2011 3 International Symposium & Exhibition in Sustainable Energy & Environment, 1-3 June 2011, Melaka, Malaysia

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The Evaluation of Self Consolidating Concrete Incorporating Crushed Concrete Waste Aggregate
Ahmad Ruslan Mohd Ridzuan1, Mohd Afiq Mohd Fauzi 2, Azman Kassim3
Institute for Infrastructure Engineering and Sustainable Management (IIESM) Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor ruslanridzuan@yahoo.co.uk1, afiq_50230@yahoo.com2

Abstract - Self consolidating concrete (SCC) is an innovative concrete that does not require vibration for placing and compaction. It offers a rapid rate of concrete placement, with faster construction times and ease of flow around congested reinforcement. The improved construction practice and performance, combined with the health and safety benefits, make SCC a very attractive solution for both precast concrete and civil engineering construction [1]. If the production of concrete wastes is not managed properly, Malaysia will face major environmental problems. The Government will have to bear the unnecessary costs for clean-ups, repairs and protection measures on illegal dumping areas and providing more landfills. Recycling of waste concrete as crushed concrete waste aggregate (CCWA) for new concrete is beneficial for environmental preservation and effective utilization of resources. This study is to determine the compressive strength performance of SCC using CCWA as coarse aggregate with various replacement percentages of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of CCWA to normal aggregate for grade 30 N/mm2 concrete. The specimens were tested for compressive strength at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days age. Results indicated that the compressive strength of SCC containing up to 25% CCWA coarse aggregate replacement is comparable to the compressive strength of normal aggregate SCC. Keywords - Self Consolidating Concrete, Crushed Concrete Waste Aggregate, Admixture, Workability, Compression Test

I. INTRODUCTION Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) was developed in Japan in the late 1980s. It currently makes up about 5% of the Japanese concrete market and around 15% of the Danish and Swedish concrete markets. SCC refers to a type of concrete which is highly flowable, non-segregating concrete that can spread into place, fill the formwork and encapsulate the reinforcement without any mechanical consolidation. SCC has economic, social and environmental benefits over conventionally vibrated concrete. There are many factors that may give an influence to the performance of SCC. One of the major factors is the quality and properties of aggregate. Normally there are two types of aggregate were used in a concrete production namely as fine and coarse aggregate. The aggregate can be produced from natural resources or by artificial resources. Due to the environmental impact from the extraction activities of the aggregate and lack of natural

resources followed by the cost of the aggregate, the search of an alternative resources of the aggregate is become a challenge to the construction industries. The Freedonia Group reported that the worldwide demand for coarse and fine aggregates is increasing from 4.7 percent annually through 2007 to 21.7 billion metric tons, valued at $128 billion [2]. The demand for the natural aggregates has caused an increase in the exploitation of aggregate sources that eventually will lead to their scarcity. Thus, there is a need for preserving the natural resources from exhaustion and find proper way to reuse the construction waste material. In a research carried out by Urban Development Sector Unit middle income countries (Malaysia included) was producing about 34,000,000 tons of wastes daily in 1999 and projected to produce about 111,000,000 tons of wastes daily by the year 2025 [3]. Based on the statistics produced by Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur (DBKL), construction sites were estimated to produce around 200 tons of garbage and solid wastes daily such as concrete waste, which could be rounded off to about 73,000 tonnes of waste for the Year 2000 alone [4,5]. Concrete wastes contributed by the ever moving and expanding construction activities throughout Kuala Lumpur are increasing in volume every year. The use of waste as a source of aggregate for the production of new concrete has become more common in the recent decade. Conventional concrete aggregate consist of sand (fine aggregate) and various sizes and shape of gravel or stones (coarse aggregate). However, there is a growing interest in substituting alternative aggregate material largely as a potential use for recycled material [6]. Crushed Concrete Waste Aggregate (CCWA) is produced from the constructions waste materials, such as concrete or masonry. Many research showed that recycled aggregate can produce concrete that is as strong as concrete made with normal aggregates (NA). However, the durability of CCWA concrete will depend on the specified strength of the concrete, the source of the recycled aggregate and the proportion of recycled material used to replace natural aggregates.

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978-1-4577-0342-3/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE

The expected increasing interest and demand in SCC will benefit both the construction industry and environment if the use of CCWA as alternative replacement aggregates in SCC is explored and used extensively for new constructions. II. MATERIALS AND METHOD A. Materials Selection Materials used in this research were chosen according to the specification that meets the requirement of appropriate British and Malaysia Standards.

