Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory Chapter 5

Multiple Choice Questions 1. M Mineral oil can be used in place of mercury in manometers when small pressure changes are to be measured. What is the pressure of an o ygen sample in mm of mineral oil if its pressure is !".5 mm #g$ %d of mineral oil & '."" g(m)* d of #g & 1+.5 g(m), a. b. c. d. e. !. 1 1.- mm mineral oil 15 mm mineral oil +! mm mineral oil +"' mm mineral oil ..' mm mineral oil

/ flas0 containing helium gas is connected to an open-ended mercury manometer. The open end is e posed to the atmosphere2 where the pre3ailing pressure is 45! torr. The mercury le3el in the open arm is !5 mm abo3e that in the arm connected to the flas0 of helium. What is the helium pressure2 in torr$ a. b. c. d. e. 6!5 torr !5 torr 4!5 torr 44" torr none of the abo3e

+. 1

/ flas0 containing neon gas is connected to an open-ended mercury manometer. The open end is e posed to the atmosphere2 where the pre3ailing pressure is 4.5 torr. The mercury le3el in the open arm is 5'. mm below that in the arm connected to the flas0 of neon. What is the neon pressure2 in torr$ a. b. c. d. e. 65'. torr 5'. torr 5-5 torr 4-5 torr none of the abo3e

.. 1

/ flas0 containing argon gas is connected to an closed-ended mercury manometer. The closed end is under 3acuum. 7f the mercury le3el in the closed arm is !+'. mm abo3e that in the arm connected to the flas02 what is the argon pressure2 in torr$ a. b. c. d. e. 6!+'. !+'. 5+'. 4-'. none of the abo3e

5. 1

#ydrogen gas e erts a pressure of .55 torr in a container. What is this pressure in atmospheres$ a. b. c. d. e. '.!14 atm '..55 atm '.51+ atm 1.5+ atm ..5' atm

65

5. 1

The pressure of hydrogen sulfide gas in a container is +5255' 8a. What is this pressure in torr$ a. b. c. d. e. .5.-1 torr !54.. torr +51." torr +51! torr !4'-' torr

4. 1

The pressure of sulfur dio ide in a container is 15- 08a. What is this pressure in atmospheres$ a. b. c. d. e. '.!'- atm '.5+4 atm 1.54 atm !1.! atm 15-'' atm

". 1

The air pressure in a 3olleyball is 45 psi. What is this pressure in torr$ a. b. c. d. e. 5!' torr 55! torr +-'' torr 45'' torr 45''' torr

-. 1

9The 3olume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas at constant temperature and pressure: is a statement of ;;;;;;;;;;;;; )aw. a. b. c. d. e. Charles<s =oyle<s /montons<s /3ogadro<s >alton<s

1'. 1

9The pressure of an ideal gas is in3ersely proportional to its 3olume at constant temperature and number of moles: is a statement of ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; )aw. a. b. c. d. e. Charles<s =oyle<s /montons<s /3ogadro<s Gay-)ussac<s

11. 1

9The pressure of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature at constant 3olume and number of moles: is a statement of ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; )aw. a. b. c. d. e. Charles<s =oyle<s /montons<s /3ogadro<s Gay-)ussac<s

66

1!. 1

9The 3olume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature at constant pressure and number of moles: is a statement of ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; )aw. a. b. c. d. e. Charles<s =oyle<s /montons<s /3ogadro<s >alton<s

1+. 1

9The total pressure in a mi ture of unreacting gases is e?ual to the sum of the partial pressures of the indi3idual gases: is a statement of ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; )aw. a. b. c. d. e. Charles<s Graham<s =oyle<s /3ogadro<s >alton<s

1.. 1

9The rate of effusion of a gas is in3ersely proportional to the s?uare root of its molar mass: is a statement of ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; )aw. a. b. c. d. e. Charles@s Graham@s >alton@s /3ogadro@s =oyle<s

15. M

Which of the lines on the figure below is the best representation of the relationship between the 3olume of a gas and its pressure2 other factors remaining constant$ a e b c d

