SOLUTIONS TO CONCEPTS

CHAPTER 11

1. Gravitational force of attraction,

GMm
F=
r2
6.67  10 11  10  10 –7
= = 6.67 × 10 N
(0.1)2
2. To calculate the gravitational force on ‘m’ at unline due to other mouse.
G  m  4m 8Gm2 A E
FOD = = m
B
2m
(a / r 2 )2 a2
G  m  2m 6Gm2
FOI = =
(a / r 2 )2 a2 m
3m
G  m  2m 4Gm2 4m
F C
FOB = 2 2
= D
(a / r ) a2
Gmm 2Gm2
FOA = 2 2
=
(a / r ) a2
2 2
 Gm2   Gm2  Gm2
Resultant FOF = 64 2   36 2  = 10
 a   a  a2
   

2 2
 Gm2   Gm 2  Gm 2
Resultant FOE = 64 2   4 2  = 2 5
 a   a  a2
The net resultant force will be,
2 2
 Gm2   Gm 2   Gm2 
F= 100 2   20 2   2 2   20 5
 a   a   a 
     
2 2

=
 Gm2 

 a2 

 120  40 5 =   Gm2 

 a2 
 (120  89.6)
   
Gm2 Gm 2
= 2
40.4 = 4 2 2
a a
3. a) if ‘m’ is placed at mid point of a side
4Gm2
then FOA = in OA direction A m
a2
4Gm 2 m
FOB = in OB direction
a2 O
Since equal & opposite cancel each other B C
2 2 m m
Gm 4Gm
Foc = = in OC direction
r / 2a
3 2
3a 2
A m
4Gm 2
Net gravitational force on m =
a2
b) If placed at O (centroid)
m
Gm 2 3Gm2 O
the FOA = = B C
(a / r3 ) a2 m m
11.1
 Chapter 11

3Gm2
FOB =
a2
2 2
  3Gm 2   2  2
Resultant F = 2   2 3Gm   1 = 3Gm
2   2  2
 a   a  2 a

3Gm2
Since FOC = , equal & opposite to F, cancel
a2
Net gravitational force = 0
Gm2 Gm2
4. FCB = cos 60 î  sin 60 ĵ
4a 2 4a 2 M
A B
2 2
Gm Gm
FCA = cos 60 î  sin 60 ĵ
 4a 2 4a 2
 C
F = FCB + FCA
 2Gm 2  2Gm2 r3 r3Gm 2
= sin 60 ĵ = =
4a 2 4a 2 2 4a 2
5. Force on M at C due to gravitational attraction.
Gm2
FCB = ĵ
2R 2 A B
2
 GM
FCD = î R
4R 2
D C
 GM2 GM2
FCA = cos 45 ĵ  sin 45 ĵ
4R 2 4R 2
So, resultant force on C,
 FC = FCA + FCB + FCD
GM2  1  GM2  1 
=   2   î   2   ĵ
4R 2  2 4R 2  2

FC =
GM2
4R 2
2 2 1  
 mv 2
For moving along the circle, F =
R

or
GM2
4R 2
2 2 
 1 =
MV 2
R

or V =
GM  2 2  1 
R  4 

GM 6.67  10 11  7.4  10 22 49.358  1011

6. = =
R  h 2 2
(1740  1000 )  10 6
2740  2740  10 6
49.358  1011 –2 2
= = 65.8 × 10 = 0.65 m/s
0.75  1013
7. The linear momentum of 2 bodies is 0 initially. Since gravitational force is internal, final momentum is
also zero.
So (10 kg)v1 = (20 kg) v2
Or v1 = v2 …(1)
Since P.E. is conserved
 6.67  10 11  10  20 –9
Initial P.E. = = –13.34×10 J
1
When separation is 0.5 m,

11.2
 Chapter 11

–9  13.34  10 9 2 2
–13.34 × 10 +0= + (1/2) × 10 v1 + (1/2) × 20 v2 …(2)
(1/ 2)
–9 –9 2 2
 – 13.34 × 10 = -26.68 ×10 + 5 v1 + 10 v2
–9 –9 2
 – 13.34 × 10 = -26.68 ×10 + 30 v2
2 13.34  10 9 –10
 v2 = = 4.44 × 10
30
–5
 v2 = 2.1 × 10 m/s.
–5
So, v1 = 4.2 × 10 m/s.
8. In the semicircle, we can consider, a small element of d then R d = (M/L) R d = dM.
GMRdm
F= M
LR 2 

