro Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego. The southernmost part of Buenos Aires Province can also be considered part of Patagonia. Aysn and Magallanes are two Chilean regions undisputably fully located in Patagonia. Palena Province, a part of Los Lagos Region is located within Patagonia. By some definitions Chilo Archipelago, the rest of Los Lagos Region and part of Los Ros Region are part of Patagonia.

Climate
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011) See also: Climate of Chile

Overall climate is cool and dry. The east coast is warmer than the west, especially in summer, as a branch of the southern equatorial current reaches its shores, whereas the west coast is washed by a cold current. However, winters are colder on the inland plateaus east of the slopes and further down the coast on the south east end of the Patagonian region. For example at Puerto Montt, on the inlet behind Chilo Island, the mean annual temperature is 11 C (52 F) and the average extremes 25.5 C (77.9 F) and 1.5 C (29.3 F), whereas at Baha Blanca near the Atlantic coast and just outside the northern confines of Patagonia the annual temperature is 15 C (59 F) and the range much greater, as temperatures above 35 C and below 5 C are recorded every year. At Punta Arenas, in the extreme south, the mean temperature is 6 C (43 F) and the average extremes 24.5 C (76.1 F) and 2 C (28 F). The prevailing winds are westerly, and the westward slope has a much heavier precipitation than the eastern in a rainshadow effect;[1] the western islands close to Torres del Paine receive an annual precipitation of 4,000 to 7,000 mm, whilst the eastern hills are less than 800 mm and the plains may be as low as 200 mm annual precipitation.[1] Precipitation is highly seasonal in northwestern Patagonia (for example, Villa La Angostura, in Argentina and right next to Chile, receives up to 434 mm of rain and snow in May, 297 mm in June, 273 in July, compared to 80 in February and 72 in March. The total for the city is 2074 mm, making it one of the rainiest in Argentina. Further west, some areas receive up to 4,000 mm and more, especially on the Chilean side. In the northeast, the seasons for rain are reversed: most rain falls from occasional summer thunderstorms, but totals barely reach 500 m in the northeast corner, and rapidly decrease to less than 300 mm. The Patagonian west coast, which belongs exclusively to Chile, has a cool oceanic climate, with summer temperatures ranging from 14 C in the south to 19 C in the north (and nights between 5 C and 11 C) and very high precipitation, from 2,000 to more than 7,000 mm in local micro-climates. Snow is uncommon at the coast in the north, but happens more often in the south, and frost is usually not very intense. Immediately east from the coast are the Andes, cut by deep fjords in the south and by deep lakes in the north, and with varying temperatures according to the altitude. The tree line ranges from close to 2,000 m on the northern side (except for the Andes in northern Neuquen in Argentina, where sunnier and dryer conditions allow trees to grow up to close to 3,000 m), and diminishes southward to only 600800 m in Tierra del Fuego. Precipitation changes dramatically from one spot to the other, and diminishes very quickly eastward. An example of this is Laguna Fras, in Argentina, receives 4,400 mm yearly. The city of Bariloche, about 40 km further east, receives about 1,000 mm, and the airport, another 15 km east, receives less than 600 mm. The easterly slopes of the Andes are home to several Argentine cities: San Martn de los Andes, Bariloche, El Bolsn, Esquel, El Calafate. Temperatures there are milder in the summer (in the north, between 20 C and 24 C, with cold nights between 4 C and 9 C; in the south, summers are between 16 C and 20 C, at night temperatures are similar to the north) and much colder in the winter, with frequent snowfall (although snow cover rarely lasts very long). Daytime highs range from 3 C to 9 C in the north, and from 0 C to 7 C in the south, whereas nights range from 5 C to 2 C everywhere. Cold waves can bring much colder values: -21 C have been recorded in Bariloche, and most places can often see temperatures between 12 C and 15 C and highs staying around 0 C for a few days. Directly east of these areas, the weather becomes much harsher: precipitation drops to between 150 and 300 mm, the mountains no longer protect the cities from the wind, and

