Auto Transformer Connection

(7) Auto Transformer Connection: An Ordinary Transformer consists of two windings called primary winding and secondary winding. These two windings are magnetically coupled and electrically isolated. But the transformer in which a part of windings is common to both primary and secondary is called Auto Transformer. n Auto Transformer two windings are not only magnetically coupled but also electrically coupled. The input to the transformer is constant but the output can be !aried by !arying the tapings. The autotransformer is both the most simple and the most fascinating of the connections in!ol!ing two windings. t is used "uite e#tensi!ely in bul$ power transmission systems because of its ability to multiply the effecti!e %&A capacity of a transformer. Autotransformers are also used on radial distribution feeder circuits as !oltage regulators. The connection is shown in

'igure

The primary and secondary windings of a two winding transformer ha!e induced emf in them due to a common mutual flu# and hence are in phase. The currents drawn by these two windings are out of phase by ()*+. This prompted the use of a part of the primary as secondary. This is e"ui!alent to common the secondary turns into primary turns. The common section need to ha!e a cross sectional area of the conductor to carry ( ,- () ampere. Total number of turns between A and C are T(. At point B a connection is ta$en. .ection AB has T, turns. As the !olts per turn/ which is proportional to the flu# in the machine/ is the same for the whole winding/ &( : &, 0 T( : T, 1hen the secondary winding deli!ers a load current of , Ampere the demagneti2ing ampere turns is ,T,. This will be countered by a current ( flowing from the source through the T( turns such that/ (T( 0 ,T, A current of ( ampere flows through the winding between B and C. The current in the winding between A and B is ( , - () ampere. The cross section of the wire to be selected for AB is proportional to this current assuming a constant current density for the whole winding. Thus some amount of material sa!ing can be achie!ed compared to a two winding transformer. The

magnetic circuit is assumed to be identical and hence there is no sa!ing in the same. To "uantify the sa!ing the total "uantity of copper used in an auto transformer is e#pressed as a fraction of that used in a two winding transformer As copper in auto transformer 3 copper in two winding transformer 0((T( T,) ( 4 T,( , - ())3T( ( 4 T, , copper in auto transformer 3 copper in two winding transformer 0 ( 5(,T, ( 3 (T( ( 4 T, ,)) But T( ( 0 T, , so The 6atio 0 ( 5(,T, ( 3 ,T( () 0 ( 5(T,3T() This means that an auto transformer requires the use of lesser quantity of copper given by the ratio of turns. This ratio therefore the savings in copper. As the space for the second winding need not be there/ the window space can be less for an auto transformer/ gi!ing some sa!ing in the lamination weight also. The larger the ratio of the !oltages/ smaller is the sa!ings. As T, approaches T( the sa!ings become significant. Thus auto transformers become ideal choice for close ratio transformations.

The auto transformer shown in 'igure is connected as a boosting auto transformer because the series winding boosts the output !oltage. Care must be e#ercised when discussing 77primary88 and 77secondary88 !oltages in relationship to windings in an auto transformer. n two9winding transformers/ the primary !oltage is associated with the primary winding/ the secondary !oltage is associated with the secondary winding/ and the primary !oltage is normally considered to be greater than the secondary !oltage. n the case of a boosting autotransformer/ howe!er/ the primary (or high) !oltage is associated with the series winding/ and the secondary (or low) !oltage is associated with the common winding: but the !oltage across the common winding is higher than across the series winding.

;imitation of the autotransformer One of the limitations of the autotransformer connection is that not all types of three9phase connections are possible. 'or e#ample/ the <9= and =9 < connections are not possible using the autotransformer. The =9= connection must share a common neutral between the high9!oltage and low9!oltage

windings/ so the neutrals of the circuits connected to these windings cannot be isolated. A <9 < autotransformer connection is theoretically possible: howe!er/ this will create a peculiar phase shift. The phase shift is a function of the ratio of the primary to secondary !oltages and it can be calculated from the !ector diagram. This phase shift cannot be changed or eliminated and for this reason/ autotransformers are !ery seldom connected as < 5 < transformers.