0 0 15. M Pressure (atm) Which of the lines on the figure below is the best representation of the relationship between the 3olume of a gas and its absolute temperature2 other factors remaining constant$ a e b c d

Temperature (K)

67

14. M

Which of the lines on the figure below is the best representation of the relationship between the 3olume of a gas and its Celsius temperature2 other factors remaining constant$

a e

b c d

Temperature ( C)

1". 1

Which of the lines on the figure below is the best representation of the relationship between the 3olume and the number of moles of a gas2 measured at constant temperature and pressure$

a e

b c d

n (mol)

1-. 1

/ sample of an ideal gas has its 3olume doubled while its temperature remains constant. 7f the original pressure was 1'' torr2 what is the new pressure$ a. b. c. d. e. 1' torr 5' torr 1'' torr !'' torr 1''' torr

!'. 1

/ sample of the inert gas 0rypton has its pressure tripled while its temperature remained constant. 7f the original 3olume is 1! )2 what is the final 3olume$ a. b. c. d. e. ..' ) 5.' ) -) +5 ) ." )

68

!1. 1

/ sample of nitrogen gas at !-" K and 4.5 torr has a 3olume of +4..! ). What 3olume will it occupy if the pressure is increased to "-. torr at constant temperature$ a. b. c. d. e. !!.+ ) +1.! ) ...- ) 112 L 380 L

!!. 1

/ sample of carbon dio ide gas at 1!5C and !." torr occupies a 3olume of !45 ). What will the gas pressure be if the 3olume is increased to +!1 ) at 1!5C$ a. b. c. d. e. !1! torr !"- torr +55 torr ..1 torr +5- torr

!+. 1

/ sample of o ygen gas has its absolute temperature hal3ed while the pressure of the gas remained constant. 7f the initial 3olume is .'' m)2 what is the final 3olume$ a. b. c. d. e. !' m) 133 mL 200 mL .'' m) "'' m)

!.. M

/ sample container of carbon mono ide occupies a 3olume of .+5 m) at a pressure of 4"5 torr and a temperature of !-" K. What would its temperature be if the 3olume were changed to !55 m) at a pressure of 4"5 torr$ a. b. c. d. e. 1"! K !-" K +"4 K ."- K 5+" K

!5. M

/ '."5'-mole sample of nitrous o ide2 a gas used as an anesthetic by dentists2 has a 3olume of !'..5 ) at 1!+C and 1.+5 atm. What would be its 3olume at .5"C and 1.+5 atm$ a. b. c. d. e. 5.+" ) 1'.- ) 1-.' ) +".+ ) 44.- )

!5. M

/ sample of ammonia gas at 55.5C and 5!. torr has a 3olume of 15.+1 ). What is its 3olume when the temperature is 615."C and its pressure is 5!. torr$ a. b. c. d. e. +.5- ) 11.5 ) !'.! ) 5+.5 ) not possible2 since the 3olume would ha3e to be negati3e

69

!4. 1

/ 5''-m) sample of argon at "'' torr has its absolute temperature ?uadrupled. 7f the 3olume remains unchanged what is the new pressure$ a. b. c. d. e. !'' torr .'' torr "'' torr 2400 torr 3200 torr

!". 1

/ 45'-m) sample of hydrogen e erts a pressure of "!! torr at +!5 K. What pressure does it e ert if the temperature is raised to .45 K at constant 3olume$ a. b. c. d. e. 1"" torr 55! torr 1.11 1'+ torr 1.!' 1'+ torr 1.-' 1'+ torr

!-. M

/ sample of methane gas2 C#.%g,2 occupies a 3olume of 5'.+ ) at a pressure of .5- torr and a temperature of !-.+C. What would be its temperature at a pressure of !.+ torr and 3olume of 5'.+ )$ a. b. c. d. e. 6115.5C 15.! C 15.5C 54.4C +1'.5C

+'. 1

What are the conditions of AT8$ a. b. c. d. e. ' K and l atm !4+.15 K and 45' torr 'C and 45' atm !4+.15C and 45' torr none of the abo3e

+1. M

/ sample of propane2 a component of )8 gas2 has a 3olume of +5.+ ) at +15 K and -!! torr. What is its 3olume at AT8$ a. b. c. d. e. !5.! ) +'.5 ) ++.5 ) +4.1 ) .-.! )

