Cisco Optical Workshop DWDM

January 31, 2004

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Agenda

Introduction Components Forward Error Correction DWDM Design Summary

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Increasing Network Capacity Options

More Fibers (SDM)
Same bit rate, more fibers Slow Time to Market Expensive Engineering Limited Rights of Way Duct Exhaust

W D M

Same fiber & bit rate, more s Fiber Compatibility Fiber Capacity Release Fast Time to Market Lower Cost of Ownership Utilizes existing TDM Equipment

Faster Electronics (TDM)

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Higher bit rate, same fiber Electronics more expensive

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Fiber Networks
Time division multiplexing
Single wavelength per fiber Multiple channels per fiber 4 OC-3/STM1 channels in OC-12/STM4

Channel 1 Channel n

Single Fiber (One Wavelength)

4 OC-12/STM4 channels in OC-48/STM16 16 OC-3/STM1 channels in OC-48/STM16

Wave division multiplexing

Multiple wavelengths per fiber 4, 16, 24, 40 channels per system Multiple channels per fiber
ln l1 l2 Single Fiber (Multiple Wavelengths)

Hybrid Networks
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Types of WDM
Traditional passive systems
Low channel counts Less than 100km

CWDM
Defined in ITU-T G694.2 Up to 18 channels with 20nm spacing Target distances from 40km to ~100km

DWDM
Spacing of 200, 100, 50 or 25 GHz Channel counts of 32 and greater Distances of 600km and greater
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DWDM History
Early WDM (late 80s)
Two widely separated wavelengths (1310, 1550nm)

Second generation WDM (early 90s)

Two to eight channels in 1550 nm window 400+ GHz spacing

Current DWDM systems

16 to 40 channels in 1550 nm window 100 to 200 GHz spacing Automatic power control schemes Hybrid DWDM/TDM systems

Next generation DWDM systems

64 to 160 channels in 1550 nm window 50 and 25 GHz spacing
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Wavelength Characteristics for DWDM Transparency

Can carry multiple protocols on same fiber Can carry multiple TDM channels on a wave (muxponding) Monitoring can be aware of multiple protocols

Wavelength spacing
50GHz, 100GHz, 200GHz Defines how many and which wavelengths can be used

Wavelength capacity and bit rate

Example: 1.25Gb/s, 2.5Gb/s, 10Gb/s

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Optical Transmission Bands

Band

New Band S-Band C-Band L-Band U-Band

Wavelength (nm) 820 - 900 1260 1360 1360 1460 1460 1530 1530 1565 1565 1625 1625 1675

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Fiber Attenuation Characteristics

Attenuation vs. Wavelength
2.0 dB/Km Fibre Attenuation Curve S-Band:14601530nm L-Band:15651625nm

0.5 dB/Km

0.2 dB/Km 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 C-Band:15301565nm

Wavelength in Nanometers (nm)

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Agenda

Introduction Components Forward Error Correction DWDM Design

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DWDM Components
1 850/1310 15xx 2 3 1...n

Transponder Optical Multiplexer

1 2 3 1...n

1 2 3

Optical De-multiplexer Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (OADM) (Band and Channel)

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More DWDM Components

Optical Amplifier (EDFA)

Optical Attenuator Variable Optical Attenuator

Dispersion Compensator (DCM / DCU)

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Typical DWDM Network Architecture

DWDM SYSTEM VOA EDFA DCM DWDM SYSTEM

DCM

EDFA

VOA

Service Mux (Muxponder)

Service Mux (Muxponder)

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Transponders
Converts broadband optical signals to a specific wavelength via optical to electrical to optical conversion (O-E-O) Used when Optical LTE (Line Termination Equipment) does not have tight tolerance ITU optics Performs 2R or 3R regeneration function Receive Transponders perform reverse function
1 2

OEO

From Optical OLTE

OEO n OEO

To DWDM Mux

Low Cost IR/SR Optics

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Wavelengths Converted
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Performance Monitoring

Performance monitoring performed on a per wavelength basis through transponder G.709 based No modification of overhead Data transparency is preserved