Ad!antages of the autotransformer There are considerable sa!ings in si2e and weight. There are decreased losses for a gi!en %&A capacity. >sing an autotransformer connection pro!ides an opportunity for achie!ing lower series impedances and better regulation. ts efficiency is more when compared with the con!entional one. ts si2e is relati!ely !ery smaller. &oltage regulation of autotransformer is much better. ;ower cost ;ow re"uirements of e#citation current. ;ess copper is used in its design and construction. n con!entional transformer the !oltage step up or step down !alue is fi#ed while in autotransformer/ we can !ary the output !oltage as per out re"uirements and can smoothly increase or decrease its !alue as per our re"uirement.

?isad!antages of the autotransformer: The autotransformer connection is not a!ailable with certain three9phase connections. @igher (and possibly more damaging) short9circuit currents can result from a lower series impedance. .hort circuits can impress !oltages significantly higher than operating !oltages across the windings of an autotransformer. 'or the same !oltage surge at the line terminals/ the impressed and induced !oltages are greater for an autotransformer than for a two9winding transformer. Autotransformer consists of a single winding around an iron core/ which creates a change in !oltage from one end to the other. n other words/ the self9inductance of the winding around the core changes the !oltage potential/ but there is no isolation of the high and low !oltage ends of the winding. .o any noise or other !oltage anomaly coming in on one side is passed through to the other. 'or that reason/ Autotransformers are typically only used where there is already some sort of filtering or conditioning ahead of it/ as in electronic applications/ or the downstream de!ice is unaffected by those anomalies/ such as an AC motor during starting

Applications: >sed in both .ynchronous motors and induction motors.

 (.

>sed in electrical apparatus testing labs since the !oltage can be smoothly and continuously !aried. They find application as boosters in AC feeders to increase the !oltage le!els. Used in HV Substation due to following reasons.

f we use normal transformer the si2e of transformer will be !ery high which leads to hea!y weight/ more copper and high cost. ,. The tertiary winding used in Auto transformer balances single phase unbalanced loads connected to secondary and it does not pass on these unbalanced currents to Arimary side. @ence @armonics and !oltage unbalance are eliminated. B. Tertiary winding in the Auto Transformer balances amp turns so that Auto transformer achie!es magnetic separation li$e two winding transformers.

!" Scott#T Connection of Transformer$ Transforming B Ahase to , Ahase: There are two main reasons for the need to transform from three phases to two phases/

(. To gi!e a supply to an e#isting two phase system from a three phase supply. ,. To supply two phase furnace transformers from a three phase source. Two9phase systems can ha!e B9wire/ C9wire/ or D9wire circuits. t is needed to be considering that a two9phase system is not ,3B of a three9phase system. Balanced three9wire/ two9phase circuits ha!e two phase wires/ both carrying appro#imately the same amount of current/ with a neutral wire carrying (.C(C times the currents in the phase wires. The phase9to9neutral !oltages are E*F out of phase with each other. Two phase C9wire circuits are essentially Gust two ungrounded single9phase circuits that are electrically E*F out of phase with each other. Two phase D9 wire circuits ha!e four phase wires plus a neutral: the four phase wires are E*F out of phase with each other.

The easiest way to transform three9phase !oltages into two9phase !oltages is with two con!entional single9phase transformers. The first transformer is connected phase9to9neutral on the primary (three9phase) side and the second transformer is connected between the other two phases on the primary side. The secondary windings of the two transformers are then connected to the two9phase circuit. The phase9to9neutral primary !oltage is E*F out of phase with the phase9to9phase primary !oltage/ producing a two9phase !oltage across the secondary windings. This simple connection/ called the T connection/ is shown in 'igure The main ad!antage of the T connection is that it uses transformers with standard primary and secondary !oltages. The disad!antage of the T connection is that a balanced two9phase load still produces unbalanced three9 phase currents: i.e./ the phase currents in the three9phase system do not ha!e e"ual magnitudes/ their phase angles are not (,*F apart/ and there is a considerable amount of neutral current that must be returned to the source.