The properties performances of SCC containing CCWA studies in this research works covers the fresh and harden stage properties. CCWA was produced by crushing the waste concrete cube with the jaw crusher machine. The waste concrete was supplied by Global Prefab Sdn Bhd. and the entire waste concrete cube was having a compressive strength of grade 40 N/mm2. The waste concrete cube was crushed and sieved to obtain an aggregate of size 10 mm and 20 mm. The properties of aggregate were then identified and compare with blue granite natural aggregate. The properties of the both types aggregate are as shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1: THE PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATE PROPERTIES FOR NATURAL AGGREGATES AND CCWA

No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Laboratory Test Conducted Water Absorption Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV) Specific Gravity Porosity (%) Bulk Density (kg/m3) Void Ratio

Types of Aggregates NA CCWA 2.29 (10mm) 5.02 (10mm) 2.30 (20mm) 4.97 (20mm) 19.45 23.26 13.74 19.91 2.92 2.66 54.59 57.25 1248 1209 1.34 1.20

The prepared CCWA was then used in a concrete mixes grade 30 N/mm2 with a proportion to natural aggregate from 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The cement used in this study was Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) which was used as a binder in all concrete

mixes. The OPC was identified to fulfill the standard specifications of MS 522: 2007. Table 2 shows the chemical composition of OPC used in this investigation.

TABLE 2: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CEMENT USED IN THIS EXPERIMENT

Cement

CaO 72.17

SiO2 15.05

Al2O3 2.56

MgO 1.27

Fe2O3 4.00

SO3 2.90

Na2O 0.08

K2O 0.41

MnO 0.06

P2 O5 0.06

TiO2 0.12

LOI 1.33

The control coarse aggregate used in this study are blue granite type and the natural river sand was selected as fine aggregate. The aggregate was supplied by Sunway Quarry Sdn. Bhd. and identified to satisfy the standard requirement BS 882:1992. Tap water was used for concrete mixture as it contains no substance and free from impurities which could affect the concrete and can have an appreciably harmful effect upon the strength of concrete. Specifications for water test on water for mixing concrete conform to Malaysia Standard MS 28:1985. To achieve the specification of SCC, the water cement ratio of concrete mixes was specified to be 0.55 and the superplasticiser (Sp) branded as GLENIUM ACE 388, polycarboxylic ether (PCE) based superplasticiser was used at

dosage of 1% of binder weight. The dosage was added after adding water into the concrete mix. B. Experimental Method This research was carried out to identify the properties of SCC containing different percentage of CCWA replacement which are 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of NA coarse aggregate for grade 30 N/mm2 of concrete. The SCC properties covered in this study include properties for the fresh and hardened state of the SCC. For this research, the dimension size of the specimen was 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm. The effect of adding CCWA on compressive strength of SCC was determined at the age 3, 7, 14 and 28 days.

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C. Design of Mix Proportion The basic components for mix composition of SCC are the same as used in conventional concrete. The mix design adopted from the British method Department of Environment rev 1988 is to determine the indicative quantity by weight of

the cement content, free water and total aggregates. The mix proportions for five series of CCWA-SCC specimens are shown in Table 3. To ensure the process of batching is done effectively to give the concrete better strength; the mixing process was done in a concrete mixer.

TABLE 3: MIX PROPORTION OF SCC FOR GRADE 30

Mix Code CCWA0 CCWA25 CCWA50 CCWA75 CCWA100

Replacement Percentage NA 100 75 50 25 0 CCWA 0 25 50 75 100

Cement OPC 375 375 375 375 375

Water Water 205 205 205 205 205

Fine Aggregate Sand 910 910 910 910 910

Natural Aggregate 10 20 mm mm 303 606 228 456 152 306 76 152 0 0

CCWA 10 mm 0 76 152 228 303 20 mm 0 152 304 456 606

Sp PCE 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7

D. Casting and Curing The process of casting is where the concrete mix is poured into steel cube mould. In this study, the fresh concrete was placed inside the cast iron moulds immediately after mixing completed. The sizes of the standard moulds used are 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm. These standard moulds used are in accordance with BS 1881-108:1983 After the process of casting then the CCWA-SCC specimens were cured in water. The process of curing in water was conducted under the laboratory condition for 28 days. The concrete cubes specimens were water cured in curing tank until the day of testing at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. The process of curing is carried out in accordance with BS 1881-111:1983 E. Test Procedures The test procedure consisting of 2 types; for fresh concrete was did before casting and hardened concrete was did after curing. Before casting, the fresh concrete was getting ready to do the test for flowability and passing ability. The tests conducted for this study were Slump Flow Test for measuring flowability, T50 Test and L-Box Test for measuring Passing Ability. The slump flow test was used to assess the horizontal free flow of SCC in the absence of obstructions. The test method is based on the conventional slump test refer to standard ASTM C143.