+!. M

Bitrogen dio ide is a red-brown gas that is responsible for the color of photochemical smog. / sample of nitrogen dio ide has a 3olume of !".5 ) at .5.+C and "-.- 08a. What is its 3olume at AT8$ a. b. c. d. e. !1." ) !4.5 ) !-.5 ) +4.5 ) 15+ )

70

++. M

Calculate the pressure of a helium sample at 6!'4.+C and 45" m) if it e erts a pressure of 145 08a at !5.'C and -!5 m). a. b. c. d. e. +!.1 08a .5.5 08a 554 08a -5+ 08a not possible2 since the pressure would ha3e to be negati3e

+.. M

Calculate the temperature of an argon sample at 55.. 08a and 1".5 ) if it occupies !5." ) at 45.'C and .1.1 08a. a. b. c. d. e. -5.'C "5.1C 44.!C 4!.-C 55.!C

+5. M

/ carbon dio ide sample weighing ...' g occupies +!.5" ) at 55C and 5.5 torr. What is its 3olume at AT8$ a. b. c. d. e. !!.. ) +1.1 ) +..+ ) +5.! ) .4.4 )

+5. 1

/ sample of nitrogen gas is confined to a 1..' ) container at +45 torr and +4.'C. #ow many moles of nitrogen are in the container$ a. b. c. d. e. '.!41 mol !.!4 mol +.5- mol !'5 mol !!4 mol

+4. 1

/ compressed gas cylinder containing 1.5' mol methane has a 3olume of +.+' ). What pressure does the methane e ert on the walls of the cylinder if its temperature is !5C$ a. b. c. d. e. -.'' 1'6! atm '.-++ atm 1.11 atm 1.4' atm 11.1 atm

+". M

/ssuming ideal beha3ior2 what is the density of argon gas at AT82 in g()$ a. b. c. d. e. '.'145 g() '.'!5' g() '.'551 g() 1.4" g() 1"1. g()

71

+-. M

What is the density of carbon dio ide gas at 6!5.!C and -".' 08a$ a. b. c. d. e. '.!+! g() '.!4- g() '.--. g() 1.4. g() !.'- g()

.'. M

7ma Chemist found the density of Creon-11 %CCCl+, to be 5.5" g() under her e perimental conditions. #er measurements showed that the density of an un0nown gas was ..+" g() under the same conditions. What is the molar mass of the un0nown$ a. b. c. d. e. -5.4 g(mol 1'" g(mol 1!4 g(mol 155 g(mol 145 g(mol

.1. M

/ flas0 with a 3olume of +.15 ) contains -.++ grams of an un0nown gas at +!.'C and 1.'' atm. What is the molar mass of the gas$ a. b. c. d. e. 4.45 g(mol 66.1 g/mol 74.0 g/mol 81.4 g/mol 144 g/mol

.!. M

>r. 7. M. /. =rightguy adds '.14!4 g of an un0nown gas to a 1!5-m) flas0. 7f >r. = finds the pressure to be 4+5 torr at !'.'C2 is the gas li0ely to be methane2 C#.2 nitrogen2 B!2 o ygen2 D!2 neon2 Be2 or argon2 /r$ a. b. c. d. e. C#. B! Be /r D!

.+. M

/ !5'.'-m) sample of ammonia2 B#+%g,2 e erts a pressure of "++ torr at .!..C. What mass of ammonia is in the container$ a. b. c. d. e. '.'4"4 g '.1"' g ".'. g 14.' g 5-." g

... M

What is the pressure in a 4.5'-) flas0 if '.15 mol of carbon dio ide is added to '.++ mol of o ygen$ The temperature of the mi ture is .".'C. a. b. c. d. e. '.!5! atm '.5-! atm 1.5- atm +.-5 atm .."' atm

72

.5. #

7f '.45' ) of argon at 1.5' atm and 144C and '.!+5 ) of sulfur dio ide at -5.' 08a and 5+.'C are added to a 1.''-) flas0 and the flas0@s temperature is adEusted to !5.'C2 what is the resulting pressure in the flas0$ a. b. c. d. e. '.'"51 atm '.!.. atm '.-.5 atm 1.74 atm 1."5 atm