The .cott Connection of Transformer: A .cott9T transformer (also called a .cott connection) is a type of circuit used to deri!e two9phase power from a three9phase source or !ice9!ersa. The .cott connection e!enly distributes a balanced load between the phases of the source. .cott T Transformers re"uire a three phase power input and pro!ide two e"ual single phase outputs called Hain and Teaser. The HA I and Teaser outputs are E* degrees out of phase. The HA I and the Teaser outputs must not be connected in parallel or in series as it creates a !ector current imbalance on the primary side. HA I and Teaser outputs are on separate cores. An e#ternal Gumper is also re"uired to connect the primary side of the HA I and Teaser sections. The schematic of a typical .cott T Transformer is shown below:

.cott T Transformer is built with two single phase transformers of e"ual power rating. The HA I and Teaser sections can be enclosed in a floor mount enclosure with HA I on the bottom and Teaser on top with a connecting Gumper cable. They can also be placed side by side in separate enclosures. Assuming the desired !oltage is the same on the two and three phase sides/ the .cott9T transformer connection consists of a center9tapped (:( ratio main transformer/ T(/ and an )J.JK (*.DLB) ratio teaser transformer/ T,. The center9tapped side of T( is connected between two of the phases on the three9phase side. ts center tap then connects to one end of the lower turn count side of T,/ the other end connects to the remaining phase. The other

side of the transformers then connects directly to the two pairs of a two9 phase four9wire system.

The .cott9T transformer connection may be also used in a bac$ to bac$ T to T arrangement for a three9phase to B phase connection. This is a cost sa!ing in the smaller $&A transformers due to the , coil T connected to a secondary , coil T in9lieu of the traditional three9coil primary to three9coil secondary transformer. n this arrangement the Ieutral tap is part way up on the secondary teaser transformer . The !oltage stability of this T to T arrangement as compared to the traditional B coil primary to three9coil secondary transformer is "uestioned

%ey Aoint: f the main transformer has a turn8s ratio of (: (/ then the teaser transformer re"uires a turn8s ratio of *.)JJ: ( for balanced operation. The principle of operation of the .cott connection can be most easily seen by first applying a current to the teaser secondary windings/ and then applying a current to the main secondary winding/ calculating the primary currents separately and superimposing the results. %oad connected between phase&' and phase &( of the secondary$ .econdary current from the teaser winding into phase M( 0(.* NE*F .econdary current from the teaser winding into phase M, 09(.*N E*F Arimary current from @B phase into the teaser winding0 (.(DC7N E*F

Arimary current from @, phase into the main winding0 *.D77C NE*F Arimary current from @( phase into the main winding0 9*.D77CN E*F The reason that the primary current from @B phase into the teaser winding is (.(DC7 due to *.)JJ: ( turn8s ratio of the teaser/ transforming (3*.)JJ0 (.(DC7 times the secondary current. This current must split in half at the center tap of the main primary winding because both hal!es of the main primary winding are wound on the same core and the total ampere9turns of the main winding must e"ual 2ero. %oad connected between phase )( and phase )' of the secondary$

.econdary current from the main winding into phase M, 0(.*N *F .econdary current from the main winding into phase MC0 9(.* N*F Arimary current from @, phase into the main winding 0(.* N*F Arimary current from @( phase into the main winding09 (.* N*F Arimary current from @B phase into the teaser winding0 * .uperimpose the two sets of primary currents: @B0 (.(DC7 NE*F 4*0 (.(DC7 NE*F @, 0*.D77C NE*F 4(.*N *F0 (.(DC7 N B*F @( 0*.D77C NE*F4 (.* N*F0(.(DC7 N,(*F Iotice that the primary three9phase currents are balanced: i.e./ the phase currents ha!e the same magnitude and their phase angles are (,*F apart. The apparent power supplied by the main transformer is greater than the apparent power supplied by the teaser transformer. This is easily !erified by obser!ing that the primary currents in both transformers ha!e the same magnitude: howe!er/ the primary !oltage of the teaser transformer is only )J.JK as great as the primary !oltage of the main transformer. Therefore* the teaser transforms only +!.!, of the apparent power transformed by the main. 1e also obser!e that while the total real power deli!ered to the two phase load is e"ual to the total real power supplied from the three9phase system/ the total apparent power transformed by both transformers is greater than the total apparent power deli!ered to the two9phase load. The apparent power transformed by the teaser is *.)JJ M @(0 (.* and the apparent power transformed by the main is (.*M @, 0(.(DC7 for a total of ,.(DC7 of apparent power transformed. The additional *.(DC7 per unit of apparent power is due to parasitic reacti!e power owing between the two hal!es of the primary winding in the main transformer. .ingle9phase transformers used in the .cott connection are specialty items that are !irtually impossible to buy 77off the shelf 88 nowadays. n an emergency/ standard distribution transformers can be used