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Laser Characteristics
Non DWDM Laser Fabry Perot
Power c

DWDM Laser Distributed Feedback (DFB)

Power c

Spectrally broad Unstable center/peak wavelength

Mirror Partially transmitting Mirror

Dominant single laser line Tighter wavelength control

Active medium

Amplified light

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Transponder: Direct vs. External Modulation

Direct Modulation
Iin
Electrical Signal in

External Modulation
DC Iin
Electrical Signal in

Optical Signal out

CW Unmodulated Optical Signal External Modulator

Mod. Optical Signal

Simple approach Low cost Client side Metro WDM Ex: 1800 ps/nm Dispersion Tolerance
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Extra components Higher cost WDM side LH WDM Ex: 10,000 ps/nm Dispersion Tolerance
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DWDM Receiver Requirements

I
Receivers Common to all Transponders Not Specific to wavelength (Broadband) PIN photodiodes

Simple and fast

Avalanche photodiodes (APD)

Slower, but better sensitivity Better receiver

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Optical Amplifier
Pin Pout = GPin

EDFA amplifiers Separate amplifiers for C-band and L-band Source of optical noise

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OA Gain and Fiber Loss

Typical Fiber Loss 25 THz 4 THz

OA Gain

OA gain is centered in 1550 window OA bandwidth is less than fiber bandwidth

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Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier

Isolator Coupler Coupler Erbium-Doped Fiber (1050m) Pump Laser Pump Laser Isolator

Simple device consisting of four parts: Erbium-doped fiber An optical pump (to invert the population). A coupler An isolator to cut off backpropagating noise
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Principles of Er3+ Emission

EH ~1usec

PUMP PHOTON SIGNAL PHOTON 1550 nm

EM (~10msec)

Stimulated Emission (15201620 nm) E0

980nm Source
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1480nm Source
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Optical Signal-to Noise Ratio (OSNR)

Signal Level

X dB

Noise Level

EDFA Schematic

Ratio of signal power to noise OSNR = 10 log10(Ps/Pn) Large OSNR is better OSNR reduced at each amplifier
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(OSNR)in Pin NF

(OSNR)out

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1550nm Output

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1550nm with 15db Attenuator

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EDFA with No Input Signal

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EDFA Output with 1550nm Input

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Loss Management: Limitations Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier

Each EDFA at the Output Cuts at Least in a Half (3dB) the OSNR Received at the Input

Noise Figure > 3 dB Typically between 4 and 6

Each amplifier adds noise, thus the optical SNR decreases gradually along the chain; we can have only have a finite number of amplifiers and spans and eventually electrical regeneration will be necessary Gain flatness is another key parameter mainly for long amplifier chains

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Optical Thin Film Filter Technology

Dielectric Filter

1,2,3,...n 2 1, ,3,...n

Thin Film Filter (TFF) Dielectric material on substrate Photons of a specific wavelength pass through Others are reflected Integrated to demux multiple wavelengths
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Fiber Bragg Gratings

Refractive Index Changes

Core

Cladding

Small section of fiber modified by UV exposure Creates periodic changes in refractive index Light of a specific wavelength is refracted then reflected back Wavelength is determined by refractive index change and distance between refraction changes
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Multiplexer / Demultiplexer

DWDM Mux

DWDM Demux

Wavelength Multiplexed Signals Wavelengths Converted via Transponders

Wavelength Multiplexed Signals Wavelengths separated into individual ITU Specific lambdas

Loss of power for each Lambda

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Optical Add/Drop Filters (OADMs)

OADMs allow flexible add/drop of channels
Drop Channel

Drop & Insert

Add Channel

Pass Through loss and Add/Drop loss

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Agenda

Introduction Components Forward Error Correction DWDM Design Summary

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Transmission Errors
Errors happen in the real world Large BW-delay products in tranport systems Bursty appearance rather than distributed Noisy medium (ASE, distortion, PMD) TX/RX instability (spikes, current surges) Detect is good, correct is better
Information Transmitter
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Noise Transmission Channel

Information Receiver
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Forward Error Correction

Error correcting codes both detect errors and correct them Forward Error Correction (FEC) is a system
adds additional information to the data stream corrects eventual errors that are caused by the transmission system.