.5. M

/ gas mi ture consists of e?ual masses of methane %molecular weight 15.', and argon %atomic weight .'.',. 7f the partial pressure of argon is !''. torr2 what is the pressure of methane2 in torr$ a. b. c. d. e. "'.' torr !''. torr !55 torr 5''. torr 555 torr

.4. M

/ gas mi ture2 with a total pressure of +''. torr2 consists of e?ual masses of Be %atomic weight !'., and /r %atomic weight .'.,. What is the partial pressure of /r2 in torr$ a. b. c. d. e. 45 torr 1''. torr 15'. torr !''. torr none of the abo3e

.". #

/n un0nown li?uid is 3aporiFed in a !4+-m) flas0 by immersion in a water bath at --C. The barometric pressure is 45+ torr. 7f the mass of the li?uid retained in the flas0 is 1.+5! g2 what is its molar mass$ a. b. c. d. e. !'.. g(mol .'.- g(mol 11! g(mol 15. g(mol 1". g(mol

.-. M

Magnesium metal %'.1'' mol, and a 3olume of a?ueous hydrochloric acid that contains '.5'' mol of #Cl are combined and react to completion. #ow many liters of hydrogen gas2 measured at AT82 are produced$ Mg%s, G !#Cl%aq, MgCl!%aq, G #!%g, a. b. c. d. e. !.!. ) of #! ..." ) of #! 5.5' ) of #! 11.! ) of #! !!.. ) of #!

5'. M

#ydrogen pero ide was catalytically decomposed and 45.+ m) of o ygen gas was collected o3er water at !5C and 4.! torr. What mass of o ygen was collected$ %Pwater & !. torr at !5C, a. b. c. d. e. '.''!-1 g '.'-+1 g '.'-5! g '.'--+ g '.-5! g

73

51. M

Amall ?uantities of hydrogen can be prepared by the addition of hydrochloric acid to Finc. / sample of 1-5 m) of hydrogen was collected o3er water at !5C and 45+ torr. What mass of hydrogen was collected$ %Pwater & !. torr at !5C, a. b. c. d. e. '.''455 g '.'15. g '.'15- g '.'15. g '.15- g

5!. M

)ithium o ide is an effecti3e absorber of carbon dio ide and can be used to purify air in confined areas such as space 3ehicles. What 3olume of carbon dio ide can be absorbed by 1.'' 0g of lithium o ide at !5 C and 1.'' atm$ )i!D%aq, a. b. c. d. e. 5"4 m) "1- m) 5"4 ) "1- ) !!.. ) G CD!%g, )i!CD+%s,

5+. #

Methane2 C#.%g,2 reacts with steam to gi3e synthesis gas, a mi ture of carbon mono ide and hydrogen2 which is used as starting material for the synthesis of a number of organic and inorganic compounds. C#.%g, G #!D%g, CD%g, G #!%g, HunbalancedI

What mass of hydrogen is formed if !45 ) of methane %measured at AT8, is con3erted to synthesis gas$ a. b. c. d. e. 5.. M 1!.+ g !..4 g 37.1 g 49.4 g 4..! g

#ydrochloric acid is prepared by bubbling hydrogen chloride gas through water. What is the concentration of a solution prepared by dissol3ing !!5 ) of #Cl%g, at +4C and "-.5 08a in 5.!5 ) of water$ a. b. c. d. e. 1..- M 1.55 M 4."! M 1!.5 M 15.5 M

55. 1

Which of the following gases effuses most rapidly$ a. b. c. d. e. nitrogen o ygen hydrogen chloride ammonia carbon mono ide

74

55. 1

Which of the following gases will be the slowest to diffuse through a room$ a. b. c. d. e. methane2 C#. hydrogen sulfide2 #!A carbon dio ide2 CD! water2 #!D neon2 Be

54. 1

/rrange the following gases in order of increasing rate of effusion. C!#5 /r a. b. c. d. e. #Cl 8#+

