>> If I were to revise the title of the last

nugget, it would be "Basic IP Addressing,

the Essence of Networking"
would have been a great title.
But it's too late, it's gone because really,
in the last nugget, we saw the essence
of communication from one host to another,
how a host knows when to send things
to its default gateway and get
off of its network and all that.
So, you get the real feel of addressing
and how networking communicates
or how networks communicate using TCP/IP.
However, there's just a lot of details and it
was almost, if you remember in the last nugget,
it was almost awkward when I
said, "Oh, by the way, let's pause
and talk about the classes of addresses."
Just because it was such a, such
a good role that we were on,
it's like here's how it all works, that
it didn't make sense to stop and, "Oh,
by the way, there's this detail."
So, that's why I created this nugget
and I felt what a great title.
Basic IP Addressing, Filling In the Gaps.
You saw how it all works.
It's like-- it's like jumping in the Ferrari
and hitting it going, "Yeah, that was awesome,"

you know, and you reach the finish line and then
somebody runs up and is like, "Oh, by the way,
you needed gas to do that,
you know, in your car."
And by the way, we-- you
know, we changed the oil.
You're like-- like there's all these
details you never even thought about.
You were just kind of like, "Man, my
hair is blown back, that was amazing."
So that's what I want to do now.
I want to fill in the gaps and talk
about kind of the technical details
that makes everything in the last nugget happen.
The first detail I want to fill in is
the addressing, as in how did the device,
the network device get the address.
Well, there's many different ways
that it could have gotten there.
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One of the ways, and I would say, this is
probably used for servers and key devices
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00:01:40,096 --> 00:01:45,536
like printers and routers, you know, it's where
you get involved and statically assign it.
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This is an old school picture, I think
it's like Windows 95 or something
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00:01:50,016 --> 00:01:52,376
that the network properties look like that.
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00:01:52,376 --> 00:01:53,696

We got Windows 7 here.

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00:01:54,166 --> 00:01:56,846
Let me go to my network status.
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00:01:57,116 --> 00:01:58,066
Actually, I should show you this.
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00:01:58,066 --> 00:01:59,346
You know, go to the control panel.
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00:01:59,586 --> 00:02:01,706
You know Windows 7 kind of hides everything.
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What I usually do is just type
in network and jump straight
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00:02:05,236 --> 00:02:07,246
to view network connections, it's what I do.
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00:02:07,246 --> 00:02:10,466
But I mean you can poke your way
around and get there another way.
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00:02:10,466 --> 00:02:13,096
So, I've got 2 adaptors on here, one
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00:02:13,096 --> 00:02:17,766
of them is my LAN connection,
it's my physical network card.
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00:02:17,966 --> 00:02:19,616
The other is VirtualBox.
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00:02:19,746 --> 00:02:23,056
VirtualBox, it's actually on
this spiffy CBT Nuggets machine.
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00:02:23,056 --> 00:02:27,156
It's a way of doing virtual
machines on your computer for free.
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00:02:27,186 --> 00:02:28,176
It's amazing.
47

00:02:28,176 --> 00:02:32,586

You know, it's one of those VMware
replacements or virtual PC replacements
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00:02:32,586 --> 00:02:34,936
because Oracle wanted to get into that mix.
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00:02:34,936 --> 00:02:37,696
So that, yeah, I mean ignore,
that's not a real network adaptor.
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00:02:37,696 --> 00:02:41,976
And what I usually do, if I'm on my computer
and this is just me 'cause that's what I do.
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00:02:41,976 --> 00:02:45,596
I say, "Okay, well this is,
this is my LAN connection,
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00:02:46,066 --> 00:02:47,526
you know, WAN or something like that."
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00:02:47,526 --> 00:02:51,326
Or if I know what kind of network card is in
there, I'd say, you know, this is my Intel,
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00:02:51,646 --> 00:02:55,236
you know, da da da da da
network card LAN and like I put-55
00:02:55,236 --> 00:02:58,926
I put a nice good description that
makes sense to me in there and I do
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00:02:58,926 --> 00:03:03,416
that on things like servers and servers.
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00:03:03,416 --> 00:03:07,176
You know, I don't do it on my workstation
too much just because servers a lot
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00:03:07,176 --> 00:03:09,026
of times will have more than
one network connection.
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00:03:09,486 --> 00:03:14,026
So I right click on this guy, go to
properties, got all the protocols.

60
00:03:14,026 --> 00:03:20,226
I open the properties for TCP/IP version 4 and
I see right now my recording machine is set
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00:03:20,226 --> 00:03:23,886
up to obtain an IP address
automatically, that's DHCP.
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00:03:24,216 --> 00:03:30,466
But I could come in here and type in I want
this guy to be 122.30.100 and well, you know,
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00:03:31,016 --> 00:03:36,906
use an address between those ranges and put
my subnet masking and all that, give it a-64
00:03:36,906 --> 00:03:39,286
I could-- you see what I mean,
I could statically do this.
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00:03:39,286 --> 00:03:41,186
And the reason I would do this is for machines
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00:03:41,186 --> 00:03:43,666
that I wouldn't want the
IP address to change on.
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00:03:44,396 --> 00:03:50,316
See, the alternatives is statically typing it in
because this, this becomes if you imagine this
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00:03:50,316 --> 00:03:54,886
and scale it to hundreds of computers in your
network, it becomes a nightmare because you have
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00:03:54,886 --> 00:03:56,996
to go around, and number one, type them all in.
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00:03:57,226 --> 00:03:59,986
But what happens if a machine gets
replaced and somebody forgot it
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00:03:59,986 --> 00:04:01,246
and then they type in a duplicate.
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00:04:01,246 --> 00:04:02,496

And now you get errors across them now.

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00:04:02,496 --> 00:04:07,526
I mean static addressing does not scale
to all the computers in your network.
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00:04:07,526 --> 00:04:10,486
So, let's just use for key devices.
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00:04:10,746 --> 00:04:15,536
What most of them will use is DHCP, the
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
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00:04:15,636 --> 00:04:24,776
And what that is is where I have my switch
right here, computer plugged into it.
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00:04:24,776 --> 00:04:30,506
This goes to a lot of times a Microsoft
server like a DHCP server where I would go in
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00:04:30,506 --> 00:04:33,116
and configure a pool of addresses on here.
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00:04:33,616 --> 00:04:36,886
Just trying to think if there's
a server I can show you.
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00:04:36,956 --> 00:04:37,676
I found one.
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00:04:37,826 --> 00:04:41,606
Too many people can just bust the
server out of their back pocket.
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00:04:41,606 --> 00:04:44,796
So this is a server that we have running here.
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00:04:45,196 --> 00:04:48,686
And I went in there, it's
actually already a DHCP server,
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00:04:48,686 --> 00:04:53,096
but for example if this were a brand new
server, I could come in here and say, you know,
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00:04:53,096 --> 00:04:56,526

I want to do a new scope, a new scope

of addresses to hand out and I want
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00:04:56,526 --> 00:05:00,216
to say this is my local network or whatever
description you want to put on there.
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00:05:00,536 --> 00:05:05,576
Starting I want to hand out
122.30.100.50 all the way
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00:05:05,576 --> 00:05:10,966
up to 122.30.100 dot let's say 70, you know.
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00:05:10,966 --> 00:05:13,246
So it's what subnet mask do you want on there.
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00:05:13,656 --> 00:05:22,186
And I'll use 255 255 255 0, and you can see
you go through and say, well, what exclusions.
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00:05:22,186 --> 00:05:24,166
Is there ones that you don't
want to put on there?
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00:05:24,166 --> 00:05:28,366
How long should you want to hand
this out for, what is the duration
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00:05:28,366 --> 00:05:31,816
of the lease before the client has to
give it back if they're not using it?
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00:05:31,816 --> 00:05:35,776
If they are using it, they'll get
to give, it's not like, you know,
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00:05:35,776 --> 00:05:38,216
8 days and bam, you're cut off from the network.
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00:05:38,216 --> 00:05:41,096
You know, you have the options like do
you want to give them a default gateway.
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00:05:41,096 --> 00:05:44,206
It's really-- I mean it gives you the
feel to where you go, okay, this is,