Ad!antages of the .cott T Connection: f desired/ a three phase/ two phase/ or single phase load may be supplied simultaneously The neutral points can be a!ailable for grounding or loading purposes

?isad!antages when used for B Ahase ;oading

This type of asymmetrical connection (B phases/ , coils)/ reconstructs three phases from , windings. This can cause une"ual !oltage drops in the windings/ resulting in potentially unbalanced !oltages to be applied to the load. The transformation ratio of the coils and the !oltage obtained may be slightly unbalanced due to manufacturing !ariances of the interconnected coils. This design8s neutral has to be solidly grounded. f it is not grounded solidly/ the secondary !oltages could become unstable. .ince this design will ha!e a low impedance/ special care will ha!e to be ta$en on the primary protection fault current capacity. This could be an issue if the system was designed for a ?elta9.tar connection. The inherent single phase construction and characteristics of this connection produces a comparati!ely bul$y and hea!ier transformer when compared with a normal three phase transformer of the same rating.

Application: 'or ndustrial 'urnace Transformer. -or Traction .urpose$ The power is obtained from the ,,* $& or (B, $& or ((* $& or JJ $&/ three9phase/ effecti!ely earthed transmission networ$ of the .tate Olectricity Board/ through single9phase transformers or .cott connected transformer installed at the Traction .ubstation. The primary winding of the single9phase transformer is connected to two phases of the transmission networ$ or 1here .cott9connected transformer is used/ the primary windings are connected to the three phases of the transmission networ$. The single9phase transformers at a Traction .ubstation are connected to the same two phases of the transmission networ$ (referred as single9phase connection)/ or alternati!ely to different pairs of phases9 the three single phase transformers forming a delta9connection on the primary side. Out of three single9phase transformers/ one transformer feeds the o!erhead e"uipment (O@O) on one side of the Traction .ubstation/ another feeds the O@O on the other side of the Traction .ubstation/ and the third remains as standby. Thus the two single9phase transformers which feed the O@O constitute an open9delta connection (alternati!ely/ referred as &9connection) on the three9phase transformers networ$. The .cott9connected transformer and &9connected single9phase transformers are effecti!e in reducing !oltage imbalance on the transmission networ$. The spacing between adGacent substations is normally between 7* and (** $m.

/" The 0ig1ag Connection$ The 2ig2ag connection is also called the interconnected star connection. This connection has some of the features of the = and the < connections/ combining the ad!antages of both. The 2ig2ag transformer contains si# coils on three cores. The first coil on each core is connected contrariwise to the second coil on the ne#t core. The second coils are then all tied together to form the neutral and the phases are connected to the primary coils. Oach phase/ therefore/ couples with each other phase and the !oltages cancel out. As such/ there would be negligible current through the neutral pole and it can be connected to ground

One coil is the outer coil and the other is the inner coil. Oach coil has the same number of windings turns (Turns ratio0(:() but they are wound in opposite directions. The coils are connected as follows: The outer coil of phase a(9a is connected to the inner coil of phase c,9I. The outer coil of phase b(9b is connected to the inner coil of phase a,9I. The outer coil of phase c(9c is connected to the inner coil of phase b,9I. The inner coils are connected together to form the neutral and our tied to ground The outer coils are connected to phases a(/b(/c( of the e#isting delta system.