2GMm
dF3 = 2 dF since = sin  d
LR d d
/2
2GMm 2GMm R
F =  sin d   cos 0 / 2  L
LR LR m
0

GMm 2GMm 2GMm 2GMm

 = –2 ( 1) = = =
LR LR L L / A L2
9. A small section of rod is considered at ‘x’ distance mass of the element = (M/L). dx = dm
G(dm)  1
dE1 =

d2  x 2
= dE2

Resultant dE = 2 dE1 sin  
G(dm) d 2  GM  d dx dE2 dE1
=2× 2

d  x2

2
d x 2
=
   
L d  x 2  d2  x 2 
2
   d
 
Total gravitational field a
M 
L/2
2Gmd dx
E=  Ld
0
2
 x2 
3/2
x
O
x
dx

Integrating the above equation it can be found that,

2GM
E= 
d L2  4d2
10. The gravitational force on ‘m’ due to the shell of M2 is 0.
R  R2
M is at a distance 1 R2 m2
2 M1
R1
Then the gravitational force due to M is given by
GM1m 4GM1m m
= =
(R1  R 2 / 2 (R1  R 2 )2
3
11. Man of earth M = (4/3) R 
Man of the imaginary sphere, having
3
Radius = x, M = (4/3)x 
M x3
or = 3
M R m

GMm
 Gravitational force on F = x
m2
GMx 3m GMmx
or F = 3 2
= 
R x R3

11.3
 Chapter 11
12. Let d be the distance from centre of earth to man ‘m’ then
 R2 
D= x 2    = (1/2)
 4x 2  R2 m
x
 4 
R/2
d
M be the mass of the earth, M the mass of the sphere of radius d/2.
3 O
Then M = (4/3) R 
3
M = (4/3)d 
M d3
or = 3
M R
 Gravitational force is m,
n
Gmm Gd3Mm GMmd 
F= 2
= = d F
d R 3 d2 R3 x 
R/2
So, Normal force exerted by the wall = F cos.
GMmd R GMm
=  = (therefore I think normal force does not depend on x)
R3 2d 2R 2
13. a) m is placed at a distance x from ‘O’.
If r < x , 2r, Let’s consider a thin shell of man
R M
m 4 3 mx 3
dm =  x =
( 4 / 3)r 2 3 r3
mx 3
Thus  dm =
r3
m
r
O
G md m Gmx 3 / r 3 Gmx
Then gravitational force F = 2
= 2
= 
x x r3
b) 2r < x < 2R, then F is due to only the sphere.
Gmm
F=
x  r 2
c) if x > 2R, then Gravitational force is due to both sphere & shell, then due to shell,
GMm
F=
x  R 2
Gmm
due to the sphere =
x  r 2
Gm m GMm
So, Resultant force = +
x  r 2 x  R 2
GM GM
14. At P1, Gravitational field due to sphere M = =
3a  a 
2
16a 2 a
At P2, Gravitational field is due to sphere & shell, 49
GM  1 1  P1 a
GM GM  61  GM
= 2
+ = 2
   =   2
(a  4a  a) ( 4a  a ) 2 a  36 25   900  a P2 a

15. We know in the thin spherical shell of uniform density has gravitational field at its internal point is zero.
At A and B point, field is equal and opposite and cancel each other so Net field is
A
zero. A

Hence, EA = EB B

16. Let 0.1 kg man is x m from 2kg mass and (2 – x) m from 4 kg mass. B

2  0 .1 4  0 .1
 =–
x 2
( 2  x )2

11.4
 Chapter 11

0.2 0 .4
or =–
x 2
( 2  x )2
1 2 2 2
or = or (2 – x) = 2 x
x2 ( 2  x )2
or 2 – x = 2 x or x(r2 + 1) = 2
2
or x = = 0.83 m from 2kg mass.
2.414
m
17. Initially, the ride of  is a
To increase it to 2a, a a
2 2 2
Gm Gm 3Gm
work done =  = m
2a a 2a m a 100g
18. Work done against gravitational force to take away the particle from sphere,
10cm
G  10  0.1 6.67  10 11  1 –10
= = = 6.67 × 10 J
0.1 0.1 1 10 1

19. E = (5 N/kg) î + (12 N/kg) ĵ
  10kg
a) F = E m
= 2kg [(5 N/kg) î + (12 N/kg) ĵ ] = (10 N) î + (12 N) ĵ

F = 100  576 = 26 N
 
b) V = E r
 
At (12 m, 0), V = – (60 J/kg) î V = 60 J
 
At (0, 5 m), V = – (60 J/kg) ĵ V = – 60 J
(1,2,5 )

