Health and Wellness

1.Health-a state of complete physical, mental and social well being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity 2. Health behaviors- positive or negative behaviors that can affect a clients health (positive-immunizations, negative-smoking !. Health belief model- addresses the relationship between a persons beliefs and behaviors. "t provides a way of understanding and predicting how clients will behave in relation to their health and how they will comply with health care therapies. (#osenstochs, $ecker % &aimans 'hree components( 1. "ndividuals perception of susceptibility to an illness 2. "ndividuals perception of the seriousness of the illness !. 'he likelihood that a person will take preventive action ). Health Promotion Model- defines health as a positive, dynamic state, not merely the absence of disease. *ealth +romotion is directed at increasing a clients level of well being. "t describes the multidimensional nature of persons as they interact with in their environment to pursue health. (+ender 'hree areas( 1. "ndividual characteristics and e,periences 2. $ehavior-specific knowledge and affect !. $ehavioral -utcomes .. Basic Human Needs Model- basic human needs are elements that are necessary for human survival and health. /ach person has uni0ue needs but all people share basic human needs. &aslows hierarchy of needs is a model that nurses use to understand the interrelationship of basic human needs. "t provides the basis for nursing clients of all ages. "n all cases an emergent physiological need takes precedence over a higher-level need. 1. Holistic Health Model- attempts to create conditions that promote optimal health. 2urses using the nursing process consider clients the e,perts regarding their own health and respect clients sub3ective e,periences as relevant in maintaining health or assisting in healing. 4lients are involved in their healing process thereby assuming some responsibility for health maintenance. 2urses recognize the natural healing abilities of the body and incorporate complementary and alternative interventions. (music therapy, therapeutic touch 5. Internal Variables-include a persons developmental stage, intellectual background, perception of functioning and emotional and spiritual factors. 1. Developmental stage- nurse considers the level of growth and development 2. Intellectual Background- a persons beliefs about health are shaped by a persons knowledge, lack of knowledge, or incorrect information about body functions and illnesses

educational

background and past e,periences !. Perception of unctioning- 'he way people perceive their physical functioning affects their beliefs and practices. ). !motional factors- the clients degree of stress, depression, or fear can influence health beliefs and practices .. "piritual actors- spirituality is reflected in how a person lives his or her life, including the values and beliefs e,ercised, the relationships established with family and friends and the ability to find hope and meaning in life. 6. !#ternal Variables- influencing a persons health beliefs and practices include family practices, socioeconomic factors, and cultural background. 1. amil$ Practices- the way that clients families use health care services generally affects their health practices %. "ocioeconomic actors-7ocial and psychosocial factors increase the risk for illness and influence the way that a person defines and reacts to illness. !. &ultural Background- influences beliefs, values, and customs. "n influences the approach to the health care system, personal health practices, and the nurse-client relationship. &ay also influence an individuals beliefs about causes of illness, as well as remedies or practices to restore health. 8.Health Promotion 'ctivities- such as routine e,ercise and good nutrition, help clients maintain or enhance their present levels of health. 19. (ellness !ducation-teaches people how to care for themselves in a healthy way and includes topics such as physical awareness, stress management no selfresponsibility. 'otal health programs 11.Passive strategies of Health Promotion- individuals gain from the activities of others without acting themselves. (*omogenized &ilk 12. 'ctive strategies of Health Promotion- individuals are motivated to adopt specific health programs. (smoking cessation programs 1!.)evels of Preventive &are-+rimary, 7econdary and 'ertiary levels 1). Primar$ Prevention- is true prevention. "t precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to clients considered physically and emotionally healthy. (health ed programs, immunizations, physical and nutritional fitness activities. 1.. "econdar$ Prevention- focuses on individuals who are e,periencing health problems or illnesses and who are at risk for developing complications or worsening conditions.

11. *ertiar$ Prevention- occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible. 15. +isk actor- is any situation, habit social or environmental condition, physiological or psychological condition, developmental or intellectual condition, or spiritual or other variable that increases the vulnerability of an individual or group to an illness or accident. (:enetics, ;ge, /nvironment, <ifestyle, are e,amples 16. ,enetic and Ph$siological actors- physiological risk factors involve the physical functioning of the body. *eredity, or genetic predisposition to specific illness is a ma3or physical factor. 18. 'ge - age increases or decreases susceptibility to certain illnesses 29. !nvironment- 'he physical environment in which a person works or lives can increase the likelihood 'hat certain illnesses will occur. 21. )ifest$le- lifestyle practices and behaviors can have positive or negative effects on health. +ractices with potential negative effects are risk factors. 22. Illness- is a state in which a persons physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or 7piritual functioning is diminished or impaired compared with previous e,perience. *ow disease affects a 4lient 2!. 'cute Illness- has a short duration and is severe. 'he symptoms appear abruptly are intense and subside ;fter a short period of time. 2).&hronic Illness- persists usually longer than 1 months and can also affect functioning in any dimension. 2.. Illness Behavior- "nvolves how people monitor their bodies, define and interpret their symptoms, take remedial actions, and use their health care system. 21. Variables Influencing Illness and Illness Behavior-. Internal Variables- influencing the way clients behave when they are ill are their perceptions of symptoms and the nature of the illness 2. !#ternal Variables- include the visibility of symptoms, social group, cultural background, economic variables, accessibility of the health care system and social support. 25. "mpact of "llness on the 4lient and =amily1. Behavioral and !motional &hanges- 7hort term "llnesses evoke few behavioral changes in the functioning of the client and family. 7evere illness, can lead to e,tensive emotional and