/r J #Cl J8#+ J C!#5 C!#5 J 8#+ J #Cl J /r /r J 8#+ J C!#5 J #Cl C!#5 J #Cl J 8#+ J /r /r J8#+J #Cl J C!#5

5". M

/ +.'-) sample of helium was placed in container fitted with a porous membrane. #alf of the helium effused through the membrane in !. hours. / +.'-) sample of o ygen was placed in an identical container. #ow many hours will it ta0e for half of the o ygen to effuse through the membrane$ a. b. c. d. e. ".5 h 1! h ." h 5'. h 5" h

5-. M

/ compound composed of carbon2 hydrogen2 and chlorine effuses through a pinhole '..11 times as fast as neon. Aelect the correct molecular formula for the compound. a. b. c. d. e. C#Cl+ C#!Cl! C!#!Cl! C!#+Cl CCl.

5'. #

/t what temperature in 0el3in is the root mean s?uare speed of helium atoms %atomic weight & ..'', e?ual to that of o ygen molecules %molecular weight & +!.'', at +''. K$ a. b. c. d. e. +4.5 K 45 K 1'5 K !-! K !.''. K

51. M

Aelect the gas with the highest a3erage 0inetic energy per mole at !-" K. a. b. c. d. e. D! CD! #!D #! /ll ha3e the same a3erage 0inetic energy.

75

5!. 1

Aelect the gas with the largest root-mean-s?uare molecular speed at !5C. a. b. c. d. e. B#+ CD #! AC5 /ll the gases ha3e the same root-mean-s?uare molecular speed at !5C.

5+. M

Calculate the root-mean-s?uare speed of methane2 C#. %g,2 at 4"C. a. b. c. d. e. !+ m(s +5' m(s 55' m(s 554 m(s 4.' m(s

5.. M

Creon-1!2 CC!Cl!2 which has been widely used in air conditioning systems2 is considered a threat to the oFone layer in the stratosphere. Calculate the root-mean-s?uare 3elocity of Creon-1! molecules in the lower stratosphere where the temperature is 655C. a. b. c. d. e. !' m(s 1!' m(s !1' m(s !5' m(s ... 1'. m(s

55. M

The temperature of the carbon dio ide atmosphere near the surface of Kenus is .45C. Calculate the a3erage 0inetic energy per mole of carbon dio ide molecules on Kenus. a. b. c. d. e. !5!' L(mol .15' L(mol 5-!' L(mol -++' L(mol 5-!' 0L(mol

55. 1

The oFone layer is important because a. b. c. d. e. oFone absorbs low energy radiation which warms the troposphere. oFone purifies the atmosphere by reacting with e cess fluorocarbons. oFone absorbs ultra3iolet radiation. oFone reflects high energy radiation such as M-rays and gamma rays. humans need to breathe air containing some oFone.

54. 1

Bitrogen will beha3e most li0e an ideal gas a. b. c. d. e. at high temperature and high pressure. at high temperature and low pressure. at low temperature and high pressure. at low temperature and low pressure. at intermediate %moderate, temperature and pressure.

76

5". #

Nse the 3an der Waals e?uation for real gases to calculate the pressure e erted by 1.'' mole of ammonia at !4C in a 45'-m) container. %a & ..14 )!atm(mol!2 b & '.'+41 )(mol, a. b. c. d. e. !+.! atm !4.1 atm +!." atm .!.' atm +!." torr

5-. M

/t moderate pressures %O !'' atm,2 the measured pressure e erted by CD! gas is less than that predicted by the ideal gas e?uation. This is mainly because a. b. c. d. e. such high pressures cannot be accurately measured. CD! will condense to a li?uid at !'' atm pressure. gas phase collisions pre3ent CD! molecules from colliding with the walls of the container. of attracti3e intermolecular forces between CD! molecules. the 3olume occupied by the CD! molecules themsel3es becomes significant.

4'. M

/t 3ery high pressures %O 1''' atm,2 the measured pressure e erted by real gases is greater than that predicted by the ideal gas e?uation. This is mainly because a. b. c. d. e. such high pressures cannot be accurately measured. real gases will condense to form li?uids at 1''' atm pressure. gas phase collisions pre3ent molecules from colliding with the walls of the container. of attracti3e intermolecular forces between gas molecules. the 3olume occupied by the gas molecules themsel3es becomes significant.