f three currents/ e"ual in magnitude and phase/ are applied to the three terminals/ the ampere9turns of the a,9I winding cancel the ampere9turns of the b(9b winding, the ampere-turns of the b2-N winding cancel the ampere turns of the c(9c winding/ and the ampere9turns of the c,9I winding cancel the ampere turns of the a(9a winding. Therefore/ the transformer allows the three in9phase currents to easily flow to neutral. f three currents/ e"ual in magnitude but (,*F out of phase with each other/ are applied to the three terminals/ the ampere9turns in the windings cannot cancel and the transformer restricts the current flow to the negligible le!el of magneti2ing current. Therefore/ the 2ig2ag winding pro!ides an easy path for in9phase currents but does not allow the flow of currents that are (,*Fout of phase with each other. >nder normal system operation the outer and inner coil winding8s magnetic flu# will cancel each other and only negligible current will flow in the in the neutral of the 2ig 52ag transformer. ?uring a phase to ground fault the 2ig92ag transformer8s coils magnetic flu# are no longer e"ual in the faulted line. This allows 2ero se"uence. f one phase/ or more/ faults to earth/ the !oltage applied to each phase of the transformer is no longer in balance: flu#es in the windings no longer oppose. (>sing symmetrical components/ this is a* 0 b* 0 c*.) Pero se"uence (earth fault) current e#ists between the transformers8 neutral to the faulting phase. @ence/ the purpose of a 2ig2ag transformer is to pro!ide a return path for earth faults on delta connected systems. 1ith negligible current in the neutral under normal conditions/ engineers typically elect to under si2e the transformer: a short time rating is applied. Onsure the impedance is not too low for the desired fault limiting. mpedance can be added after the secondary8s are summed (the B o path)

The neutral formed by the 2ig2ag connection is !ery stable. Therefore/ this type of transformer/ or in some cases an auto transformer/ lends itself !ery well for establishing a neutral for an ungrounded B phase system. Hany times this type of transformer or auto transformer will carry a fairly large rating/ yet physically be relati!ely small. This particularly applies in connection with grounding applications. The reason for this small si2e in relation to the nameplate %&A rating is due to the fact that many types of grounding auto transformers are rated for , seconds. This is based on the time to operate an o!er current protection de!ice such as a brea$er. Pig2ag transformers used to be employed to enable si2e reductions in dri!e motor systems due to the stable wa!e form they present. Other means are now more common/ such as J phase star.

Ad!antages of Pig9Pag Transformer: The < 92ig2ag connection pro!ides the same ad!antages as the <9= connection. %ess Costly for grounding .urpose$ t is typically the least costly than =9? and .cott Transformer. Third harmonic suppression$ The 2ig2ag connection in power systems to trap triple harmonic (Brd/ Eth/ (Dth/ etc.) currents. @ere/ 1e install 2ig2ag units near loads that produce large triple harmonic currents. The windings trap the harmonic currents and pre!ent them from tra!eling upstream/ where they can produce undesirable effects. 2round current isolation$ f we need a neutral for grounding or for supplying single9phase line to neutral loads when wor$ing with a B9wire/ ungrounded power system/ a 2ig2ag connection may be the better solution. ?ue to its composition/ a 2ig2ag transformer is more effecti!e for grounding purposes because it has less internal winding impedance going to the ground than when using a .tar type transformer. 3o .hase 4isplacement: There is no phase angle displacement between the primary and the secondary circuits with this connection: therefore/ the <9 2ig2ag connection can be used in the same manner as =9= and <9 < transformers without introducing any phase shifts in the circuits.

Application: An 5arthing 6eference$ Occasionally engineers use a combination of =? and 2ig2ag windings to achie!e a !ector phase shift. 'or e#ample/ an electrical networ$ may ha!e a transmission networ$ of ,,* $&3JJ $& star3star transformers/ with JJ $&3(( $& delta3star for the high !oltage distribution networ$. f a transformation is re"uired directly between the ,,* $&3(( $& networ$ the most ob!ious option is to use ,,* $&3(( $& star3delta. The problem is that the (( $& delta no longer has an earth reference point. nstalling a 2ig2ag transformer near the secondary side of the ,,* $&3(( $& transformer pro!ides the re"uired earth reference point. As a 2rounding Transformer$The ability to pro!ide a path for in9phase currents enables us to use the 2ig2ag connection as a grounding ban$/ which is one of the main applications for this connection. 1e rarely use 2ig2ag configurations for typical industrial or commercial use/ because they are more e#pensi!e to construct than con!entional .tar

connected transformers. But 2ig2ag connections are useful in special applications where con!entional transformer connections aren8t effecti!e. ? or = 3 Pig92ag are used in unbalanced low !oltage system 5 mostly with single phase appliances

7" Star#4elta Connection$ n this type of connection/ then primary is connected in star fashion while the secondary is connected in delta fashion as shown in the 'ig.