temperatures become more extreme. Maquinchao is a couple hundred kilometers east of Bariloche, at the same altitude on a plateau, and summer daytime temperatures are usually about 5 C warmer, rising up to 35 C sometimes, but winter temperatures are much more extreme: the record is 35 C, and it is not uncommon to see some nights 10 C colder than Bariloche. The plateaus in Santa Cruz province and parts of Chubut usually have snow cover through the winter, and often experience very cold temperatures. In Chile, the city of Balmaceda is known for being situated in this region (which is otherwise almost exclusively in Argentina), and for being the coldest place in Chile, with temperatures below 20 C every once in a while. The northern Atlantic coast has warm summers (28 C to 32 C, but with relatively cool nights at 15 C) and mild winters, with highs of about 12 C and lows about 23 C. Occasionally, temperatures reach 10 C or 40 C, and rainfall is very scarce. It only gets a bit colder further south in Chubut, and the city of Comodoro Rivadavia has summer temperatures of 24 C to 28 C, nights of 12 C to 16 C, and winters with days around 10 C and nights around 3 C, and less than 250 mm of rain. However, there is a drastic drop as we move south to Santa Cruz: Rio Gallegos, in the south of the province, has summer temps of 17 C to 21 C, (nights between 6 C and 10 C) and winter temperatures of 2 C to 6 C, with nights between 5 C and 0 C despite being right on the coast. Snowfall is common despite the dryness, and temperatures are known to fall to under 18 C and to remain below freezing for several days in a row. Rio Gallegos is also among the windiest places on Earth, with winds reaching 100 km h occasionally. Tierra del Fuego is extremely wet in the west, relatively damp in the south, and dry in the north and east. Summers are cold (13 C to 18 C in the north, 12 C to 16 C in the south, with nights generally between 3 C and 8 C), cloudy in the south, and very windy. Winters are dark and cold, but without extreme temperatures in the south and west (Ushuaia rarely reaches 10 C, but hovers around 0 C for several months, and snow can be heavy). In the east and north, winters are much more severe, with cold snaps bringing temperatures down to 20 C all the way to Rio Grande on the Atlantic coast. Snow can fall even in the summer in most areas as well. The depletion of the ozone layer over the South Pole has been reported as being responsible for blindness and skin cancer in sheep in Tierra del Fuego, and concerns for human health and ecosystems.[12]

Fauna
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010)

Black-browed Albatross, near Ushuaia The guanaco, the cougar, the Patagonian Fox (Lycalopex griseus), the Patagonian Hognosed Skunk (Conepatus humboldtii), and the Magellanic Tuco-tuco (Ctenomys magellanicus; a subterranean rodent) are the most characteristic mammals of the Patagonian plains. The guanaco roam in herds over the country and form with the Darwin's Rhea (Rhea pennata) formerly the chief means of subsistence for the natives, who hunted them on horseback with dogs and bolas. Vizcachas (Lagidum spp.) and the Patagonian Mara (Dolichotis patagonum) are also characteristic of the steppe and the Pampas to the north. Bird-life is often abundant. The Southern Caracara (Caracara plancus) is one of the characteristic objects of a Patagonian landscape; the presence of Austral Parakeets (Enicognathus ferrugineus) as far south as the shores of the strait attracted the attention of the earlier navigators; and Green-backed Firecrowns (Sephanoides sephaniodes), a species of hummingbird, may be seen flying amidst the falling snow. Of the many kinds of waterfowl it is enough to mention the Chilean Flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis), the Upland Goose (Chloephaga picta), and in the strait the remarkable steamer ducks. Signature marine fauna include the Southern right whale, the Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus), the Orca and elephant seals. The Valds Peninsula is a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its importance as a nature reserve.

History
See also: History of Argentina, History of Chile, and Argentina-Chile relations

Pre-Columbian Patagonia (10,000 BC 1520 AD)

Human habitation of the region dates back thousands of years, with some early archaeological findings in the area dated to at least the 13th millennium BC, although later dates of around the 10th millennium BC are more securely recognized. There is evidence of human activity at Monte Verde in Llanquihue Province, Chile dated to around 12,500 BC.[1] The glacial period ice-fields and subsequent large meltwater streams would have made settlement difficult at that time. The region seems to have been inhabited continuously since 10,000 BC, by various cultures and alternating waves of migration, the details of which are as yet poorly understood. Several sites have been excavated, notably caves such as Cueva del Milodon[13] in ltima Esperanza in southern Patagonia, and Tres Arroyos on Tierra del Fuego, that support this date.[1] Hearths, stone scrapers, animal remains dated to 94009200 BC have been found east of the Andes.[1]