Short Answer Questions 41. M 4!. M 4+. 1 4.. M 45. 1 45. M 44. M Atate Charles<s )aw and illustrate it with a graph2 using standard -y coordinate a es. =e sure to label the a es unambiguously with the correct gas 3ariables. Atate =oyle<s )aw and illustrate it with a graph2 using standard -y coordinate a es. =e sure to label the a es unambiguously with the correct gas 3ariables. Atate /3ogadro<s )aw. Atate /montons<s )aw and illustrate it with a graph2 using standard -y coordinate a es. =e sure to label the a es unambiguously with the correct gas 3ariables. =riefly state the conditions corresponding to AT8 %standard temperature and pressure,. Atarting from the 7deal Gas 1?uation2 deri3e an e?uation corresponding to Charles<s )aw2 stating all important assumptions or conditions. /n o ygen sample of 1.5! ) is at -!.+ 08a and +'.'C. a. b. c. 4". M What is the pressure of o ygen2 in torr$ What 3olume would the o ygen occupy if the pressure were 1!'.' 08a and the temperature were '.'C$ #ow many moles of o ygen are in the sample$

Calculate the density in g() of gaseous AC5 at 5'.'C and 55'. torr.

77

4-. M

/ !55-m) gas sample weighing '.!-! g is at 5!"1' 8a and 1!4C. a. b. #ow many moles of gas are present$ What is the molar mass of the gas$

"'. M

/ 1.''-) sample of a pure gas weighs '.4"5 g and is at '.-55 atm and !-.!C. a. b. What is the molar mass of the gas$ 7f the 3olume and temperature are 0ept constant while '..'' g of the same gas are added to that already in the container2 what will the new pressure be$

"1. M

/ 1.+'-) sample of argon gas is at 1.'! atm and !1.5C. a. b. What mass of argon is in the container$ 7f the temperature is raised to 5''.'C while the 3olume remains constant2 calculate the new pressure2 in atmospheres.

"!. M

/ +.5'-) gas sample is at a pressure of -5.5 08a and a temperature of !5.'C. a. b. Calculate the 3olume occupied by the gas at AT82 assuming it beha3es ideally. 7f the gas sample weighs 5.1' g2 calculate the molar mass of the gas.

"+. 1 ".. M

>ry air is appro imately 4"P nitrogen2 !1P o ygen and 1P argon2 by number of molecules. What is the partial pressure of o ygen in a sample of dry air2 if atmospheric pressure is 451 torr$ /luminum metal sha3ings %1'.' g, are placed in 1''. m) of 5.'' M hydrochloric acid. What is the ma imum 3olume of hydrogen2 measured at AT82 which can be produced$ !/l%s, G 5#Cl%aq, !/lCl+%aq, G +#!%g,

"5. M

7n the fermentation process2 yeast con3erts glucose to ethanol and carbon dio ide. What 3olume of carbon dio ide2 measured at 4.5 torr and !5.'C2 can be produced by the fermentation of 1'.' g of glucose$ C5#1!D5%aq, !C!#5D#%aq, G !CD!%g,

"5. M

Chlorofluorocarbons are important air pollutants implicated in global warming and oFone depletion. #ow fast does the chlorofluorocarbon CC!Cl! diffuse relati3e to B!2 the main component of the atmosphere$ 7n other words2 calculate the ratio of diffusion ratesQ

Rate CC!Cl ! Rate B !

"4. M "". #

Nse plots of PV/nRT 3ersus P to show the beha3ior of an ideal gas and of typical real gases. )abel the a es and show their scales. / !'.'-) container holds 15.+ mol of Cl! gas at !!4C. a. b. Calculate the pressure in atmospheres2 assuming ideal beha3ior. Calculate the pressure in atmospheres2 assuming 3an der Waals beha3ior. The 3an der Waals constants for Cl! are a & 5..- atm)!(mol! and b & '.'55! )(mol.