The !oltages on primary and secondary sides can be represented on the phasor diagram as shown in the 'ig.

%ey point$ As Arimary in .tar connected

;ine !oltage on Arimary side 0 LB M Ahase !oltage on Arimary side. .o Ahase !oltage on Arimary side 0 ;ine !oltage on Arimary side 3 LB Iow Transformation 6ation (%) 0 .econdary Ahase &oltage 3 Arimary Ahase &oltage .econdary Ahase &oltage 0 % M Arimary Ahase &oltage. As .econdary in delta connected: ;ine !oltage on .econdary side 0 Ahase !oltage on .econdary side. .econdary Ahase &oltage 0 % M Arimary Ahase &oltage. 0% M (;ine !oltage on Arimary side 3 LB) Secondary Phase Voltage = (K/3 ) X Line voltage on Primary side. There is s 89: 4egree or #9: 4egree .hase Shift between Secondary .hase Voltage to .rimary .hase Voltage

Ad!antages of .tar ?elta Connection: The primary side is star connected. @ence fewer numbers of turns are re"uired. This ma$es the connection economical for large high !oltage step down power transformers. The neutral a!ailable on the primary can be earthed to a!oid distortion. The neutral point allows both types of loads (single phase or three phases) to be met. ;arge unbalanced loads can be handled satisfactory. The =9? connection has no problem with third harmonic components due to circulating currents in?. t is also more stable to unbalanced loads since the ? partially redistributes any imbalance that occurs. The delta connected winding carries third harmonic current due to which potential of neutral point is stabili2ed. .ome sa!ing in cost of insulation is achie!ed if @& side is star connected. But in practice the @& side is normally connected in delta so that the three phase loads li$e motors and single phase loads li$e lighting loads can be supplied by ;& side using three phase four wire system. As 2rounding Transformer$ n Aower .ystem Hostly grounded =9 < transformer is used for no other purpose than to pro!ide a good ground source in ungrounded ?elta system. Ta$e/ for e#ample/ a distribution system supplied by ; connected (i.e./ un9grounded) power source. f it is re"uired to connect phase9to9ground loads to this system a grounding ban$ is connected to the system/ as shown in 'igure

This system a grounding ban$ is connected to the system/ as shown in 'igure. Iote that the connected winding is not connected to any e#ternal circuit in 'igure. 1ith a load current e"ual to B times i/ each phase of the grounded = winding pro!ides the same current i/ with the 9connected secondary winding of the grounding ban$ pro!iding the ampere9turns re"uired to cancel the ampere9 turns of the primary winding. Iote that the grounding ban$ does not supply any real power to the load: it is there merely to pro!ide a ground path. All the power re"uired by the load is supplied by two phases of the ungrounded supply

?isad!antages of .tar9?elta Connection: n this type of connection/ the secondary !oltage is not in phase with the primary. @ence it is not possible to operate this connection in parallel with star9star or delta9delta connected transformer. One problem associated with this connection is that the secondary !oltage is shifted by B** with respect to the primary !oltage. This can cause problems when paralleling B9phase transformers since transformers secondary !oltages must be in9phase to be paralleled. Therefore/ we must pay attention to these shifts. f secondary of this transformer should be paralleled with secondary of another transformer without phase shift/ there would be a problem

Application: t is commonly employed for power supply transformers. This type of connection is commonly employed at the substation end of the transmission line. The main use with this connection is to step down the !oltage. The neutral a!ailable on the primary side is grounded. t can be seen that there is phase difference of B*F between primary and secondary line !oltages. Commonly used in a step9down transformer/ = connection on the @& side reduces insulation costs the neutral point on the @& side can be grounded/ stable with respect to unbalanced loads. As for e#ample/ at the end of a transmission line. The neutral of the primary winding is earthed. n this system/ line !oltage ratio is (3LB Times of transformer turn9ratio and secondary !oltage lags behind primary !oltage by B*F. Also third harmonic currents flow in the to gi!e a sinusoidal flu#.