Cueva de las Manos site in Santa Cruz, Argentina The Cueva de las Manos is a famous site in Santa Cruz, Argentina. A cave at the foot of a cliff, it has wall paintings, particularly the negative images of hundreds of hands, believed to date from around 8000 BC.[1] Among tribes living on the eastern plains hunting of guanaco was the most important activity, and rhea (and) to a lesser extent, it appears from artifacts.[1] It is unclear whether the megafauna of Patagonia, including the ground sloth and horse, were extinct in the area before the arrival of humans, although this is now the more widely accepted account. It is also not clear if domestic dogs were part of early human activity. Bolas are commonly found and were used to catch guanaco and rhea.[1] A maritime tradition existed along the Pacific coast; whose latest exponents were the Ymana to the south of Tierra del Fuego, the Kaweshqar between Taitao Peninsula and Tierra del Fuego and the Chonos in the Chonos Archipelago. The indigenous peoples of the region included the Tehuelches, whose numbers and society were reduced to near extinction not long after the first contacts with Europeans. Tehuelches included the Gununa'kena to the north, Mecharnuekenk in south central Patagonia and the Aonikenk or Southern Tehuelche in the far South, north of the Magellan channel. On Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, the Selk'nam (Ona) and Haush (Mannekenk) lived in the north and south east respectively. In the archipelagos to the south of Tierra del Fuego were Ymana, with the Kawskar (Alakaluf) in the coastal areas and islands in western Tierra del Fuego and the south west of the mainland.[1] In the Patagonian archipelagoes north of Taitao Peninsula lived the Chonos. These groups were encountered in the first periods of European contact with different lifestyles, body decoration and language, although it is unclear when this configuration emerged. Around 1000 BC, Mapuche-speaking agriculturalists penetrated the western Andes and from there across into the eastern plains and down to the far south. Through confrontation and technological ability, they came to dominate the other peoples of the region in a short period of time, and are the principal indigenous community today.[1] The Tehuelche model of domination through technological superiority and armed confrontation was later repeated as Europeans implemented a succeeding but conceptually identical cycle, essentially replacing the position of the former dominators with a new, albeit predominately European class.[citation needed]

Early European exploration and Spanish conquest attempts (15201584)

Nao Victoria, the replica of the first ship to pass through the Strait of Magellan The region of Patagonia was first mentioned in European accounts in 1520 by the expedition of Ferdinand Magellan, who on his passage along the coast named many of the more striking features San Matas Gulf, Cape of 11,000 Virgins (now simply Cape Virgenes), and others. It is also possible that earlier navigators such as Amerigo Vespucci had reached the area (his own account of 1502 has it that he reached its latitudes), however his failure to accurately describe the main geographical features of the region such as the Ro de la Plata casts some doubt on whether he really did so. Magellan's fleet spent a difficult winter at what he named Puerto San Julin before resuming his voyage further south on August 21, 1520. During this time he encountered the local inhabitants, likely to be Tehuelche people, described by his reporter, Antonio Pigafetta, as giants called Patagons.[14] Rodrigo de Isla, sent inland in 1535 from San Matas by Simn de Alcazaba Sotomayor (on whom western Patagonia had been conferred by Carlos V of Spain), is presumed to have been the first European to have traversed the great Patagonian plain. If the men under his charge had not mutinied, he might have been able to cross the Andes to reach the Chilean side. Pedro de Mendoza, on whom the country was next bestowed, founded Buenos Aires, but did not venture to the south. Alonzo de Camargo (1539), Juan Ladrilleros (1557) and Hurtado de Mendoza (1558) helped to make known the western coasts, and Sir Francis Drake's voyage in 1577 down the eastern coast through the strait and northward by Chile and Peru was memorable, yet the description of the geography of Patagonia owes more to Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa (15791580), who, devoting himself especially to the southwest region, made careful and accurate surveys. The settlements which he founded at Nombre de Dios and San Felipe were neglected by the Spanish government, the latter being abandoned before Thomas Cavendish visited it in 1587 and so desolate that he called it Port Famine. After the discovery of the route across Cape Horn the Spanish Empire lost interest in any further conquests in southern Patagonia, although it maintained its claim of a de jure sovereignty over the area.

In 1669, the district around Puerto Deseado, explored by John Davis about the same period, was claimed by Sir John Narborough for King Charles II of England. Patagonian giants: early European perceptions The first European explorers of Patagonia observed that the indigenous people in the region were taller than the average Europeans of the time, prompting some of them to believe that Patagonians were giants. According to Antonio Pigafetta,[2] one of the Magellan expedition's few survivors and its published chronicler, Magellan bestowed the name "Patago" (or Patagn) on the inhabitants they encountered there, and the name "Patagonia" for the region. Although Pigafetta's account does not describe how this name came about, subsequent popular interpretations gave credence to a derivation meaning 'land of the big feet'. However, this etymology is questionable. The term is most likely derived from an actual character name, "Patagn", a savage creature confronted by Primalen of Greece, the hero in the homonymous Spanish chivalry novel (or knight-errantry tale) by Francisco Vzquez.[15] This book, published in 1512, was the sequel of the romance "Palmern de Oliva," much in fashion at the time, and a favourite reading of Magellan.[16] Magellan's perception of the natives, dressed in skins, and eating raw meat, clearly recalled the uncivilized Patagn in Vzquez's book. Novelist and travel writer Bruce Chatwin suggests etymological roots of both Patagon and Patagonia in his book, In Patagonia,[17] noting the similarity between "Patagon" and the Greek word ,[18] which means "a roaring" or "gnashing of teeth" (in his chronicle, Pigafetta describes the Patagonians as "roaring like bulls").