78

True/False Questions "-. 1 -'. M -1. M -!. 1 -+. 1 -.. 1 -5. 1 -5. 1 -4. M -". 1 --. 1 1''. 1 When a closed-ended manometer is used for pressure measurements2 and the closed end is under 3acuum2 the le3el of manometer li?uid in the closed arm can ne3er be lower than that in the other arm. Cor a gas obeying =oyle<s )aw2 a plot of V 3ersus 1(P will gi3e a straight line passing through the origin. Cor a gas obeying Charles<s )aw2 a plot of V 3ersus 1(T will gi3e a straight line passing through the origin. /t a temperature of absolute Fero2 the 3olume of an ideal gas is Fero. /ccording to the postulates of 0inetic-molecular theory2 the molecules of all gases at a gi3en temperature ha3e the same a3erage speed. /ccording to the postulates of 0inetic-molecular theory2 the molecules of all gases at a gi3en temperature ha3e the same a3erage 0inetic energy. /ccording to the postulates of 0inetic-molecular theory2 the a3erage 0inetic energy of gas molecules is proportional to the absolute temperature. Cor a pure gas sample2 the a3erage 0inetic energy is also the most probable 0inetic energy. The rate of diffusion of a gas is in3ersely proportional to its molar mass. Cor an ideal gas2 a plot of PV/nRT 3ersus P gi3es a straight line with a positi3e slope. Cor real gases2 PV S nRT2 always. Cor real gases2 PV J nRT2 always.

79

Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory Chapter 5 /nswer Key

1. !. +. .. 5. 5. 4. ". -. 1'. 11. 1!. 1+. 1.. 15. 15. 14. 1". 1-. !'. !1. !!. !+. !.. 41. 4!. e d c b c b c c d b c a e b e c b c b a b a c a !5. !5. !4. !". !-. +'. +1. +!. ++. +.. +5. +5. +4. +". +-. .'. .1. .!. .+. ... .5. .5. .4. .". d b e d a b d a b e a a e d e b c e b c c d b d .-. 5'. 51. 5!. 5+. 5.. 55. 55. 54. 5". 5-. 5'. 51. 5!. 5+. 5.. 55. 55. 54. 5". 5-. 4'. a b b d e a d c a e a a e c e c d c b b d e

/t constant pressure2 the 3olume of a fi ed amount of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. The plot should be V 3s. T2 showing a straight line of positi3e slope2 passing through the origin. /t constant temperature2 the 3olume of a fi ed amount of gas is in3ersely proportional to its pressure. The plot should be V 3s. 1(P2 showing a straight line of positi3e slope2 passing through the origin. /lternati3ely2 a plot of V 3s. P2 showing appropriate cur3ature2 is acceptable. 1?ual 3olumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of particles. /t constant 3olume2 the pressure of a fi ed amount of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. The plot should be P 3s. T2 showing a straight line of positi3e slope2 passing through the origin. /t AT82 the pressure is one atmosphere and the temperature is 'C %!4+.15K, 7deal Gas 1?uation is PV & nRT. Charles<s )aw refers to a fi ed amount of gas %n is a constant, and constant pressure P. R is always constant. Rearrange the e?uation to V & %nR/P,T. The ?uantities in parentheses are all constant2 so V & constant T2 which is Charles<s )aw. a. b. c. 5-! torr 1.1! ) 5.-+ 1'6! mol

4+. 4.. 45. 45.

44.

4".

..41 g()

80

4-. "'. "1. "!. "+. ".. "5. "5. "4.

a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b.

..'5 1'6+ mol 4!.1 g(mol !'.! g(mol 1..5 atm !.1- g !.5" atm +.11 ) ...' g(mol

15" torr 5.4! ) !.44 ) '.."1 7deal gasQ the plot is a horiFontal line with PV(nRT & 1. Real gases ha3e cur3ed plots2 with PV(nRT & 1 at P & '* at intermediate pressures PV(nRT may or may not be less than 1* at high pressures %e.g.2 1''' atm, PV(nRT is greater than 1. a. b. T T C T C T T C C C C C +1.. atm !-.' atm

"". "-. -'. -1. -!. -+. -.. -5. -5. -4. -". --. 1''.

81