98
00:05:44,206 --> 00:05:47,716
this is really a dynamic pool of addresses
that I set up, you know, here's my pool.
99
00:05:47,716 --> 00:05:55,736
And as the computers boot, they actually
send a broadcast message saying, "Hello,
100
00:05:55,736 --> 00:06:00,266
I need an IP address," and all the different
devices on that network that are showing there
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00:06:00,266 --> 00:06:04,056
as well get that message 'cause it's a
broadcast as well as the DHCP server.
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00:06:04,056 --> 00:06:05,626
And it goes, "Oh, fantastic.
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00:06:05,626 --> 00:06:08,096
Let me hand you one from my
pool and you can use this
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00:06:08,096 --> 00:06:10,536
for however long you've configured
that lease time."
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00:06:10,946 --> 00:06:15,796
So DHCP, again, I really want
to emphasize it's broadcast base
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00:06:15,876 --> 00:06:18,226
because that should already be
planting in your mind that, okay,
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00:06:18,226 --> 00:06:20,046
this doesn't go past the router, right?
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00:06:20,046 --> 00:06:25,736
There's only is on the LAN and how
that works, so a lot of people do that.
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00:06:25,736 --> 00:06:30,066
Now, you can set up a DHCP
server unlike a Microsoft server,
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00:06:30,066 --> 00:06:34,026

that's what I just showed you

with Windows 2008 R2 server.
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00:06:34,536 --> 00:06:38,726
But you can also use for instance a
Cisco router can be a DHCP server.
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00:06:39,196 --> 00:06:43,136
You can even buy if you're company
is big enough a dedicated appliance
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00:06:43,236 --> 00:06:47,196
that all it does is DHCP services
'cause, you know, DHCP is so critical.
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00:06:47,196 --> 00:06:49,876
If it goes down, you know, your
clients fall off the network, so.
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00:06:49,876 --> 00:06:55,396
So DHCP allows you to configure things
automatically and then the clients are just
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00:06:55,396 --> 00:06:58,686
as easy as saying, "I just want to, you
know, hit that bullet, which is the default
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00:06:58,686 --> 00:07:00,696
of obtaining an IP address automatically."
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00:07:01,356 --> 00:07:06,616
Now, it's funny I was, you know, I was just
like, oh, how else can they get the IP address.
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00:07:06,616 --> 00:07:14,606
This concept that I just underlined right there,
DHCP relay is really a CCNP level concept.
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00:07:14,676 --> 00:07:17,466
They don't really talk about
it much at the CCNA level.
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00:07:17,786 --> 00:07:23,636
But it's funny, I'm sitting here, you know,
what are we, four, four nuggets into the series
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00:07:23,636 --> 00:07:26,226
at this point and I'm going,

I think you guys can get this.

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00:07:26,396 --> 00:07:31,246
I think with this stuff that we talked about, in
the series up till now, you guys would get this.
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00:07:31,296 --> 00:07:37,546
Meaning, let's say you have an organization
and for now I'm just going to use routers
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00:07:37,546 --> 00:07:40,886
but I'm going to expand your mind
later to a concept called VLANs.
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00:07:41,236 --> 00:07:44,606
But, you know, let's say you've
got a whole bunch of small offices,
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00:07:45,206 --> 00:07:47,326
right, and that's it, that's right.
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00:07:47,326 --> 00:07:49,126
So I've got no office.
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00:07:49,456 --> 00:07:54,476
I'll just draw a switch here,
office A down here in Arizona.
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00:07:54,476 --> 00:07:57,436
I've got office B in Texas,
office C in California.
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00:07:57,436 --> 00:08:00,046
So we've got-- you know this comes
down to a switch and we've got all
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00:08:00,046 --> 00:08:01,286
of our clients and all that kind of stuff.
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00:08:01,286 --> 00:08:04,996
And maybe, maybe these are little insurance
offices spread all around the world
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00:08:04,996 --> 00:08:09,076
and you don't really want to buy a DHCP server.
135
00:08:09,076 --> 00:08:11,796

You don't want to buy a server to have

to plug in 'cause that's expensive.
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00:08:11,796 --> 00:08:13,486
I mean you got two people at each office.
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00:08:13,486 --> 00:08:17,136
We don't-- we don't want to do that.
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00:08:17,136 --> 00:08:20,506
Now, if this were my environment, I would
say, well, I would just make the router,
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00:08:20,506 --> 00:08:23,596
the DHCP server then and have
it hand out the IP addresses.
140
00:08:23,936 --> 00:08:27,206
But just for the sake of the
argument, we don't want to do that.
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00:08:27,456 --> 00:08:32,456
So all of these guys connect you the
main router, well say in Michigan,
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00:08:32,456 --> 00:08:36,596
and this is where your corporate
network is where you've got, you know,
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00:08:36,596 --> 00:08:41,116
tons and tons of switches and servers and
hundreds of users that work out of this office
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00:08:41,116 --> 00:08:49,126
and right here, you wanted to run DHCP
services from a central point, meaning when I-145
00:08:49,126 --> 00:08:52,546
you know, I have a client up here that ask for
an IP address will come right here to the server
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00:08:52,546 --> 00:08:56,336
and get it, but I want to set it
up in such a way that these guys
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00:08:57,096 --> 00:09:02,506
at the remote offices also can get their
IP address from that server up there.

148
00:09:03,466 --> 00:09:05,816
Well, that's a problem.
149
00:09:06,636 --> 00:09:09,226
Why? Who can follow why that's a problem?
150
00:09:09,916 --> 00:09:10,746
It's all right here.
151
00:09:11,626 --> 00:09:14,216
DHCP is based on broadcast.
152
00:09:14,216 --> 00:09:15,026
This guy boots up.
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00:09:15,026 --> 00:09:19,596
He's like, I don't have an IP address,
hello network, can somebody help me out?
154
00:09:19,596 --> 00:09:20,756
Give me an IP address.
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00:09:20,926 --> 00:09:22,036
And what do routers do?
156
00:09:22,286 --> 00:09:26,036
[Inaudible] That's the sound of a
broadcast dying if you're curious.
157
00:09:26,036 --> 00:09:30,926
The broadcast has stopped right there, it does
not go any further unless you enable service.
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00:09:30,926 --> 00:09:34,176
And the reason I want to bring
it up is it's everywhere.
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00:09:34,176 --> 00:09:40,506
You see, DHCP relay all over the place, so I
want you guys to know this at least exists.
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00:09:40,606 --> 00:09:46,496
You can go in to your router right here if
it's a Cisco router and enable DHCP relay
161

00:09:47,956 --> 00:09:52,706

which takes a broadcast message
if it's a DHCP request.
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00:09:52,826 --> 00:09:55,176
And you see, it's not all-- I mean
broadcast happen all the time.
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00:09:55,176 --> 00:09:57,396
It would be a mess if it was all of them.
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00:09:57,396 --> 00:10:02,296
It says, I'm going to look for DHCP request and
I'm going to send that, you know, take that-165
00:10:02,296 --> 00:10:07,726
you know, it's a-- it's a DHCP broadcast and
I'm going to package it as a unicast, you know,
166
00:10:07,726 --> 00:10:10,286
put all the source and destination
headers that we've talked about on there
167
00:10:10,556 --> 00:10:12,856
and send it directly to the DHCP server.
168
00:10:13,246 --> 00:10:18,096
And the DHCP server can say, "Oh okay,
well I've got an IP address for you
169
00:10:18,096 --> 00:10:19,606
and let me hand it right back down."
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00:10:19,606 --> 00:10:22,866
Well, the reason they call it
DHCP relay, there is the keyword.
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00:10:22,866 --> 00:10:26,266
That actually hands it to the router
and the router responds to the client
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00:10:26,266 --> 00:10:28,676
as if it was giving it its IP address,
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00:10:28,676 --> 00:10:34,436
which is amazing because I can then
centralize all my DHCP services at one spot