For sieving test, the standard that use is BS 812: 103.1:1985(2000). Test sieve was measured devices used to determine the size and size distribution of particles in a material sample using wire mesh of different openings to separate particles of different sizes. Aggregate Crushing Value was performed in accordance with BS 812110:1990 and aggregate impact value was performed in accordance with BS 812-112:1990. After curing in water, the hardened specimens at 3, 7 14 and 28 days were tested for their compressive strength. The compressive test for the cube specimens were conducted in accordance with BS 1881: Part 102: 1983. III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION A. Properties of Fresh Concrete Fresh concrete produced in this study were tested for flowability and passing ability to satisfy the requirement for self consolidating concrete before the concrete specimens were casted into 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm cubes. The flowability and passing ability of concrete containing CCWA at specified 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% are stated in Table 4.

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TABLE 4: SLUMP FLOW AND PASSING ABILITY (PA) OF SCC CONTAINING VARIOUS LEVEL OF CCWA REPLACEMENT FOR GRADE 30

CCWA Content (%) 0 25 50 75 100

Slump Flow Diameter (mm) 650 700 660 655 660

T 50 (sec) 5 4 5 5 4

T 200 (sec) 3 2 2 6 5

T 400 (sec) 7 4 4 13 10

H1 (mm) 98 89 95 100 95

H2 (mm) 79 83 80 80 80

PA (H2/H1) 0.89 0.93 0.84 0.8 0.84

From Table 4, it is presented that the utilization of CCWA was not significantly effected the fluidity of SCC. The fluidity of SCC containing CCWA found to be 25% better than SCC containing NA. Among all the SCC mixes, SCC containing 25% of CCWA having the highest value of slump flow diameter. The T50cm slump flow, i.e. the time taken for the slump to flow 500mm, obtained for all the specimens in this study range between 3 to 5 seconds. The acceptance criterion for SCC by EFNARC (2002) is between 2 to 5 seconds. Therefore all the specimens in this study satisfied the acceptance criteria by EFNARC (2000) for SCC [7]. The passing ability (PA) of the fresh concrete for this study ranged between 0.80 to 0.93 as shown in Table 4. The acceptance criteria for SCC by EFNARC (2002) with regard to passing ability are between 0.8 to 1.0. Therefore all specimens for this study satisfied the acceptance criteria by EFNARC (2002) for SCC [7]. The results indicated that by increasing the percentage of CCWA replacement content in the fresh concrete does not affect the flowability of the fresh self consolidating concrete even though more free water will be absorbed by the increasing CCWA content which has higher water absorption rate. This is concurred with Okamura and Ouchi (2003) who

concluded that high flowability and high segregation resistance of SCC are obtained by the use of superplasticiser [8]. B. Compressive Strength of Self Consolidating Concrete The results for average mean compressive strength of three (3) specimens each for grade 30 with different level of CCWA replacements of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days age are shown in Figure 1. The compressive strength of SCC specimens containing CCWA reduces as the percentage of CCWA replacement increases, i.e. the compressive strength is inversely proportional to the replacement percentage of CCWA. The slightly lower percentage difference of compressive strength for water cement ratio 0.55 as compared to that of water cement ratio 0.5 in this study could be due to the slight variation in the original strengths of the CCWA used.

Fig 1: Compressive Strength Development of SCC with Varying CCWA Contents

The results shows that the compressive strengths of SCC with CCWA contents of 25% and 50% at 28 days are

consistently comparable to that of SCC using normal aggregate (NA) for all the specimens for grade 30 tested in

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this study. As for SCC specimens with inclusion of CCWA replacements of 75% and 100% of NA, the compressive strengths are lower than that of normal aggregate SCC. From the results of compressive strength of CCWASCC, it was clearly indicated that the compressive strength at 28 days for CCWA-SCC containing up to 50% CCWA as coarse aggregate is comparable to that of NA-SCC. This is comparable to the conclusion addressed by Bairaqi et al. (1993) that indicated up to 50% of NA could be replaced by

CCWA without affecting the properties of the concrete both in fresh and hardened states. The compressive strength for SCC containing CCWA exceeding 50% are slightly lower compared to those containing 100% NA. C. Age Factor of Self Consolidating Concrete The age factor for CCWA-SCC made of different replacement percentage of CCWA to NA is shown in Table 5 and represented graphically in Figures 2.