Low BER achievable on noisy medium Increases system capability coding gain
Trade off BER vs. distance
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Errors
Symbol error occurs
If one bit in a symbol is wrong Or if all bits in a symbol are wrong

RS(255, 239) can correct 8 symbol errors

8 single bit errors each in a separate byte 8 bits corrected 8 complete byte errors 8 x 8 = 64 bits corrected

Can detect up to 2t errors Well suited for handling burst errors

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Reed-Solomon Codes
Linear block codes (subset of BCH codes) Specified as RS(n,k) with s-bit symbols Encoder
Takes k data symbols of s bits each Adds parity symbols to make an n symbol codeword Yields n-k parity symbols of s bits each

Decoder
Corrects up to t symbols that contain errors in the codeword Where 2t = n-k
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RS(255, 239) Example

8-bit symbols (i.e. byte) 255 byte codeword 239 data bytes 16 parity bytes n = 255, k = 239, s = 8 2t = 16, t = 8 Errors in up to 8 bytes anywhere in the codeword corrected automatically

n = 255 k = 239 Data

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2t = 16 Parity
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G.709 FEC
RS(255,239)
239 data bytes + 16 bytes FEC = 255 bytes

OTU row split into 16 sub rows of 255 bytes

16 x 255 = 4080 = 1 OTU row

Sub rows processed separately FEC parity check bytes

Calculated over 239 bytes of sub row Transmitted in the last 16 bytes of same sub row

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FEC Sub-Rows
FEC sub-row #16
1

Information
239 240

Parity
255

FEC sub-row #2
1

Information
239 240

Parity
255

FEC sub-row #1
1

Information
239 240

Parity
255

OTU Row

Information bytes
1, 2 ...16 3824

Parity check bytes

3825, 3826 ... 3840 4080

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FEC Performance, Theoretical

FEC gain 6.3 dB @ 10-15 BER
Bit Error Rate

BER without FEC

10 -10

Coding Gain BER floor

10 -20

BER with FEC

10 -30 -46 -44 -42 -40 -38 -36 -34 -32

Received Optical power (dBm)

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FEC in DWDM Systems

9.58 G IP SDH FEC FEC . . ATM 2.48 G FEC 2.66 G 2.66 G 10.66 G 10.66 G FEC FEC . . FEC ATM 2.48 G 9.58 G IP SDH

FEC implemented on transponders (TX, RX, 3R) No change on the rest of the system
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Agenda

Introduction Components Forward Error Correction DWDM Design Summary

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DWDM Design Topics

DWDM Challenges Unidirectional vs. Bidirectional Protection Capacity Distance

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Transmission Effects
Attenuation:
Reduces power level with distance

Dispersion and nonlinear effects:

Erodes clarity with distance and speed

Noise and Jitter:

Leading to a blurred image
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Solution for Attenuation

Loss

Optical Amplification

OA

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Solution For Chromatic Dispersion

Dispersion
Dispersion

Saw Tooth Compensation

DCU
Fiber spool

Fiber spool

DCU

Total dispersion averages to ~ zero

+D -D

Length
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Uni Versus Bi-directional DWDM

DWDM systems can be implemented in two different ways

Uni-directional:
wavelengths for one direction travel within one fiber two fibers needed for full-duplex system
1 3 5 7 2 4 6 8

Fiber

2 4 6 8

1 3 5 7

Fiber

Uni -directional

Bi-directional:
a group of wavelengths for each direction single fiber operation for fullduplex system
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Fiber
5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4

Bi -directional

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Uni Versus Bi-directional DWDM (cont.)