9" 4elta#Star Connection of Transformer n this type of connection/ the primary connected in delta fashion while the secondary current is connected in star.

The main use of this connection is to step up the !oltage i.e. at the begining of high tension transmission system. t can be noted that there is a phase shift of B*F between primary line !oltage and secondary line !oltage as leading.

%ey point$ As primary in delta connected: ;ine !oltage on primary side 0 Ahase !oltage on Arimary side. Iow Transformation 6ation (%) 0 .econdary Ahase &oltage 3 Arimary Ahase &oltage

.econdary Ahase &oltage 0 % M Arimary Ahase &oltage. As .econdary in .tar connected ;ine !oltage on .econdary side 0 LB M Ahase !oltage on .econdary side. .o/ Line voltage on Secondary side = 3 X K X Primary Phase Voltage. Line voltage on Secondary side = 3 X K X Primary Line Voltage. There is s 89: 4egree or #9: 4egree .hase Shift between Secondary .hase Voltage to .rimary .hase Voltage

Ad!antages of 4elta#Star Connection$ Cross section area of winding is less at .rimary side: On primary side due to delta connection winding cross9section re"uired is less. Used at Three phase four wire System$ On secondary side/ neutral is a!ailable/ due to which it can be used for B9phase/ C wire supply system. 3o distortion of Secondary Voltage$ Io distortion due to third harmonic components. Handled large unbalanced %oad$ ;arge unbalanced loads can be handled without any difficulty. 2rounding <solation between .rimary and Secondary$ Assuming that the neutral of the =9connected secondary circuit is grounded/ a load connected phase9to9neutral or a phase9to9ground fault produces two e"ual and opposite currents in two phases in the primary circuit without any neutral ground current in the primary circuit. Therefore/ in contrast with the =9= connection/ phase9to9ground faults or current unbalance in the secondary circuit will not affect ground protecti!e relaying applied to the primary circuit. This feature enables proper coordination of protecti!e de!ices and is a !ery important design consideration. The neutral of the = grounded is sometimes referred to as a grounding ban$/ because it pro!ides a local source of ground current at the secondary that is isolated from the primary circuit. Harmonic Suppression$ The magneti2ing current must contain odd harmonics for the induced !oltages to be sinusoidal and the third harmonic is the dominant harmonic component. n a three9phase system the third harmonic currents of all three phases are in phase with each other because they are 2ero9se"uence currents. n the =9= connection/ the only path for third harmonic current is through the neutral. n the < 9= connection/ howe!er/ the third harmonic currents/ being e"ual in amplitude and in phase with each other/ are able to circulate around the path formed by the < connected winding. The same thing is true for the other 2ero9se"uence harmonics. 2rounding =an>$ t pro!ides a local source of ground current at the secondary that is isolated from the primary circuit. 'or suppose an ungrounded generator supplies a simple radial system through <9= transformer with grounded Ieutral at secondary as shown 'igure. The generator can supply a single9phase9to9neutral load through the 9grounded = transformer. ;et us refer to the low9!oltage generator side of the transformer as the secondary and the high9!oltage load side of the transformer as the primary. Iote that each primary winding is magnetically coupled to a secondary winding The magnetically coupled windings are drawn in parallel to each other.

Through the second transformer law/ the phase9to9ground load current in the primary circuit is reflected as a current in the A9C secondary winding. Io other currents are re"uired to flow in the A9C or B9C windings on the generator side of the transformer in order to balance ampere9turns. 5asy 6elaying of 2round .rotection$ Arotecti!e relaying is H>C@ easier on a delta9wye transformer because ground faults on the secondary side are isolated from the primary/ ma$ing coordination much easier. f there is upstream relaying on a delta9wye transformer/ any 2ero9se"uence current can be assumed to be from a primary ground fault/ allowing !ery sensiti!e ground fault protection. On a wye9wye/ a low9side ground fault causes primary ground fault current/ ma$ing coordination more difficult. Actually/ ground fault protection is one of the primary ad!antages of delta9wye units.