TABLE 5: AGE FACTOR VS AGE OF SCC WITH VARYING CCWA CONTENTS

Age (days) 0 3 7 14 28 0% 0.00 0.73 0.89 1.00 1.00 25% 0 0.77 0.89 0.97 1.00

Age Factor for WC 0.55 50% 0.00 0.81 0.96 0.98 1.00 75% 0.00 0.81 0.89 0.98 1.00 100% 0.00 0.82 0.86 0.93 1.00

Fig 2: Age Factor of SCC with Varying CCWA Contents

For water cement ratio 0.55 at 7 days, the lowest age factor for the SCC with all the specified CCWA percentage replacement was 0.86 i.e. for that of 100% CCWA while that of 25%, 50% and 75% are comparable to NA SCC (0% CCWA) at 0.89, 0.96 and 0.89 respectively. It can be concluded that with the age factor for CCWASCC for grade 30 as shown in the Figure 2, the compressive strengths for all CCWA-SCC regardless of the replacement level can reach 85% of the compressive strength at 28 days. IV. CONCLUSION The following conclusions can be drawn from the experimental works carried out in this research.

Comparing to normal aggregate (NA), crushed concrete waste aggregate (CCWA) is more porous than NA. The water absorption of CCWA is almost double that of NA. The aggregate crushing value (ACV) of CCWA is higher than that of NA. The CCWA complied with the requirement of BS 882:1992 ii) CCWA has no significant effect on the flowability of SCC. iii) The compressive strength of SCC containing CCWA reduces as the percentage of CCWA replacement increases. iv) The compressive strength of SCC containing 25% and 50% CCWA with respect to NA obtained in this study are comparable to SCC using 100% NA for grade 30 concrete. The compressive strengths for SCC containing

i)

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75% and 100% CCWA are lower than that of NA-SCC. From this study it can be concluded that the optimum CCWA content is 50% for a comparable compressive strength with that of 100% normal aggregate. v) Based on the Age Factor derived from this study, the 7 days compressive strength of SCC containing CCWA with water cement ratio 0.55 achieved 85% of that of 28 days compressive strength for SCC made of 100% with CCWA. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author would like to acknowledge the Universiti Teknologi MARA for providing the facilities to accomplish the experimental work for this research. REFERENCES
[1] [2] The European Guidelines for Self Compacting Concrete, Specification, Production and Use, 2005 The Freedonia Group, World Construction Aggregates, Industry Study with Forecasts to 2007 & 2012 for 23 Countries and Six Regions What a Waste: Solid Waste Management in Asia, May 1999, Urban Development Sector Unit, East Asia and Pacific Region Department of Statistics [Malaysia], 2002, Monthly statistical bulletin: Department of Statistics [Malaysia], March, 157 p. DBKL. Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan: Infrastructure and Utilities.Website. http://www.dbkl.gov.my/pskl2020/english/infrastructure_and_utilities /index.htm. Assessed 20 November 2008. Abdulkerim H. Ghailani, (2005), Modified concrete By Using A Waste Material As A coarse aggregate, Construction Research Congress EFNARC (European Federation of national trade associations representing producers and applicators of specialist building products), Specification and Guidelines for self-compacting concrete, February 2002, Hampshire, U.K. Okamura, H. and Ouchi, M. (2003), Self Compacting Concrete, Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, Vol. 1, No. 1, page 5-15 Malaysia Standard 522: 2007, Compositions, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements, Malaysia Standard. British Standard 882:1992. Specification For Aggregates From Natural Sources For Concrete, British Standard, pp 1-9 BS 3148: 1959 MS 28:1985, Specification for tests for water for making concrete, Malaysia Standard BS 1881-108:1983, Testing concrete. Method for making test cubes from fresh concrete, British Standard BS 1881-111:1983, Testing concrete. Method of normal curing of test specimens, British Standard BS 812: 103.1:1985(2000), Testing aggregates. Method for determination of particle size distribution. Sieve tests, British Standard BS 812-110:1990, Testing aggregates. Methods for determination of aggregate crushing value (ACV), British Standard BS 812-112:1990, Testing aggregates. Method for determination of aggregate impact value (AIV), British Standard ASTM C143, Standard Test Method for Slump of HydraulicCement Concrete,

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