174
00:10:34,436 --> 00:10:36,996
or in a really high priced cluster of servers
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00:10:36,996 --> 00:10:39,916
that maybe are very redundant
and all, all of that.
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00:10:39,916 --> 00:10:46,446
So, that is one example of DHCP relay, but
once we explore different technologies,
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00:10:46,446 --> 00:10:50,496
especially VLANs, I'm going to
show you, man, there's so much more
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00:10:50,496 --> 00:10:53,476
that DHCP relay can be used
for on that side of thing, so.
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00:10:53,756 --> 00:10:57,656
So that, that is another way that
somebody could get an IP address.
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00:10:58,186 --> 00:11:00,436
Last one is multiple IP addresses.
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00:11:00,646 --> 00:11:06,166
There are times, mainly on servers,
where you might want to have something
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00:11:06,166 --> 00:11:12,106
to have multiple IP addresses or even
multi-homed addresses, meaning, maybe I've got-183
00:11:12,106 --> 00:11:17,986
and again, without fully discussing VLANs
is this concept gets a little tough,
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00:11:17,986 --> 00:11:22,866
but maybe I've got two different
portions of my network at the office.
185
00:11:23,206 --> 00:11:25,596
This is our central office
so it's getting messy.
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00:11:26,056 --> 00:11:31,296

And, you know, maybe this is the public

portion of my office where, you know,
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00:11:31,296 --> 00:11:34,456
it's kind of like the lobby, I've got
public Wi-Fi and all that kind of stuff.
188
00:11:34,456 --> 00:11:37,026
And then I've got the private
portion of my office.
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00:11:37,246 --> 00:11:40,706
And there are two different switches connected
to two different interfaces on a router.
190
00:11:40,706 --> 00:11:42,146
They're two different networks.
191
00:11:42,456 --> 00:11:46,466
Well, what I can do is I can
plug in and interfaces, you know,
192
00:11:46,466 --> 00:11:51,526
two interfaces on that server, and give it
an IP address in each one of those networks.
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00:11:51,526 --> 00:11:55,786
And now that is considered a
multi-homed server, that's multi-homing.
194
00:11:56,016 --> 00:12:00,756
But you can also give a server two
IP addresses within the same network.
195
00:12:01,096 --> 00:12:05,756
Maybe you're running an e-mail
server on here, on one IP address,
196
00:12:05,756 --> 00:12:09,666
and you want a totally different
IP address for handling website.
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00:12:09,666 --> 00:12:10,696
You know, you run a website.
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00:12:10,696 --> 00:12:15,546
So, all you have to do, you can even
do this on a computer if you wanted to,

199
00:12:16,016 --> 00:12:22,326
go into the network adaptor, same kind of place,
and you know that I can specify my IP address.
200
00:12:22,326 --> 00:12:26,026
This will be my primary IP address
that I use for everything right there.
201
00:12:26,356 --> 00:12:31,866
But if I want to, I can go into the advanced and
add in as many secondary addresses I want to.
202
00:12:31,866 --> 00:12:34,546
"Oh, by the way this guy is
also, you know, such and such.
203
00:12:34,546 --> 00:12:38,836
Oh, and by the way, this guy
is also, you know, whatever."
204
00:12:38,836 --> 00:12:40,856
You see what I'm doing here, I can go in
205
00:12:40,856 --> 00:12:44,086
and add all these different IP
addresses that this guy can speak from.
206
00:12:44,086 --> 00:12:46,286
Now there's only one primary, as in
207
00:12:46,286 --> 00:12:50,606
when this guy initiates traffic it's
always going to come from this IP address.
208
00:12:50,816 --> 00:12:53,896
However, it will also respond
if it gets a request on any
209
00:12:53,896 --> 00:12:56,296
of these other IP addresses
that I want to give it.
210
00:12:56,296 --> 00:13:00,086
So, I can go in and assign a
device multiple IP addresses.
211

00:13:00,086 --> 00:13:00,686

No problem.
212
00:13:01,376 --> 00:13:07,186
Okay, let's talk about IP addressing now,
specifically, public versus private addresses
213
00:13:07,186 --> 00:13:09,576
and the other special addresses
that exist out there.
214
00:13:09,826 --> 00:13:11,396
Think of the internet.
215
00:13:11,846 --> 00:13:14,496
Most people just think of it as
like, you know, surfing the web
216
00:13:14,496 --> 00:13:17,766
or like a picture of a cloud comes to mind.
217
00:13:18,176 --> 00:13:23,826
But really the internet is a network of
networks, it's the biggest network in the world
218
00:13:23,826 --> 00:13:26,636
that is just one network attached
to another attached to another.
219
00:13:26,636 --> 00:13:29,306
It started with some college
universities wanting to tie together.
220
00:13:29,306 --> 00:13:30,406
They called it the ARPANET.
221
00:13:30,656 --> 00:13:34,376
And before long, you know, people are on
there buying t-shirts and everything else
222
00:13:34,376 --> 00:13:37,666
that you can get online and
books, and whatnot, so.
223
00:13:38,006 --> 00:13:42,096
So, we have this gigantic network of
networks where everything is combined

224
00:13:42,296 --> 00:13:47,436
so everything that's connected to the
internet needs a unique IP address.
225
00:13:47,796 --> 00:13:51,226
So, you know, like here's-- here's,
you know, your computer at home.
226
00:13:51,446 --> 00:13:54,926
You know, it's-- we always draw it as like
a cloud, but really there is a router there
227
00:13:54,926 --> 00:13:58,196
of your ISP and they have
to temporarily give you,
228
00:13:58,196 --> 00:14:02,356
and they do it via DHCP unless you
pay them for a static IP address.
229
00:14:02,426 --> 00:14:06,246
They'll give you an IP address that
allows you to access the internet as long
230
00:14:06,246 --> 00:14:11,476
as you are staying connected, as long as your
device is powered on and actively running.
231
00:14:11,846 --> 00:14:17,396
And you are consuming one of the 4
billion 200 something million addresses
232
00:14:17,396 --> 00:14:19,526
that exists in the world today.
233
00:14:19,526 --> 00:14:25,286
They're-- in the IPv4 address
space, there is a-234
00:14:25,466 --> 00:14:30,066
actually hang on, let me pull
it up, there you go, I got it.
235
00:14:30,246 --> 00:14:36,556
Its 4,294,967,294 IP addresses,
and you can Google that.
236

00:14:36,556 --> 00:14:38,556

You don't have to know it or write it down.
237
00:14:38,556 --> 00:14:40,566
So, 4 billion some addresses that are there.
238
00:14:40,866 --> 00:14:45,616
Now it sounds like, wow, it's a lot of IP
addresses, but then you start realizing
239
00:14:45,616 --> 00:14:53,246
that we have ultra bazillion network devices
out there that if every network device
240
00:14:53,246 --> 00:14:55,716
in the world got its own public
IP address on the internet,
241
00:14:55,926 --> 00:14:59,416
we would long since have run
out, like it just wouldn't work.
242
00:14:59,416 --> 00:15:03,686
I mean if you think of yourself, you'd have a
cellphone that is connected to the internet,
243
00:15:03,686 --> 00:15:06,716
you have multiple computers at
home, at work a laptop, you know.
244
00:15:06,716 --> 00:15:09,736
I probably have-- I'm just
looking around my office right now.
245
00:15:09,736 --> 00:15:15,086
I see a couple of printers, I see a router,
I see some switches, I have 1, 2, 3,
246
00:15:15,086 --> 00:15:20,146
4 computers surrounding me that
are actively on and being used.
247
00:15:20,146 --> 00:15:24,096
I have my iPhone, I have some IP phone
sitting on my desk that are online.
248
00:15:24,096 --> 00:15:27,016
So I mean, it's just I-- and

I'm-- I'm one man, Jeremy Cioara.