1840s illustration (somewhat idealised) of indigenous Patagonians from near the Straits of Magellan; from "Voyage au pole sud et dans l'Ocanie ....." by French explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville The main interest in the region sparked by Pigafetta's account came from his reports of their meeting with the local inhabitants, whom they claimed to measure some nine to twelve feet in height "...so tall that we reached only to his waist", and hence the later idea that Patagonia meant "big feet". This supposed race of Patagonian giants or Patagones entered into the common European perception of this little-known and distant area, to be further fuelled by subsequent reports of other expeditions and famous-name travellers like Sir Francis Drake, which seemed to confirm these accounts. Early charts of the New World sometimes added the legend regio gigantum ("region of the giants") to the Patagonian area. By 1611 the Patagonian god Setebos (Settaboth in Pigafetta) was familiar to the hearers of The Tempest.

The concept and general belief persisted for a further 250 years, and was to be sensationally re-ignited in 1767 when an "official" (but anonymous) account was published of Commodore John Byron's recent voyage of global circumnavigation in HMS Dolphin. Byron and crew had spent some time along the coast, and the publication (Voyage Round the World in His Majesty's Ship the Dolphin) seemed to give proof positive of their existence; the publication became an overnight best-seller, thousands of extra copies were to be sold to a willing public, and other prior accounts of the region were hastily republished (even those in which giant-like folk were not mentioned at all). However, the Patagonian giant frenzy was to die down substantially only a few years later, when some more sober and analytical accounts were published. In 1773 John Hawkesworth published on behalf of the Admiralty a compendium of noted English southern-hemisphere explorers' journals, including that of James Cook and John Byron. In this publication, drawn from their official logs, it became clear that the people Byron's expedition had encountered were no taller than 6-foot-6-inch (1.98 m), very high but by no means giants. Interest soon subsided, although awareness of and belief in the myth persisted in some quarters even up into the 20th century.[19]

Scientific exploration (17641842)

In the second half of the 18th century, European knowledge of Patagonia was further augmented by the voyages of the previously mentioned John Byron (17641765), Samuel Wallis (1766, in the same HMS Dolphin which Byron had earlier sailed in) and Louis Antoine de Bougainville (1766). Thomas Falkner, a Jesuit who resided near forty years in those parts, published his Description of Patagonia (Hereford, 1774); Francisco Viedma founded El Carmen, nowadays Carmen de Patagones and Antonio settled the area of San Julian Bay, where he founded the colony of Floridablanca and advanced inland to the Andes (1782). Basilio Villarino ascended the Rio Negro (1782). Two hydrographic surveys of the coasts were of first-rate importance: the first expedition (18261830) including HMS Adventure and HMS Beagle under Phillip Parker King, and the second (18321836) being the voyage of the Beagle under Robert FitzRoy. The latter expedition is particularly noted for the participation of Charles Darwin who spent considerable time investigating various areas of Patagonia onshore, including long rides with gauchos in Ro Negro, and who joined FitzRoy in a 200 miles (320 kilometres) expedition taking ships boats up the course of the Santa Cruz river.

Chilean and Argentine expansion (18431902)

In the early 19th century the araucanization of the natives of northern Patagonia intensified and a lot of Mapuches migrated to Patagonia to live as nomads raising cattle or pillaging the Argentine countryside. The cattle stolen in the incursions (malones) would later be taken to Chile through the mountain passes and traded for goods, especially alcoholic beverages. The main trail for this trade was called Camino de los chilenos and run a length of about 1000 km from the Buenos Aires Province to the mountain passes of Neuqun Province. The lonco Calfucur crossed the Andes from Chile to the Pampas around 1830 after a call from the governor of Buenos Aires, Juan Manuel de Rosas, to fight the Boroanos tribe. In 1859 he attacked Baha Blanca in Argentina with 3,000 warriors. As in the case of Calfucura many other bands of Mapuches got involved the internal conflicts of

Argentina until Conquest of the Desert. To counter the cattle raids a trench called Zanja de Alsina was built by Argentina in the pampas in the 1870s. In the mid-19th century the newly independent nations of Argentina and Chile began an aggressive phase of expansion into the south, increasing confrontation with the indigenous populations. In 1860, a French adventurer Orelie-Antoine de Tounens proclaimed himself king of The Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia of the Mapuche.