Uni-directional 32 channels system
Full band

32 ch full duplex

32 32 Channel Spacing 100 GHz

Full band

Bi-directional 32 channels system

Blue-band

16 ch full duplex

16 16 16

16 Channel Spacing 100 GHz

Red-band
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Optical Protection Schemes

Unprotected Client Protected

Single client, single txpdr

Two client ports, equipment protected Txpdr

Splitter Protected

Y-Cable Protected

Single client, protected WDM fiber

Single client port, equipment protected Txpdr

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Unprotected
1 Transponder 1 Client Interface

1 client & 1 trunk laser (one transponder) needed, only 1 path available No protection in case of fiber cut, transponder failure, client failure, etc..
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Client Protected Mode

2 Transponders 2 Client interfaces

2 client & 2 trunk lasers (two transponders) needed, two optically unprotected paths Protection via higher layer protocol
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Optical Splitter Protection

Optical Splitter Working lambda Switch

protected lambda

Only 1 client & 1 trunk laser (single transponder) needed Protects against Fiber Breaks
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Line Card / Y- Cable Protection

2 Transponders working lambda Only one TX active

Y cable

protected lambda

2 client & 2 trunk lasers (two transponders) needed Increased cost & availability
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Designing for Capacity

Bit Rate Distance

Solution Space
Wavelengths

Goal is to maximize transmission capacity and system reach

Figure of merit is Gbps Km Long-haul systems push the envelope Metro systems are considerably simpler
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Designing for Distance

L = Fiber Loss in a Span
Pin Pout Pnoise

G = Gain of Amplifier
Amplifier Spacing

D = Link Distance

Link distance (D) is limited by the minimum acceptable electrical SNR at the receiver
Dispersion, Jitter, or optical SNR can be limit

Amplifier spacing (S) is set by span loss (L)

Closer spacing maximizes link distance (D) Economics dictates maximum hut spacing
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Link Distance vs. OA Spacing

Wavelength Capacity (Gb/s) 20

Amp Spacing
60 km

10 100 km 120 km 2.5 0 140 km 2000

80 km

4000

6000

8000

Total System Length (km)

System cost and and link distance both depend strongly on OA spacing
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OEO Regeneration in DWDM Networks

a Long H

ul

OA noise and fiber dispersion limit total distance before regeneration

Optical-Electrical-Optical conversion Full 3R functionality: Reamplify, Reshape, Retime

Longer spans can be supported using back to back systems

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3R with Optical Multiplexor and OADM

Back-to-back DWDM
Express channels must be regenerated Two complete DWDM terminals needed
1 2 3 4 N 7 1 2 3 4 N 7

Optical add/drop multiplexer

Provides drop-and- continue functionality Express channels only amplified, not regenerated Reduces size, power and cost
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1 2 3 4 N 7

OADM

1 2 3 4 N 7

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Synchronization over DWDM

SONET Network
Synchronization driven from network Router interface timed to PRS via Rx

Point-to-Point DWDM
Fiber WDM
All links are asynchronous to each other Line synchronization driven from router Far end derives timing from line

OC-48c

~ ~ ~ ~ REGEN

Ethernet
T1 OC-48c Gigabit SONET Ethernet Network PRS OC-12c OC-48c OC-3c

Ethernet DS1

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Network Topologies and Node Types

Linear Networking
Single Span
Terminal Terminal

OSC

Add/Drop
Terminal OADM (Amplified) Line Amplifier OADM (Passive) Terminal

OSC

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Network Topologies and Node Types

Ring Networking
Open Ring (single hub)
Hub (full mux/demux ) mux/demux) OADM (Passive) Line Amplifier OADM (Amplified)

Open Ring (multi-hub)

Hub (full mux/demux ) mux/demux)

OSC OADM (Passive)

OADM (Amplified) OADM (Amplified)

Closed Ring
OADM (Amplified, AntiAnti-ASE) Hub (full mux/demux ) mux/demux)

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Agenda

Introduction Components Forward Error Correction DWDM Design Summary

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DWDM Benefits

DWDM systems provide hundreds of Gbps of scalable transmission capacity today Protocol and bit rate transparency Provides capacity beyond TDMs capability Less fiber deployment Less hardware deployment Supports incremental, modular growth

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F0_5585_c2

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