249
00:15:27,016 --> 00:15:30,156
I have all of this stuff and
so it's just not scalable.
250
00:15:30,336 --> 00:15:38,146
So they came up with this idea of private IP
addresses that allows people to assign addresses
251
00:15:38,146 --> 00:15:40,706
that are not usable on the internet.
252
00:15:41,026 --> 00:15:46,626
Now, there's a lot of misnomers
about that that I want to demystify,
253
00:15:46,626 --> 00:15:49,426
but let me first off talk
about the way this works.
254
00:15:49,846 --> 00:15:54,686
What you can do is inside of your
company, or inside of your house,
255
00:15:54,686 --> 00:15:58,496
or whatever environment you're in, let's go
with the house 'cause that's nice and simple
256
00:15:58,496 --> 00:16:03,476
and you just exchange bedrooms for
cubicles and you have an office environment.
257
00:16:03,476 --> 00:16:06,696
You've got your house which, you know,
I just described in my house, I've got,
258
00:16:06,696 --> 00:16:08,146
you know, 4 computers just surrounding me.
259
00:16:08,146 --> 00:16:11,896
You've got a Wii, you've got a-- you've got all,
all of the different things that exist there.
260
00:16:11,896 --> 00:16:17,586
Maybe you have, you know, 20 network
devices in your house which I would say is,

261
00:16:17,586 --> 00:16:20,566
you know, probably about average nowadays.
262
00:16:20,926 --> 00:16:25,986
So, what you can do is just make
up IP addresses in your house.
263
00:16:25,986 --> 00:16:29,466
You know, go ahead and if you're like 90
percent of the homes around the world,
264
00:16:29,466 --> 00:16:34,766
you're probably using 192.168.0 dot
something addresses inside of there
265
00:16:34,766 --> 00:16:36,866
or dot 1 dot something addresses.
266
00:16:37,096 --> 00:16:40,846
And the reason I would know that is
because every NETGEAR, D-Link, you know,
267
00:16:40,846 --> 00:16:44,026
no name device that you go buy
and plug in at your house hands
268
00:16:44,026 --> 00:16:48,366
out these addresses via DHCP by default.
269
00:16:48,846 --> 00:16:53,676
Now, your house uses those addresses, your
neighbor's house uses those addresses,
270
00:16:53,676 --> 00:16:58,036
there is the neighbor house-- neighbor's house
uses those addresses and yet there's no problem.
271
00:16:58,206 --> 00:16:59,466
How does that work?
272
00:16:59,466 --> 00:17:03,116
I mean, I told you every single network
device has to have its own IP address,
273
00:17:03,116 --> 00:17:08,846
so how does my computer have the same IP address
as my neighbor's computer and nobody screaming?

274
00:17:09,546 --> 00:17:12,406
Well, the way it works is
through a system of NAT.
275
00:17:12,706 --> 00:17:16,766
Let's, let's say I've got a router, these
are routers, at the corner of my house,
276
00:17:17,026 --> 00:17:20,846
that is plugged into Cox
or Qwest or whatever ISP,
277
00:17:20,846 --> 00:17:24,006
whatever carrier you're using
to connect to the internet.
278
00:17:24,466 --> 00:17:30,756
This device runs something called
NAT, Network Address Translation,
279
00:17:31,246 --> 00:17:33,916
which allows you to take
all of these IP addresses.
280
00:17:33,916 --> 00:17:40,786
It could be 20, it could be 200,
it could be 2000 IP addresses
281
00:17:40,786 --> 00:17:44,576
and now you would definitely
outdo me maybe if you had 2000.
282
00:17:44,776 --> 00:17:50,086
But 2000-- and it would actually translate
it or some people call it overloading
283
00:17:50,086 --> 00:17:51,546
or some other people call it PAT.
284
00:17:51,546 --> 00:17:55,686
There's many different names for it, and we'll-again, we'll totally unpack this one later,
285
00:17:56,036 --> 00:18:00,086
translate it to one public IP address that
your internet service provider lets you use.

286
00:18:00,086 --> 00:18:04,056
So maybe they give you the
public address of 5.5.5.5.
287
00:18:04,056 --> 00:18:07,466
Essentially, anything not
shown here or in these ranges
288
00:18:07,466 --> 00:18:09,956
down here are considered public addresses.
289
00:18:09,956 --> 00:18:17,376
So 5.5.5.5, what my router will do is allow
all of these 20 devices to share and be hidden
290
00:18:18,036 --> 00:18:20,546
and pretend to be that one IP address.
291
00:18:20,916 --> 00:18:22,976
And again, I'll show you
how all that works later on.
292
00:18:23,236 --> 00:18:29,016
But my neighbor, they might get 5.5.5.6,
so their 20 devices are never seen
293
00:18:29,016 --> 00:18:32,896
because they're using duplicate addresses
and they all go out as this one address.
294
00:18:32,896 --> 00:18:36,006
So private addresses are not
only useful in houses, well,
295
00:18:36,006 --> 00:18:39,936
they are also useful inside
of organizations as well.
296
00:18:40,086 --> 00:18:45,886
You know, when you're in a large
company, and I'll pick Boeing or Intel
297
00:18:45,886 --> 00:18:50,676
or Nabisco making Fig Newtons, you've
got large manufacturing plants,
298
00:18:50,676 --> 00:18:54,866

you can use private addressing all throughout

your company because that works A okay.
299
00:18:54,866 --> 00:18:58,746
It's just once you want to get to the internet,
the internet will block those addresses
300
00:18:58,746 --> 00:19:03,536
from being used, so you have to NAT
them out, so private addressing.
301
00:19:03,536 --> 00:19:05,326
It's kind of like think of this way.
302
00:19:05,756 --> 00:19:10,806
Remember when-- what was that movie?
303
00:19:10,806 --> 00:19:15,316
1980s there's a movie called-- I just
remember Christian Slater was in it.
304
00:19:15,316 --> 00:19:19,586
Oh, "Pump Up the Volume" where he ran
his own little private radio station
305
00:19:19,586 --> 00:19:20,626
out of his dorm room.
306
00:19:20,736 --> 00:19:24,006
And in the end he ends up getting busted
because the FCC comes in, it's like,
307
00:19:24,006 --> 00:19:27,946
"You can't run a radio station because
those are restricted frequencies.
308
00:19:27,946 --> 00:19:29,446
We manage all the frequencies."
309
00:19:29,446 --> 00:19:32,016
Think of that as like that's
the public IP addresses.
310
00:19:32,226 --> 00:19:35,506
You can't just go out there and start saying,
"I want these, I want those, I want those,"
311

00:19:35,506 --> 00:19:38,346

'cause they probably belong
to somebody else in the world.
312
00:19:38,726 --> 00:19:44,706
However, the FCC has granted broadcast
privileges on some frequencies
313
00:19:44,706 --> 00:19:50,026
which probably sound familiar to you,
like 900 megahertz or 2.4 gigahertz
314
00:19:50,026 --> 00:19:54,536
or 5 gigahertz frequency spectrum.
315
00:19:54,806 --> 00:19:55,996
What are those?
316
00:19:55,996 --> 00:20:01,746
Well, those are used for like cordless phones
or wireless Wi-Fi devices inside of a network.
317
00:20:02,056 --> 00:20:07,766
The reason they call these unmanaged or
unlicensed frequency is because they're like,
318
00:20:07,766 --> 00:20:11,006
hey, you can run whatever you want as
long as you're not maliciously trying
319
00:20:11,006 --> 00:20:15,376
to destroy somebody or somebody else
trying to use those frequencies with it.
320
00:20:15,376 --> 00:20:18,486
And they put, you know, some restrictions
of the power you can use and all that.
321
00:20:18,486 --> 00:20:24,426
But otherwise, anytime we bought a cordless
phone or a new wireless network widget
322
00:20:24,426 --> 00:20:27,246
for our house, we'd have to
go register that with the FCC.
323
00:20:27,246 --> 00:20:33,876
Think of these as like you're

unregistered, your unmanaged IP addresses

324
00:20:33,876 --> 00:20:37,426
that you can use wherever you
want inside of your organization.
325
00:20:37,426 --> 00:20:40,336
You don't have to register or pay for
them at all, they're free for all.
326
00:20:40,776 --> 00:20:46,606
So, that's awesome because it lets us set
up our networks for free without, well-327
00:20:46,986 --> 00:20:49,466
but, you know, besides all
the Cisco gear we have to buy.
328
00:20:49,466 --> 00:20:52,526
But, I mean, we don't have to think about
buying IP addresses for our network.
329
00:20:53,086 --> 00:20:55,436
Then you drop down here, we
have automatic addressing.
330
00:20:55,676 --> 00:21:03,086
This is a special range of addresses,
169.254, that a computer will sometimes,
331
00:21:03,086 --> 00:21:06,186
depends on what features that computer
has, but sometimes will generate
332
00:21:06,406 --> 00:21:08,496
if it can't contact the DHCP server.
333
00:21:08,846 --> 00:21:13,396
So, let's look back at that picture
or I'll just bring it up here.
334
00:21:13,656 --> 00:21:17,136
This computer is set to get an
IP address automatically, right?
335
00:21:17,136 --> 00:21:19,426
So it doesn't have one at all.