 E mdr =  (10N)î  (24N) ĵ r 

  (12,5 )
c)  V = ( 0,0 )
( 0,0 )

= – (120 J î + 120 J î ) = 240 J

 
0,5m 
d)  v = – r(10N î  24N ĵ ) 12m,0 

= –120 ĵ + 120 î = 0
20. a) V = (20 N/kg) (x + y)
GM MLT 2 M1L3 T 2M1 ML2 T 2
= L or =
R M L M
0 2 –2 0 2 –2
Or M L T = M L T
 L.H.S = R.H.S

b) E( x, y ) = – 20(N/kg) î – 20(N/kg) ĵ
 
c) F = E m
= 0.5kg [– (20 N/kg) î – (20 N/kg) ĵ = – 10N î - 10 N ĵ

 | F | = 100  100 = 10 2 N

21. E = 2 î + 3 ĵ
The field is represented as
tan 1 = 3/2
5/3 3j
Again the line 3y + 2x = 5 can be represented as 2

tan 2 = – 2/3 2j
5/2
m1 m2 = –1
Since, the direction of field and the displacement are perpendicular, is done by the particle on the line.
11.5
 Chapter 11
22. Let the height be h
GM GM
(1/2) 2 =
R (R  h)2
2 2
Or 2R = (R + h)
Or 2 R = R + h
Or h = (r2 – 1)R
23. Let g be the acceleration due to gravity on mount everest.
 2h 
g = g1  
 R
 17696  2
=9.8 1   = 9.8 (1 – 0.00276) = 9.773 m/s
 6400000 
24. Let g be the acceleration due to gravity in mine.
 d
Then g= g 1  
 R
 640  2
= 9.8 1  3
 = 9.8 × 0.9999 = 9.799 m/s
 6400  10 
25. Let g be the acceleration due to gravity at equation & that of pole = g
2
g= g –  R
–5 2 3
= 9.81 – (7.3 × 10 ) × 6400 × 10
= 9.81 – 0.034
2
= 9.776 m/s
2
mg = 1 kg × 9.776 m/s
= 9.776 N or 0.997 kg
The body will weigh 0.997 kg at equator.
2
26. At equator, g = g –  R …(1)
Let at ‘h’ height above the south pole, the acceleration due to gravity is same.
 2h 
Then, here g = g 1   …(2)
 R
2  2h 
 g -  R = g 1  
 R
2R 2h
or 1  = 1
g R

or h =
2R 2
=
  
2
7.3  10  5  6400  10 3 
2
= 11125 N = 10Km (approximately) 
2g 2  9.81
27. The apparent ‘g’ at equator becomes zero.
2
i.e. g = g –  R = 0
2
or g =  R
g 9 .8
1.5  10 6 = 1.2 × 10
–3
or  = = = rad/s.
R 6400  10 3
2 2  3.14 –6
T= = = 1.5 × 10 sec. = 1.41 hour
 1.2  10  3
28. a) Speed of the ship due to rotation of earth v = R
2
b) T0 = mgr = mg – m R
2 To
 T0 – mg = m R
c) If the ship shifts at speed ‘v’ A A
2
T = mg – m R

11.6
 Chapter 11

 v  R 2 
= T0 -  R
 R2 
 
 v 2  2R 2  2Rv 
= T0 –   m
 R 
 
 T = T0 + 2v m
29. According to Kepler’s laws of planetary motion,
2 3
T R
2 3
Tm R ms
 
Te 2 R es 3
3 2
 Rms   1.88 
     
 R es   1 
R ms 2/3
 = (1.88) = 1.52
R es

r3
30. T = 2
GM

27.3 = 2 × 3.14
3.84  10  5 3

6.67  10 11  M

or 2.73 × 2.73 =

2  3.14  3.84  10 5 
3

6.67  10 11  M
2  (3.14 )2  (3.84)3  1015 24
or M = 11 2
= 6.02 × 10 kg
3.335  10 (27.3 )
24
 mass of earth is found to be 6.02 × 10 kg.
3
r
31. T = 2
GM