anger and to in

behavioral changes, such as an,iety, shock, denial, withdrawal. 2. Impact on Bod$ Image- 7ome illnesses result in changes in physical appearance and clients and families react differently these changes. #eactions of clients and families to changes body image depend on the type of changes. !. Impact on "elf-&ontrol- 7elf 4oncept is a mental self-image of strengths and weaknesses in all aspects of personality. ). Impact on amil$ +oles- +eople have many roles in life such as wage earner, decision maker, professional, child, sibling, or parent. .. Impact of amil$ D$namics- >ynamics often change. 'hey often come to a halt until illness passes.

&hapter -. Bold *erms and /e$ Points for 0ui1 1. amil$- is a central instituition in ;merican society? ; set if relationships that the client

identifies as family or a network of individuals who influence each others lives whether or not there are actual biological or legal ties. 2. amil$ forms- are patterns of people considered by family members to be included in the family. 1. Nuclear famil$- husband wife and perhaps children 2. !#tended amil$- includes relatives (;unt, @ncles, :randparents, 4ousins in addition to nuclear family !. "ingle-Parent =amily ). Blended amil$- formed when parents bring unrelated children from prior relationships into new, 3oint living situations .. 'lternative Patterns of +elationships-'hese relationships include mulit-adult households, grandparent caring for grandchildren communal groups with children no families (adults living alone , cohabiting partners, and homose,ual couples. !. &hanging !conomic "tatus- making ends meet is a daily concern because of the declining economic status of families. ). Homelessness- severely affects the functioning, health , and well-being of the family. .. amil$ violence- /motional physical and se,ual abuse occurs toward spouses ,children and older adults across all social classes. 1. 'cute or &hronic Illness- "nfluence the family economically, socially and functionally. ;ffects the families decision making and coping resources. 5. *rauma- "s a sudden unplanned event. =amily members need to cope with the challenges of a severe life threatening event which can include the stressors associated with an intensive care environment. 6. HIV- finding that one is *"A B is devasting to individual and family and friends. 8. !nd of )ife &are- /ach family deals with end of life issues differently. "nform family what to do when time comes. 'each them about the dying process. 19. *heoretical 'pproaches-. amil$ Health "$stem- holistic model that guides assessment and care for families (;nderson 2. Developmental "tages- =amilies like people change and grow over time. 'hey tend to go through stages. (e,pansion, contraction, realignment of family

11. 'ttributes of familiesnumerous and cooperates to larger society. economic fle,ible of stability. 1. "tructure- based on the ongoing membership of the family and pattern of relationships which are comple, 2. unction- is what the family does. 'he way a family reproduces, interacts to socialize its young, meet economic needs and relates to the !. *he amil$ and Health- &any factors influence the health of the family. (relative position in society, resources, and geographical boundaries. ). 'ttributes of Health$ amilies- *as a structure that is fle,able enough to allow adaptability but not so that the family lacks cohesiveness and sense

12. Hardiness 2 +esilienc$- are factors that contribute to long term health. 1!. amil$ Nursing- is based on the assumption that all people regardless of age are a member of some type of family form. 1). Different approaches for famil$ Nursing3 1. =amily as conte,t 2. =amily as client !. =amily as system 1.. amil$ as &onte#t- primary focus is on the health and development of an individual member e,isting within a specific environment. 11. amil$ as client - family processes and relationships are the primary focus. =ocus on family pattern vs. individual characteristics. 15. amil$ as "$stem- Chen you focus on family as a client and family as a conte,t simultaneously. 16 Nursing Process for the famil$1. 'he nurse views all individuals within the family conte,t 2. 'hat families have an impact on individuals !. 'hat individuals have an impact on families 18. 'ssessing the needs of the famil$- 2eed to understand the family unit, know what illness means to the family, and what illness means to family functioning. Dou also need to understand how the illness has affected the family structure and function, and the support the family re0uires. 29. amil$ ocused care- Chen you establish a realtionship with a family it is importand to identify potential and e,ternal resources. >evelop a plan of care that all

members understand and agree on. 21. &hallenges for famil$ Nursing- delegation in the management of nursing care activities is a challenge in family nursing. 22. Implementing amil$ &entered &are- Dou as nurse need to adopt the role of educator. 1. *ealth +romotion 2. ;cute 4are !. #estorative and 4ontinuing 4are