336
00:21:19,426 --> 00:21:22,716
So when it's booting up it's, you know, let's
say it's sitting here in this house right here,
337
00:21:22,716 --> 00:21:25,366
it's broadcasting, it's like,
"hello, hello, hello, hello, hello,
338
00:21:25,366 --> 00:21:26,706
I need an IP address [inaudible]" you know,
339
00:21:26,706 --> 00:21:29,446
it's sending these broadcast messages
like I had to try and get one.
340
00:21:29,816 --> 00:21:33,886
But if there's no DHCP server
out here, nothing ever comes back
341
00:21:33,886 --> 00:21:36,986
and that computer goes, well, what do I use?
342
00:21:37,106 --> 00:21:41,296
What it will do is it will just pick
something from that range, if it's a Windows-343
00:21:41,296 --> 00:21:44,186
and again, this feature can be turned
on and off, but it will just say,
344
00:21:44,186 --> 00:21:49,116
well, I guess I'll be 169.254.50.22.
345
00:21:49,116 --> 00:21:52,516
Now, it's smart enough to actually
send out a little beacon saying, hey,
346
00:21:52,516 --> 00:21:56,476
is anyone else out there 169.254.20.52.
347
00:21:56,476 --> 00:22:00,586
And, you know, if it doesn't [inaudible] okay,
that's the IP address that I'm going to use.
348
00:22:00,586 --> 00:22:04,676
So, usually if you see this
address, something bad has happened

349
00:22:05,016 --> 00:22:06,776
because you don't usually want to see those.
350
00:22:06,776 --> 00:22:11,076
But what that allows you do is kind of
build your own little local area network.
351
00:22:11,076 --> 00:22:15,136
You won't be able to get on the internet with
it, but your own little local area network
352
00:22:15,136 --> 00:22:19,876
if things break down or you just
don't want to think about DHCP.
353
00:22:19,876 --> 00:22:20,956
Loopback addressing.
354
00:22:21,536 --> 00:22:25,706
When the inventors of TCP/IP thought
of it, they thought, you know,
355
00:22:25,706 --> 00:22:30,656
we want to dedicate this massive
range of addresses for testing,
356
00:22:30,936 --> 00:22:32,256
you know, for testing connectivity.
357
00:22:32,716 --> 00:22:35,806
So, they took, you know, 4 million.
358
00:22:35,806 --> 00:22:38,336
I mean just millions of addresses that-359
00:22:38,336 --> 00:22:42,276
actually 16 million addresses that are
in this range right here and they said,
360
00:22:42,276 --> 00:22:44,666
we're going to use those for
testing, but really people ended
361
00:22:44,666 --> 00:22:49,946
up using only one of them, 127.0.0.1.

362
00:22:50,016 --> 00:22:56,166
If you go to any device in the world that
is on a network and you ping 127.0.0.1,
363
00:22:56,536 --> 00:23:00,356
you'll always get a response back
as long as the device is actually,
364
00:23:00,356 --> 00:23:03,006
you know, has a network card inside of it.
365
00:23:03,006 --> 00:23:05,016
That is considered a loopback address.
366
00:23:05,016 --> 00:23:10,296
It's an internal test that it uses to, you know,
just does a little cycle saying, okay, did-367
00:23:10,296 --> 00:23:15,106
you know, am I a valid network
adaptor, do I have TCP/IP enabled.
368
00:23:15,236 --> 00:23:19,876
So 16 million addresses reserved
right there, and we use one.
369
00:23:20,046 --> 00:23:22,386
And so that's the one that
we use for loopback testing.
370
00:23:23,186 --> 00:23:28,076
The last one, last one I say special addresses,
and I mentioned this in the last nugget,
371
00:23:28,076 --> 00:23:30,006
but I want to specifically bring it up here.
372
00:23:30,456 --> 00:23:36,096
The first and last IP address of
a network or a subnet-- or is in-373
00:23:36,096 --> 00:23:39,226
or I shouldn't have said
subnet, it just came out.
374
00:23:39,416 --> 00:23:44,046
The last or first IP address of a

network are the network and broadcast.

375
00:23:44,046 --> 00:23:50,946
So if I were to say 172.30.100.0 or, you know,
376
00:23:50,946 --> 00:23:56,216
that's the network we've been
using with this subnet mask.
377
00:23:56,536 --> 00:24:00,036
I go, okay, well this is my
network and this is my host,
378
00:24:00,096 --> 00:24:03,556
and I know that these IP addresses can
go zero to what's the biggest number?
379
00:24:04,536 --> 00:24:06,046
255. Got it.
380
00:24:06,046 --> 00:24:13,156
So, the very first address, the dot zero can't
be used because it represents the network.
381
00:24:13,896 --> 00:24:15,406
It identifies it.
382
00:24:15,406 --> 00:24:17,696
You see it inside of a routing
table of a router.
383
00:24:18,136 --> 00:24:20,406
The last IP address also cannot be used.
384
00:24:20,406 --> 00:24:24,786
I can't assign it to something because
that's considered the broadcast address.
385
00:24:25,016 --> 00:24:28,146
So, if I wanted to send a broadcast
to everybody in that network,
386
00:24:28,146 --> 00:24:35,686
I would send it to 172.30.100.255, and that
would reach everybody inside of that network.
387
00:24:35,686 --> 00:24:37,806

Now, keep in mind it's not always a symbol.

388
00:24:37,806 --> 00:24:40,596
I know it's easy when you're at this level.
389
00:24:40,596 --> 00:24:44,376
It just be like, okay, anytime
I see zero or 255, that's bad.
390
00:24:44,426 --> 00:24:46,496
I won't use those, I can't assign those.
391
00:24:46,906 --> 00:24:47,556
Well, be careful.
392
00:24:47,716 --> 00:24:51,376
I mean we're using this because
it's the most common subnet mask
393
00:24:51,376 --> 00:24:52,726
in the world, but there are others.
394
00:24:52,976 --> 00:24:58,816
Now let's say I did 172.30.0.0
with this subnet mask.
395
00:25:00,216 --> 00:25:03,276
It's actually known as a class B subnet mask.
396
00:25:03,586 --> 00:25:09,126
Now I'm saying this represents my
network and this represents my host.
397
00:25:09,756 --> 00:25:16,146
By the way, that actually gives me 65,536
hosts that I can have in that range.
398
00:25:16,356 --> 00:25:22,896
Now, if you just hard coded in your mind and you
go, okay, zero is bad and 255 is bad, well then,
399
00:25:22,896 --> 00:25:25,146
you're going to have a lot of bad in
that range that aren't really bad.
400
00:25:25,456 --> 00:25:32,856
There's only one bad or one that you

can't use, and that's 0.0 and 255.255.

401
00:25:33,166 --> 00:25:36,046
This is the network and this is the broadcast.
402
00:25:36,356 --> 00:25:38,766
Let's say there's only one
bad or only, you know,
403
00:25:38,766 --> 00:25:41,946
two addresses, one of each that you can't use.
404
00:25:41,946 --> 00:25:45,676
But also remember as you start counting, the way
this is going to increment is going to go 0, 1,
405
00:25:45,676 --> 00:25:49,436
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 [inaudible] 20, 30, 40,
50, you know, all the way up to the point
406
00:25:49,436 --> 00:25:54,986
where it gets to 255 then it's going to flip
this over and now we're at 1.0 and 1.1, 1.2,
407
00:25:54,986 --> 00:26:00,186
1.3 [inaudible] 1.255 and 2.0, 2 dot-and you see how it keeps going up.
408
00:26:00,426 --> 00:26:12,186
So I could take the IP address
172.30.2.255 and I could assign that to a PC.
409
00:26:12,426 --> 00:26:14,336
Whoa, weird man.
410
00:26:14,616 --> 00:26:18,896
And if you're used to just seeing this and
going, oh, that's bad, or just seeing this, oh,
411
00:26:18,896 --> 00:26:21,396
zero that's bad, then you're going
to miss a whole lot of IP addresses
412
00:26:21,396 --> 00:26:25,656
in that range 'cause there's 3.0, there's
3.255, there's 4.0, and they're all valid
413