 27540 = 2 × 3.14
9.4  10 3
 103  3

11
6.67  10  M

or (27540) = (6.28)
2 2 9.4  10  6 2

6.67  10 11  M
(6.28)2  (9.4 )3  1018 23
or M = 11 2
= 6.5 × 10 kg.
6.67  10  (27540 )
GM gr 2
32. a) V = =
r h r h
9.8  ( 6400  10 3 )2 3
= 6
= 6.9 × 10 m/s = 6.9 km/s
10  (6.4  2)
2
b) K.E. = (1/2) mv
6 10
= (1/2) 1000 × (47.6 × 10 ) = 2.38 × 10 J
GMm
c) P.E. =
 (R  h)
6.67  10 11  6  10 24  10 3 40  1013 10
=– = – = – 4.76 × 10 J
(6400  2000 )  10 3 8400
2(r  h) 2  3.14  8400  10 3 2
d) T = = 3
= 76.6 × 10 sec = 2.1 hour
V 6.9  10

11.7
 Chapter 11
33. Angular speed f earth & the satellite will be same
2 2
=
Te Ts

1 1 (R  h)3
or = or 12 I 3600 = 3.14
24  3600 (R  h)3 gR 2
2
gR 2

(R  h)2 (12  3600 )2 (6400  h)3  109 (12  3600 )2

or = or =
gR 2 (3.14 )2 9.8  (6400 )2  10 6 (3.14 )2
(6400  h)3  10 9 4
or 9
= 432 × 10
6272  10
3 4
or (6400 + h) = 6272 × 432 × 10
4 1/3
or 6400 + h = (6272 × 432 × 10 )
4 1/3
or h = (6272 × 432 × 10 ) – 6400
= 42300 cm.
b) Time taken from north pole to equator = (1/2) t
( 43200  6400)3 ( 497 )3  10 6
= (1/2) × 6.28 2 6
= 3.14
10  (6400 )  10 (64)2  1011
497  497  497
= 3.14 = 6 hour.
64  64  10 5
34. For geo stationary satellite,
4
r = 4.2 × 10 km
h = 3.6 × 104 km
Given mg = 10 N
 R2 
mgh = mg  
 R  h2 
 

= 10 

6400  103
2
 
 =
4096
= 0.23 N
 
 6400  10 3  3600  10 3 
2


17980

R 23
35. T = 2
gR12
3
R2
Or T = 4
2
2
gR1
3
42 R 2
Or g =
T 2 R12
3
42 R 2
 Acceleration due to gravity of the planet is =
T 2 R12 A
Colatitude
36. The colattitude is given by . 
OAB = 90° – ABO
Again OBC =  = OAB
6400 8 O
 sin  = =
42000 53 
B
–1  8  –1 C
 = sin   = sin 0.15. 
 53 

11.8
 Chapter 11
37. The particle attain maximum height = 6400 km.
On earth’s surface, its P.E. & K.E.
2   GMm 
Ee = (1/2) mv +   …(1)
 R 
In space, its P.E. & K.E.
 GMm 
Es =   +0
 Rh 
 GMm 
Es =    …(2) ( h = R)
 2R 
Equating (1) & (2)
GMm 1 GMm
  mv 2 = 
R 2 2R
2  1 1
Or (1/2) mv = GMm    
 2R R 
2 GM
Or v =
R
6.67  10 11  6  10 24
=
6400  10 3
40.02  1013
=
6.4  10 6
7 8
= 6.2 × 10 = 0.62 × 10
4
Or v = 0.62  10 8 = 0.79 × 10 m/s = 7.9 km/s.
38. Initial velocity of the particle = 15km/s
Let its speed be ‘v’ at interstellar space.
 GMm

3 2 2
(1/2) m[(15 × 10 ) – v ] = dx
R x2

3 2 2  1
 (1/2) m[(15 × 10 ) – v ] = GMm  
 x R
6 2 GMm
 (1/2) m[(225 × 10 ) – v ] =
R
6 2  6.67  10 11  6  10 24
2
 225 × 10 – v =
6400  10 3
2 6 40.02 8
 v = 225 × 10 – × 10
32
2 6 8 8
 v = 225 × 10 – 1.2 × 10 = 10 (1.05)
4
Or v = 1.01 × 10 m/s or
= 10 km/s
24
39. The man of the sphere = 6 × 10 kg.
8
Escape velocity = 3 × 10 m/s
2GM
Vc =
R
2GM
Or R =
Vc 2
2  6.67  10 11  6  10 24 80.02 –3 –3
= = × 10 = 8.89× 10 m  9 mm.
3  10 
8 2 9



11.9