Map of the advance of the Argentina frontier until the establishment of zanja de Alsina Following the last instructions of Bernardo O'Higgins, the Chilean president Manuel Bulnes sent an expedition to the Strait of Magellan and founded Fuerte Bulnes in 1843. Five years later, the Chilean government moved the main settlement to the current location of Punta Arenas, the oldest permanent settlement in Southern Patagonia. The creation of Punta Arenas was instrumental in making Chile's claim of the Strait of Magellan permanent. In the 1860s sheep from the Falkland Islands were introduced to the lands around the Straits of Magellan, and throughout the 19th century the sheepfarming grew to be the most important economic sector in southern Patagonia. Captain George Chaworth Musters in 1869 wandered in company with a band of Tehuelches through the whole length of the country from the strait to the Manzaneros in the north-west, and collected a great deal of information about the people and their mode of life. The Conquest of the Desert and the 1881 treaty Main articles: Conquest of the Desert and 1881 Boundary Treaty Argentine authorities worried the strong connections araucanized tribes had with Chile that allegedly gave Chile certain influence over the pampas.[20] Argentine authorities feared an

eventual war with Chile over Patagonia where the natives would side with the Chileans and that it would therefore be fought in the vicinities of Buenos Aires.[20] The decision of planning and executing the Conquest of the Desert was probably triggered by the 1872 attack of Cufulcur and his 6,000 followers on the cities of General Alvear, Veinticinco de Mayo and Nueve de Julio[disambiguation needed], where 300 criollos were killed, and 200,000 heads of cattle taken. In the 1870s the Conquest of the Desert was a controversial campaign by the Argentine government, executed mainly by General Julio Argentino Roca, to subdue or, some claim, to exterminate the native peoples of the South. In 1885 a mining expeditionary party under the Romanian adventurer Julius Popper landed in southern Patagonia in search of gold, which they found after travelling southwards towards the lands of Tierra del Fuego. This further opened up some of the area to prospectors. European missionaries and settlers arrived through the 19th and 20th centuries, notably the Welsh settlement of the Chubut Valley. During the first years of the 20th century, the border between the two nations in Patagonia was established by the mediation of the British crown. But it has undergone a lot of modifications since then, and there is still one place (50 km long) where there is no border established (Southern Patagonia Icefield). Until 1902, a large proportion of Patagonia's population were natives of Chilo Archipelago (Chilotes) who worked as peons in large livestock farming estancias. As manual labour they had status below the gauchos and the Argentine, Chilean and European landowners and administrators. Before and after 1902, when the boundaries were drawn, a lot of Chilotes were expelled from the Argentine side due to fear of what having a large Chilean population in Argentina could lead into in the future. These workers founded the first inland Chilean settlement in what is now the Aysn Region;[21][22] Balmaceda. Lacking good grasslands on the forestcovered Chilean side, the immigrants burned down the forest, setting fires that could last more than two years.[22]

Economy
The area's principal economic activities have been mining, whaling, livestock (notably sheep throughout) agriculture (wheat and fruit production near the Andes towards the north), and oil after its discovery near Comodoro Rivadavia in 1907.[23] Energy production is also a crucial part of the local economy. Railways were planned to cover continental Argentine Patagonia to serve the oil, mining, agricultural and energy industries, and a line was built connecting San Carlos de Bariloche to Buenos Aires. Portions of other lines were built to the south, but the only lines still in use are La Trochita in Esquel, the 'Train of the End of the World' in Ushuaia, both heritage lines,[24] and a short run Tren Histrico de Bariloche to Perito Moreno.

Tierra del Fuego sheep ranch, 1942. The region's primary activity then, it's been eclipsed by the decline in the global wool market as much as by petroleum and gas extraction. In the western forest covered Patagonian Andes and archipelagoes wood lodging has historically been an important part of the economy, and was driving force behind the colonization of the areas of Nahuel Huapi and Lcar lakes in Argentina and Guaitecas Archipelago in Chile.

Livestock
See also: Patagonian sheep farming boom Sheep farming introduced in the late 19th century has been a principal economic activity. After reaching its heights during the First World War, the decline in world wool prices affected sheep farming in Argentina. Nowadays about half of Argentina's 15 million sheep are in Patagonia, a percentage that is growing as sheep farming disappears in the Pampa (to the North). Chubut (mainly Merino) is the top wool producer with Santa Cruz (Corriedale and some Merino) second. Sheep farming revived in 2002 with the devaluation of the peso and firmer global demand for wool (led by China and the EU). Still there is little investment in new abbatoirs (mainly in Comodoro Rivadavia, Trelew and Rio Gallegos), and often there are phitosanitary restrictions to the export of sheep meat. Extensive valleys in the Cordilleran range have provided sufficient grazing lands, and the low humidity and weather of the southern region make raising Merino and Corriedale sheep common.