00:26:25,656 --> 00:26:29,756

because remember in every single
network, there is only one network,
414
00:26:29,756 --> 00:26:32,136
and there's only one broadcast address.
415
00:26:32,136 --> 00:26:35,966
Everything in that squishy Oreo
center middle is totally useable.
416
00:26:37,536 --> 00:26:40,756
Okay, last thing I want to talk about here.
417
00:26:41,016 --> 00:26:46,736
Last gap that I want to fill in is the classes
of addresses and some of the terms like classful
418
00:26:46,736 --> 00:26:51,866
and classless and kind of everything along
those lines, even some of the different kinds
419
00:26:51,866 --> 00:26:56,756
of messages that we can have when we're
communicating using these IP addresses.
420
00:26:56,756 --> 00:27:05,646
So, when the creators of TCP/IP invented
it, they came up with 3 standard classes
421
00:27:05,646 --> 00:27:11,316
of addresses that exist, class A, B, and
C. And just by looking at an IP address,
422
00:27:11,316 --> 00:27:14,146
I can throw one out there, 12.5.6.2.
423
00:27:14,716 --> 00:27:19,976
Just by looking at that, I could go, oh,
that's a class A. I know that because you look
424
00:27:19,976 --> 00:27:26,136
at that first digit right there, and if it's
between 1 and 127 it's considered a class A.
425
00:27:26,406 --> 00:27:32,466
Or if that first digit is let's say it's
172.30.100.30, that's why [inaudible] kind

426
00:27:32,466 --> 00:27:34,476
of been our mascot through this series.
427
00:27:34,476 --> 00:27:39,336
I would go, "Oh, first digit is
172, that is a class B address."
428
00:27:39,526 --> 00:27:44,106
So, it's real easy just by looking at
the first digit of the address to be able
429
00:27:44,106 --> 00:27:47,186
to identify what kind of address it is.
430
00:27:47,746 --> 00:27:49,986
But that's only half helpful
because it's like, well,
431
00:27:49,986 --> 00:27:52,876
what does that do for me,
what are the difference?
432
00:27:52,876 --> 00:27:58,506
Well, the difference is the default
subnet mask that these addresses have.
433
00:27:59,156 --> 00:28:08,596
Class A addresses have the default subnet mask
255, 0, 0, 0 or a shorthand way to write that-434
00:28:08,596 --> 00:28:12,346
now, I will fully explain the
syntax later-- it's a slash 8.
435
00:28:13,406 --> 00:28:19,376
Class B, the default subnet
mask is 255, 255, 0.0,
436
00:28:19,736 --> 00:28:22,706
or a shorthand way of writing that is slash 16.
437
00:28:22,956 --> 00:28:31,186
Class C is-- that's the most famous one, 255,
255, 255, 0 or a slash 24 is shorthand for that.
438
00:28:31,186 --> 00:28:34,746

So, you know, rather than every single

time somebody putting, you know, 255, 2-439
00:28:34,746 --> 00:28:37,006
that a lot times they just go
slash 24 and people go, oh,
440
00:28:37,006 --> 00:28:39,836
that's a class C address and what that is.
441
00:28:39,836 --> 00:28:42,886
So-- or, you know, you're quickly
able to identify the subnet mask.
442
00:28:42,886 --> 00:28:51,136
So, this was considered the classful
addressing of the old days, meaning, when-443
00:28:51,136 --> 00:28:55,796
if you applied this subnet mask,
these addresses, let's just grab one,
444
00:28:55,796 --> 00:29:03,186
let's say 10.0.0.0 and it's classful
state has the subnet mask 255, 0, 0, 0.
445
00:29:03,596 --> 00:29:09,126
What that means is I actually have one network,
it's the ten network, so everything that starts
446
00:29:09,126 --> 00:29:15,086
with the number 10 is considered on my network,
and all of these octets are used for the host.
447
00:29:15,086 --> 00:29:22,526
What that gives you is 16,777,214
useable host on that network.
448
00:29:22,526 --> 00:29:26,856
It actually gives you 216 addresses,
but you remember the very first one
449
00:29:26,856 --> 00:29:30,756
and the very last one can't be
used, so we have 214 useable hosts.
450
00:29:30,756 --> 00:29:34,996
Now, initially like, "Oh

wow, that's a big network."

451
00:29:35,276 --> 00:29:38,626
Well, it's just not, not
possible, it's not reasonable.
452
00:29:38,626 --> 00:29:40,686
You can't have a network that big.
453
00:29:40,846 --> 00:29:46,986
What that means is you've got a switch with, you
know-- or multiple, so I mean sure, you know,
454
00:29:46,986 --> 00:29:48,066
give it the benefit of the doubt.
455
00:29:48,066 --> 00:29:49,896
We can daisy chain multiple switches, right?
456
00:29:50,146 --> 00:29:56,956
But you've got multiple switches
with 16,777,214 host, computers,
457
00:29:56,956 --> 00:29:59,656
devices plugged into that one network.
458
00:29:59,656 --> 00:30:01,976
There's no routers in between
them, doesn't work.
459
00:30:02,886 --> 00:30:05,616
Why? Broadcast.
460
00:30:05,616 --> 00:30:08,016
Broadcast will flood the network.
461
00:30:08,016 --> 00:30:13,626
I mean Cisco, I would say just a guideline
and this-- I won't even say this is documented
462
00:30:13,626 --> 00:30:19,426
but a kind of a rule of thumb, you
should never have a network above-463
00:30:20,216 --> 00:30:25,006
again, guideline-ish I would
say 500 devices at most.

464
00:30:25,006 --> 00:30:26,266
And that's pushing it.
465
00:30:26,266 --> 00:30:31,586
I mean I-- it's rare that I see a network more
than 200 devices that before we have some kind
466
00:30:31,586 --> 00:30:35,186
of routed boundary in mind to kind
of keep the broadcast traffic down.
467
00:30:35,186 --> 00:30:38,716
But I would say with modern processors
and all that, modern network technology,
468
00:30:38,966 --> 00:30:43,736
you could probably get to 500 devices and
not see too much impact on performance.
469
00:30:43,806 --> 00:30:48,306
But remember, each device that you add to that
network has its own broadcast that it's sending.
470
00:30:48,306 --> 00:30:51,076
It's saying hello everybody, I
mean that your booting devices,
471
00:30:51,076 --> 00:30:53,226
they're sending out traffic,
all that kind of stuff.
472
00:30:53,226 --> 00:30:57,126
So, the more and more and more you add, the
more and more these devices have to receive
473
00:30:57,126 --> 00:31:02,516
and process all of the traffic from all their
brothers that they don't even care about.
474
00:31:02,516 --> 00:31:03,506
They're just dropping it.
475
00:31:03,506 --> 00:31:04,276
They have to look at it.
476
00:31:04,276 --> 00:31:06,576

They have to see what it is but they're

like, oh, it's not really for me.
477
00:31:06,786 --> 00:31:10,616
I'm going to end up dropping that traffic.
478
00:31:10,826 --> 00:31:15,846
So, a network of 500 devices is really
big, so you look at this and you go, okay,
479
00:31:15,846 --> 00:31:19,806
we overshot that by 16 million some addresses.
480
00:31:19,806 --> 00:31:21,526
So, that it's just not scalable.
481
00:31:21,796 --> 00:31:27,346
So, what do they have in mind when
they created these monster networks?
482
00:31:27,726 --> 00:31:32,726
Well, they had in mind that, you know,
well, we can use the classful version
483
00:31:32,726 --> 00:31:35,476
and it will work, we can use those subnet mask.
484
00:31:35,786 --> 00:31:40,366
They had in mind that people will use
something called classless addressing.
485
00:31:41,306 --> 00:31:46,886
All classless means is that yes, yes, yes,
we have all of these classes of IP addresses
486
00:31:47,106 --> 00:31:51,076
and we have the default, the
classful subnet mask that the standard
487
00:31:51,316 --> 00:31:55,646
of TCP/IP said we should use
but I don't want to use that.
488
00:31:56,156 --> 00:32:02,666
I want to put a class C subnet
mask on my class A network.
489