Gauchos mustering sheep in Patagonia

Valdes Peninsula Livestock also includes small numbers of cattle, and in lesser numbers pigs and horses. Sheep farming provides small but important jobs located in rural areas where there is little else.

Tourism
In the second half of the 20th century, tourism became an ever more important part of Patagonia's economy. Originally a remote backpacking destination, the region has attracted increasing numbers of upmarket visitors, cruise passengers rounding Cape Horn or visiting Antarctica, and adventure and activity holiday-makers. Principal tourist attractions include the Perito Moreno glacier, the Valds Peninsula, the Argentine Lake District and Ushuaia and Tierra del Fuego. Tourism has created new markets locally and for export for traditional crafts such as Mapuche handicrafts, guanaco textiles, and confectionery and preserves.[23] A spin-off from increased tourism has been the buying of often enormous tracts of land by foreigners, often as a prestige purchase rather than for agriculture. Buyers have included Sylvester Stallone, Ted Turner and Christopher Lambert, and most notably Luciano Benetton, Patagonia's largest landowner.[23] His Compaia de Tierras Sud has brought new techniques to the ailing sheep-rearing industry and sponsored museums and community facilities, but has been controversial particularly for its treatment of local Mapuche communities.[25]

Energy
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2013) At the urging of the Chilean government, the Spanish company Endesa hopes to build a number of large hydro-electric dams in the Chilean Patagonia, which has raised environmental concerns from a large number of local and international NGOs. The first dams proposed would be built on the Baker and Pascua rivers, but dams have also been proposed on others, including the famed Futaleuf River in Chile and Santa Cruz river in Argentina. The dams will affect the minimum ecological flows and threaten the fishing, wilderness-tourism and agricultural interests along the river. The electricity would be fed into high-voltage lines (to be built by a Canadian company) and taken 1,200 miles

(1,900 km) north to the industry and mining hub around Santiago. The lines would cut through a number of previously pristine national parks and protected areas. The Chilean government considers the power to be essential for economic growth, while opponents claim it will destroy Patagonia's growing tourism industry.

La Trochita on its Chubut Province route. Formerly the sole rapid transport means in the province, La Trochita is now a tourist attraction. Due to its sparse rainfall in agricultural areas, Argentine Patagonia already has numerous dams for irrigation, some of which are also used for hydropower. Coal is mined in the Rio Turbio area and used for electrical generation. Patagonia's notorious winds have already made the area Argentina's main source of wind power, and there are plans for major increases in wind power generation. Patagonia has always been Argentina's main area, and Chile's only area, of conventional oil and gas production. Oil and gas have played an important role in the rise of Neuqun-Cipolleti as Patagonia's most populous urban area, and in the growth of Comodoro Rivadavia,[26] Punta Arenas, and Rio Grande as well. The development of the Neuqun basin's enormous unconventional oil and gas reserves through hydraulic fracturing has just begun.

Cuisine
Argentine Patagonian cuisine is largely the same as the cuisine of Buenos Aires grilled meats and pasta with extensive[citation needed] use of local ingredients and less use of those products which have to be imported into the region. Lamb is considered the traditional Patagonian meat, grilled for several hours over an open fire. Some guide books[which?] have reported that game, especially guanaco and introduced deer and boar, are popular in restaurant cuisine. However, since the guanaco is a protected animal in both Chile and Argentina, it is unlikely to appear commonly as restaurant fare. Trout and centolla (king crab) are also common, though over-fishing of centolla has made it increasingly scarce. In the area around Bariloche, there is a noted Alpine cuisine tradition, with chocolate bars and even fondue restaurants, and tea rooms are a feature of the Welsh communities in Gaiman and Trevelin as well as in the mountains.[23] Since the mid-1990s there has been some success with winemaking in Argentine Patagonia, especially in Neuqun.

Foreign land buyer's issue

Foreign investors, including Italian multimillionational Benetton Group, Ted Turner, Joseph Lewis[27] and the environmentalist Douglas Tompkins, own major land areas. This

situation has caused several conflicts with local inhabitants and the governments of Chile and Argentina; for example the opposition by Douglas Tompkins to the planned route for Carretera Austral in Pumaln Park. A scandal is also brewing about two properties owned by Ted Turner: the estancia La Primavera, located inside Nahuel Huapi National Park; and the estancia Colln Cura.[27] Benetton has faced criticism from Mapuche organizations, including Mapuche International Link, over its purchase of traditional Mapuche lands in Patagonia. The Curianco-Nahuelquir family was evicted from their land in 2002 following Benetton's claim to it, but the land was restored in 2007.[28]

Gallery

Nahuel Huapi Lake, near Bariloche, Argentina Chaitn volcano stretching across Patagonia into San Jorge Basin in the Atlantic Ocean

Satellite view of the Perito Moreno Glacier (Santa Cruz Province) and the Andean ice-sheet

Road Y-50 towards Estancia Rio Verde, Magallanes, Chile

Laguna Cabeza de Mar, 50 km north of Punta Arenas, Magallanes, Chile

Perito Moreno Glacier, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina

Monte Fitz Roy

The city of Trelew

Guanacos.

Welsh settlement in Patagonia

Southern right whale in Pennsula Valds, Argentina.

See also

Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia List of deserts by area Domuyo Mount Hudson

Lann volcano Patagonian Expedition Race Patagonian Ice Sheet Southern Cone Francisco Moreno Museum of Patagonia Torres del Paine National Park Nahuel Huapi National Park Lann National Park Los Glaciares National Park Los Alerces National Park Lago Puelo National Park

References
1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Patagonia: Natural History, Prehistory and Ethnography at the Uttermost End of the Earth, C. McEwan, L.A. and A. Prieto (eds), Princeton University Press with British Museum Press, 1997. ISBN 0-69105849-0 2. ^ Jump up to: a b Antonio Pigafetta, Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo, 1524: "Il capitano generale nomin questi popoli Patagoni." The original word would probably be in Magellan's native Portuguese (patago) or the Spanish of his men (patagn). It has been interpreted later as "big foot" but the etymology refers to a literary character in a Spanish novel of the early 16th century (see text). 3. Jump up ^ Fondebrider, Jorge (2003). "Chapter 1 mbitos y voces". Versiones de la Patagonia (in Spanish) (1st edition ed.). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Emec Editores S.A. p. 29. ISBN 950-04-2498-3. 4. Jump up ^ Robert Silverberg (2011). "The Strange Case of the Patagonian Giants"

. Asimov's Science Fiction. "To the voyagers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when the average height of an adult European male was just over five feet [1.55 meters], the Patagonians surely must have looked very large, as, to any child, all adults seem colossal. Then, too, an element of understandable human exaggeration must have entered these accounts of men who had traveled so far and endured so much, and the natural wish not to be outdone by ones predecessors helped to produce these repeated fantasies of Goliaths ten feet tall or even more." 5. Jump up ^ Poblacin y Economa

, Argentina government website (Spanish) 6. Jump up ^ Patagonia chilena: historia. Santiago, Chile: Patagonia Media, 2007. ISBN 978-956-310-774-6 7. Jump up ^ "Argentina: CIA The World Factbook, est Jul 2009"

. Cia.gov. Retrieved 2012-12-20. 8. Jump up ^ "Chile: CIA The World Factbook, est Jul 2009"

. Cia.gov. Retrieved 2012-12-20. 9. Jump up ^ [1]

10. Jump up ^ Though not without it where the formations surface; see Chacaicosaurus and Mollesaurus from the Los Molles, and Caypullisaurus, Cricosaurus, Geosaurus, Herbstosaurus, and Wenupteryx from the Vaca Muerta. 11. Jump up ^ U.S. Energy Information Administration, Technically Recoverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources: An Assessment of 137 Shale Formations in 41 Countries Outside the United States, June 2013, pp. V-1 through V-13. According to the same study, the Austral (Argentine name)/Magallanes (Chilean name) basin under the southern Patagonian mainland and Tierra del Fuego may also have massive hydrocarbon reserves in early Cretaceous shales; see pp. V-23 and VII-17 in particular. 12. Jump up ^ Southern Chile warned of high radiation levels under ozone hole

, CNN.com, 10 October 2000, accessed 2006-08-11 13. Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan (2008) Cueva del Milodon, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham [2]

14. Jump up ^ Laurence Bergreen. Over the Edge of the World. Harper Perennial, 2003. p. 163. ISBN 0-06-621173-5. 15. Jump up ^ The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Growth and Development, By Stanley J. Ulijaszek, Francis E. Johnston, M. A. Preece. Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 380: "Patagonian Giants: Myths and Possibilities." 16. Jump up ^ "Carolyne Ryan, "European Travel Writings and the Patagonian giants: How Patagonia got its name among other things." Lawrence University Today magazine, Fall 2004"

. Lawrence.edu. Retrieved 2013-10-24. 17. Jump up ^ Chatwin, Bruce. In Patagonia (1977). Ch. 49 18. Jump up ^ translation of in English | Greek-English dictionary