00:32:03,326 --> 00:32:08,566

And now you can see why this one becomes
the most popular subnet mask in the world is
490
00:32:08,566 --> 00:32:12,266
because what that does it say, okay,
well now I've got the 10.0.0 network,
491
00:32:12,636 --> 00:32:19,776
there's my subnet mask, and
I've got one octet for host
492
00:32:19,776 --> 00:32:23,936
which gives me 254 usable host addresses.
493
00:32:24,136 --> 00:32:29,496
There's actually 256 that it gives you, zero
through 255, but you can't use two of them,
494
00:32:29,496 --> 00:32:33,486
so 254 usable host address, and
that's a good reasonable amount.
495
00:32:33,486 --> 00:32:39,156
So, what you see all over the place is people
applying class C subnet masks to all kinds
496
00:32:39,156 --> 00:32:42,596
of different addresses inside of their
network, all kinds of different networks and-497
00:32:42,596 --> 00:32:45,976
but I mean what this does is give you
a ton more networks that you can have.
498
00:32:45,976 --> 00:32:54,216
I can have the 10.0.0.0-- well, 10.0.0, 10.0.1,
10.0.2, I mean just a ton of different networks
499
00:32:54,216 --> 00:32:56,956
with little packets of 200 some host.
500
00:32:56,956 --> 00:33:01,106
You know this goes zero through
255, and each one of those networks
501
00:33:01,376 --> 00:33:04,286
that I can use wherever I want to in my network.

502
00:33:04,286 --> 00:33:07,666
I could start assigning those
to different offices.
503
00:33:07,666 --> 00:33:13,366
So, I can have you know corporate up here which
is 10.0.0 and that has a connection over here
504
00:33:13,366 --> 00:33:16,976
to our Arizona office and they use 10.0.1.
505
00:33:16,976 --> 00:33:21,296
I mean, we start assigning these to
different networks all around our organization
506
00:33:21,666 --> 00:33:26,556
and each one of those network support
254 useable IP addresses inside of them.
507
00:33:26,556 --> 00:33:29,746
So, that's, that's the different
classes of addresses that exist
508
00:33:29,746 --> 00:33:33,536
and at least what subnet mask they
start with, but I can change that.
509
00:33:33,536 --> 00:33:37,066
Now, you're never supposed to go backwards.
510
00:33:37,266 --> 00:33:40,416
You know, for example, I can-- I
could some-- you know, and this is-511
00:33:40,416 --> 00:33:42,496
this is actually by the way
considered subnetting
512
00:33:42,496 --> 00:33:46,156
when you apply a different subnet
mask than what the standard allows.
513
00:33:46,156 --> 00:33:47,546
But you're not supposed to go backwards.
514
00:33:47,546 --> 00:33:57,106

I'm not supposed to say 192.168.0.0

with a class B subnet mask on it.
515
00:33:57,106 --> 00:34:00,406
You know, you're supposed to
only go further, not pull back.
516
00:34:00,686 --> 00:34:05,136
However, I've seen-- actually I
just started managing a network
517
00:34:05,136 --> 00:34:09,286
where somebody used 192.0.0.0 you know with a-518
00:34:09,326 --> 00:34:14,056
they put a class A subnet mask on
this class C network and it worked.
519
00:34:14,056 --> 00:34:19,756
I mean I had to go to therapy to handle
that network but at the same time it worked.
520
00:34:19,806 --> 00:34:24,486
So, while you're not supposed to you-- you
know, in this classless world you can do it-521
00:34:24,666 --> 00:34:28,316
well, it's almost, you know,
two different meanings though.
522
00:34:28,316 --> 00:34:31,826
In the classless world that we live in,
you can do almost anything that you want.
523
00:34:32,006 --> 00:34:34,266
So, what about these other ones?
524
00:34:34,656 --> 00:34:37,876
Class D and class E are untouchable.
525
00:34:38,006 --> 00:34:41,896
Like we don't-- unless you have a very
specific reason like multicasting,
526
00:34:42,326 --> 00:34:44,456
you don't use those in your organization.
527

00:34:44,836 --> 00:34:46,066

So let me, let me fill in.
528
00:34:46,066 --> 00:34:49,216
What are the different kinds
of communication that exist?
529
00:34:49,616 --> 00:34:54,276
There's unicast, multicast, and broadcast.
530
00:34:56,866 --> 00:35:00,286
Broadcast we know is one message to everybody.
531
00:35:01,186 --> 00:35:04,446
Unicast we know is one message to one device.
532
00:35:04,446 --> 00:35:06,676
It's, you know, the single device communication.
533
00:35:07,296 --> 00:35:09,166
Multicast is the one in the middle.
534
00:35:09,166 --> 00:35:12,226
It is one message to a group of devices.
535
00:35:12,736 --> 00:35:15,316
This is by the way the future of communication.
536
00:35:15,316 --> 00:35:20,136
We're going to see a lot more of this as time
goes forward but just to give you an example,
537
00:35:20,136 --> 00:35:25,786
things that would be very useful for
this is like internet radio or imaging.
538
00:35:25,916 --> 00:35:27,916
For example, let's take imaging.
539
00:35:27,916 --> 00:35:30,056
Some of you may do this in your organization
540
00:35:30,056 --> 00:35:32,186
where you have a server and
you have all these PCs.
541

00:35:32,186 --> 00:35:37,996

Maybe you've got hundreds of PCs where
instead of going and installing, you know,
542
00:35:37,996 --> 00:35:43,196
Windows on each one of those PCs by hand,
you create a master image and you send
543
00:35:43,196 --> 00:35:47,286
that to all the PCs, so they-- you know
they all have the same look, the same feel.
544
00:35:47,286 --> 00:35:49,266
You don't have to manually install Windows.
545
00:35:49,266 --> 00:35:53,566
I mean imaging, like Acronis is
imaging, Norton Ghost is imaging,
546
00:35:53,566 --> 00:35:55,006
these are applications that do it.
547
00:35:55,006 --> 00:35:58,386
So, I set up a server which
sends an operating system
548
00:35:58,386 --> 00:36:00,126
like an actual operating system image on there.
549
00:36:00,486 --> 00:36:05,186
If I use broadcast to do that, it's
a mess because he send one message
550
00:36:05,186 --> 00:36:08,446
to every computer just throttling
the network with all this,
551
00:36:08,706 --> 00:36:11,416
this traffic because he's sending
a full blown operating system.
552
00:36:11,416 --> 00:36:14,916
I mean it fills up a hard drive essentially
with the amount of data that he sends.
553
00:36:14,916 --> 00:36:18,536
So it floods the whole network and our
whole network would probably go down until

554
00:36:18,536 --> 00:36:21,646
that guy stopped broadcasting
'cause he's sending so much data.
555
00:36:22,326 --> 00:36:26,936
If I did unicast, which is
valid, but each computer that-556
00:36:26,936 --> 00:36:31,086
that I add to the image stream
slows it down because he-557
00:36:31,086 --> 00:36:35,576
you know he starts off maybe
imaging at gigabit speed to this guy
558
00:36:35,576 --> 00:36:39,466
and then I add another computer and now he has
to divide it because he's sending one stream
559
00:36:39,466 --> 00:36:42,316
to him, one stream to him,
so each person gets 500.
560
00:36:42,316 --> 00:36:45,066
And now we divide it again,
each person gets 333.
561
00:36:45,226 --> 00:36:47,086
Divide it again, each person gets 250.
562
00:36:47,086 --> 00:36:51,106
So it gets slower and slower and slower the
more devices you add to it at the same time.
563
00:36:51,486 --> 00:36:53,086
Thus, multicast is born.
564
00:36:53,256 --> 00:36:58,076
What multicast does is assign-- think
of multicast like a radio frequency,
565
00:36:58,726 --> 00:37:01,456
like you tune into a radio frequency in the car.
566
00:37:01,896 --> 00:37:07,056

What will happen is these guys get assigned

a radio frequency multicast address.
567
00:37:07,056 --> 00:37:10,196
Let's just say 225.1.5.32.
568
00:37:10,326 --> 00:37:11,196
I just made that up.
569
00:37:11,506 --> 00:37:16,826
They all actually get assigned that same address
which, well, that's weird right there, right?
570
00:37:16,826 --> 00:37:19,646
Because we're used to things
all having their own IP address.
571
00:37:19,646 --> 00:37:23,566
But in multicasting, they all tune it-- I mean
don't think of it as being assigned an address.
572
00:37:23,566 --> 00:37:25,186
They all tune into that frequency.
573
00:37:25,376 --> 00:37:28,526
So, that the server starts
broadcasting [inaudible].
574
00:37:28,636 --> 00:37:30,286
Sorry I can't say that.
575
00:37:30,566 --> 00:37:34,396
The server starts sending to
that IP address or broadcasting
576
00:37:34,396 --> 00:37:36,166
on that frequency is what I was trying to say.
577
00:37:36,376 --> 00:37:40,186
But really it's just sending one stream to
that, that frequency, that address right there,
578
00:37:40,376 --> 00:37:43,096
and all the computers tuned into it get it.
579
00:37:43,436 --> 00:37:45,376
The ones that aren't tuned in don't.