19. Jump up ^ Carolyne Ryan. "European Travel Writings and the Patagonian giants"

. Lawrence University. Retrieved 24 October 2013. 20. ^ Jump up to: a b . JSTOR 981291

. Missing or empty |title= (help) 21. Jump up ^ "Coihaique Ciudades y Pueblos del sur de Chile"

. Turistel.cl. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 22. ^ Jump up to: a b Luis Otero, La Huella del Fuego: Historia de los bosques y cambios en el paisaje del sur de Chile (Valdivia, Editorial Pehuen) 23. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Time Out Patagonia, Cathy Runciman (ed), Penguin Books, 2002. ISBN 0-14-101240-4 24. Jump up ^ History of the Old Patagonian Express

, La Trochita, accessed 2006-08-11 25. Jump up ^ 'The Invisible Colours of Benetton'

, Mapuche International Link, accessed 2006-08-11 26. Jump up ^ Comodoro's coat of arms bears an oil derrick in the center. 27. ^ Jump up to: a b "Rivers of bloodfrom Patagonia-argentina.com"

. 28. Jump up ^ "Recovered Mapuche territory in Patagonia: Benetton vs. Mapuche"

. MAPU Association. Retrieved 7 April 2008.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press

Further reading

The Last Cowboys at the End of the World: The Story of the Gauchos of Patagonia, Nick Reding, 2002. ISBN 0-609-81004-9 The Old Patagonian Express, Paul Theroux, 1979. In Patagonia, Bruce Chatwin, 1977 and 1988. ISBN 0-14-243719-0 Patagonia: A Cultural History, Chris Moss, 2008. ISBN 978-1-904955-38-2 Patagonia: A Forgotten Land: From Magellan to Peron, C. A. Brebbia, 2006. ISBN 978-1-84564-061-3 The Wild Shores of Patagonia: The Valds Peninsula & Punta Tombo, Jasmine Rossi, 2000. ISBN 0-8109-4352-2 Luciana Vismara, Maurizio OM Ongaro, PATAGONIA E-BOOK W/ UNPUBLISHED FOTOS, MAPS, TEXTS

(Formato Kindle 6 November 2011) eBook Kindle

Adventures in Patagonia: a missionary's exploring trip, Titus Coan, 1880. Library of Congress Control Number 03009975. A list of writings relating to Patagonia, 320-21.

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Patagonia.

Photos from Chilean Patagonia (20082011) by Jorge Uzon

Patagon Journal, magazine about Patagonia

Aborigines of Patagonia

Patagonia SinRepresas

(Spanish)

Patagonia de Chile

(Spanish)

Gallery of photos from Patagonia February

'Race to the End of the Earth' article about competing in Patagonian Expedition Race

'The Accidental Explorer' article about travels in Patagonia

[hide]

v t e

Regions of the world

Central Eastern Northern

o Nordi c, Baltic

Northern
o o Maghreb Western East Central Southern Horn

Sub-Saharan
o o o o

Southeastern
o o o Balka ns Cauca sus Middl e East

Afric a

Eur ope

Islands

Southern Western Australasia

o o Australia New

Nort h Ame rica

Northern Caribbean Central

Oce ania

Middle Anglo Latin

o Hispanic

Guinea o o o o Zealandia Melanesia Micronesi a Polynesia

Pacific Islands

Southern Northern
o Guianan states

Sout h Ame rica

Western Latin
o Hispanic

Pola r regi ons

Antarctic Arctic

Central Far East Eastern o Northea stern Southeastern

o o Mainland Maritime

Asia

Northern Southern
o Indian subcontin ent

Oce ans

World (Sea) Arctic Atlantic Indian Pacific Southern List of seas

Western
o o o Caucasus Middle East Near East

Asia-Pacific

Continents of the world List of seas Physical Earth

Coordinates:

41.81015S 68.90627W

Categories:

Patagonia Regions of South America Deserts of Argentina Regions of Argentina Deserts of Chile Geography of Aysn Region Geography of Magallanes and Antrtica Chilena Region

Navigation menu

Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history

Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikimedia Shop

Interaction

Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page

Tools Print/export Languages

Arpetan

Avae' Azrbaycanca Bosanski Brezhoneg Catal etina Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Espaol Esperanto Euskara Froyskt Franais Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia slenska Italiano Kalaallisut Kernowek Kiswahili Latina Latvieu Lietuvi Ligure Magyar Nederlands Norsk bokml Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski

Portugus Romn Runa Simi Simple English Slovenina Slovenina / srpski Srpskohrvatski / Suomi Svenska /tatara Trke Ting Vit Edit links This page was last modified on 21 January 2014 at 13:40. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a nonprofit organization.

Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Mobile view