580
00:37:45,506 --> 00:37:49,616
So, they don't-- they don't get throttled
like a broadcast would and pummel the network.
581
00:37:49,616 --> 00:37:52,946
So, multicast can be really
handy for doing things like that.
582
00:37:53,606 --> 00:37:57,456
The final one is experimental, that's why I
brought our little scientist onto the scene.
583
00:37:57,456 --> 00:38:00,976
You know, this was just a whole chunk of
addresses that when they create it they're
584
00:38:00,976 --> 00:38:03,576
like we want this to like embed
in lab rats and things like that.
585
00:38:03,866 --> 00:38:07,526
We definitely can't use or
touch those address ranges.
586
00:38:08,216 --> 00:38:10,806
Whoo, a lot of gaps to fill in, right?
587
00:38:11,366 --> 00:38:16,116
So, what did we see and more importantly, what
do I want you to do with this information?
588
00:38:16,306 --> 00:38:19,156
What we saw was how a device gets an address.
589
00:38:19,156 --> 00:38:22,446
Just what are static, dynamic,
you have multiple addresses,
590
00:38:22,446 --> 00:38:25,176
even multi-homing connecting
it to two different networks.
591
00:38:25,176 --> 00:38:29,116
We saw public and private addressing where
each would be used and what those ranges were,
592

00:38:29,366 --> 00:38:34,196

along with the classes of addresses which
are classful versus classless networking,
593
00:38:34,196 --> 00:38:38,796
even types of communication, unicast,
multicast, broadcast, I mean just a lot of-594
00:38:38,936 --> 00:38:44,506
and this is just kind of like a mega fact
nugget filling in a lot of that information.
595
00:38:44,656 --> 00:38:47,306
So, what do you do with this?
596
00:38:47,306 --> 00:38:53,246
Well, it depends on-- if you're studying for
the exam, I would highly suggest and that-597
00:38:53,246 --> 00:38:55,096
I won't even focus this for the exam.
598
00:38:55,096 --> 00:38:57,366
If you want to be in networking, how about that?
599
00:38:57,646 --> 00:39:00,276
I would highly suggest memorizing.
600
00:39:00,276 --> 00:39:03,016
There's always going to be some
memorization, those private ranges.
601
00:39:03,276 --> 00:39:09,036
Be able to see an address and be like I know
exactly what private address, if that's private
602
00:39:09,036 --> 00:39:13,446
or public, and if you just see an address,
you should know what range it came from.
603
00:39:13,446 --> 00:39:17,126
Thankfully, you can focus your
efforts on just class A, B, and C,
604
00:39:17,126 --> 00:39:21,636
that just remember those ranges and where are
those read, along with what subnet mask each one

605
00:39:21,636 --> 00:39:26,166
of those classes have and, you know, understand
that concept 'cause we'll see it again
606
00:39:26,166 --> 00:39:32,586
of classful using the default subnet
mask versus classless IP addressing.
607
00:39:32,696 --> 00:39:38,046
So, all of those just, you know, that's
brute memorization, get those things embedded
608
00:39:38,046 --> 00:39:41,426
in your head using whatever method you like to.
609
00:39:41,426 --> 00:39:45,786
Then, I'd like you to go on your device,
whether it's at home or in the office,
610
00:39:45,786 --> 00:39:48,846
and pull open a command prompt, do an IP config.
611
00:39:49,316 --> 00:39:52,276
Identify, you know, what network am I on?
612
00:39:52,276 --> 00:39:54,646
What kind of class of network?
613
00:39:54,646 --> 00:39:57,056
Am I using classful or classless addressing?
614
00:39:57,176 --> 00:40:01,756
You know this, this I'm looking at is classless
because this is a class B address right here
615
00:40:02,036 --> 00:40:03,976
with a class C subnet mask on it.
616
00:40:04,096 --> 00:40:06,146
So, identify those kind of things.
617
00:40:06,146 --> 00:40:10,016
Start thinking about what other IP
addresses would be in the same network as me.
618
00:40:10,146 --> 00:40:12,276

You know, find out am I using DHCP?

619
00:40:12,276 --> 00:40:13,916
You know, how do I know that?
620
00:40:13,916 --> 00:40:15,696
I mean, I'm just looking and it come back.
621
00:40:15,696 --> 00:40:18,096
Now just looking at that
that address, how do I know?
622
00:40:18,096 --> 00:40:22,966
Well, you can do an IP config forward slash
all and that will tell you not only, you know,
623
00:40:22,966 --> 00:40:27,376
if your DHCP which I can
find out looking up here,
624
00:40:27,376 --> 00:40:31,256
but also what DHCP server
gave you that IP address.
625
00:40:31,566 --> 00:40:34,646
In my network, I use the
router as the DHCP server.
626
00:40:34,646 --> 00:40:38,166
I don't rely on a Windows
server where I come from.
627
00:40:38,166 --> 00:40:41,846
I can even see, you know, some
information like what DNS servers I have.
628
00:40:42,166 --> 00:40:46,686
Those servers resolved the name to-- name
to IP address, so when I type in Google,
629
00:40:46,986 --> 00:40:50,406
I actually send a message to this
server saying, well, who is Google?
630
00:40:50,406 --> 00:40:52,916
And the server comes back and
says, well, this is who Google is.

631
00:40:52,916 --> 00:40:55,646
Start playing around with IP config.
632
00:40:55,646 --> 00:41:00,816
I know, I know it's a Cisco world that we're
talking about here, but Cisco does require you
633
00:41:00,816 --> 00:41:06,066
for the exam to know some of these commands like
IP config renew or release, so, I can say well,
634
00:41:06,066 --> 00:41:10,046
I want to get rid of my IP address.
635
00:41:10,866 --> 00:41:14,056
Whoops, we just lost network connection.
636
00:41:14,296 --> 00:41:17,146
And so I, you know, and just like
that I kicked off my IP address,
637
00:41:17,146 --> 00:41:18,576
lost all network connectivity.
638
00:41:18,856 --> 00:41:23,026
I can come in there and say well,
you know let's do an IP config.
639
00:41:23,086 --> 00:41:24,876
Again know that whoo, look at that.
640
00:41:24,876 --> 00:41:26,716
See, look at all this action I'm having to do.
641
00:41:26,716 --> 00:41:29,146
I mean do this, try this on your own device.
642
00:41:29,206 --> 00:41:30,856
It generate, it says, well, if I'm not going
643
00:41:30,856 --> 00:41:33,176
to use the DHCP address, then
I'm going to make up one.
644
00:41:33,176 --> 00:41:35,796
Remember those 169.254 addresses.

645
00:41:35,796 --> 00:41:39,216
I can say, yeah, well, you know, I'd
rather be connected to the network,
646
00:41:39,216 --> 00:41:45,526
so I'll do an IP config forward slash
renew to get my-- and like please-647
00:41:45,736 --> 00:41:49,366
to get my IP address back
and now I can use it again.
648
00:41:49,366 --> 00:41:50,876
So, again, play around with those.
649
00:41:51,136 --> 00:41:51,956
Experiment.
650
00:41:51,956 --> 00:41:55,676
See what you're using in your network
so that this becomes real to you.
651
00:41:56,246 --> 00:41:59,396
I hope this has been informative and
I'd like to thank you for viewing.