?isad!antages of ?elta9.tar Connection: n this type of connection/ the secondary !oltage is not in phase with the primary. @ence it is not possible to operate this connection in parallel with star9star or delta9delta connected transformer. One problem associated with this connection is that the secondary !oltage is shifted by B** with respect to the primary !oltage. This can cause problems when paralleling B9phase transformers since transformers secondary !oltages must be in9phase to be paralleled. Therefore/ we must pay attention to these shifts. f secondary of this transformer should be paralleled with secondary of another transformer without phase shift/ there would be a problem.

Applications$ Commonly used in a step#up transformer$As for e#ample/ at the beginning of a @T transmission line. n this case neutral point is stable and will not float in case of unbalanced loading. There is no distortion of flu# because e#istence of a Q 9connection allows a path for the third9harmonic components. The line !oltage ratio is LB times of transformer turn9ratio and the secondary !oltage leads the primary one by B*F. n recent years/ this arrangement has become !ery popular for distribution system as it pro!ides B9 R/ C9wire system. Commonly used in commercial* industrial* and high#density residential locations: To supply three9phase distribution systems. An e#ample would be a distribution transformer with a delta primary/ running on three (($& phases with no neutral or earth re"uired/ and a star (or wye) secondary pro!iding a B9phase supply at C** &/ with the domestic !oltage of ,B* a!ailable between each phase and an earthed neutral point. Used as 2enerator Transformer$The <9= transformer connection is used uni!ersally for connecting generators to transmission systems because of two

!ery important reasons. 'irst of all/ generators are usually e"uipped with sensiti!e ground fault relay protection. The <9= transformer is a source of ground currents for loads and faults on the transmission system/ yet the generator ground fault protection is completely isolated from ground currents on the primary side of the transformer. .econd/ rotating machines can literally be

(" 4elta#4elta Connection$ n this type of connection/ both the three phase primary and secondary windings are connected in delta as shown in the 'ig.

The !oltages on primary and secondary sides can be shown on the phasor diagram.

This connection pro!es to be economical for large low !oltage transformers as it increases number of turns per phase.

%ey point$ Arimary .ide ;ine &oltage 0 .econdary .ide ;ine &oltage. Arimary .ide Ahase &oltage0 .econdary .ide Ahase &oltage. Io phase shift between primary and secondary !oltages

Ad!antage of ?elta9?elta Connection: Sinusoidal Voltage at Secondary$ n order to get secondary !oltage as sinusoidal/ the magneti2ing current of transformer must contain a third harmonic component. The delta connection pro!ides a closed path for circulation of third harmonic component of current. The flu# remains sinusoidal which results in sinusoidal !oltages. Suitable for Unbalanced %oad$ O!en if the load is unbalanced the three phase !oltages remains constant. Thus it suitable for unbalanced loading also. Carry /+, %oad if ?ne Transfer is -aulty in Transformer =an> : f there is ban$ of single phase transformers connected in delta9delta fashion and if one of the transformers is disabled then the supply can be continued with remaining tow transformers of course with reduced efficiency. 3o 4istortion in Secondary Voltage: there is no any phase displacement between primary and secondary !oltages. There is no distortion of flu# as the third harmonic component of magneti2ing current can flow in the delta connected primary windings without flowing in the line wires .there is no distortion in the secondary !oltages. 5conomical for %ow Voltage$ ?ue to delta connection/ phase !oltage is same as line !oltage hence winding ha!e more number of turns. But phase current is ((3LB) times the line current. @ence the cross9section of the windings is !ery less. This ma$es the connection economical for low !oltages transformers. 6educe Cross section of Conductor$ The conductor is re"uired of smaller Cross section as the phase current is (3LB times of the line current. t increases number of turns per phase and reduces the necessary cross sectional area of conductors thus insulation problem is not present. Absent of Third Harmonic Voltage$ ?ue to closed delta/ third harmonic !oltages are absent. The absence of star or neutral point pro!es to be ad!antageous in some cases.

?isad!antage of ?elta9?elta Connection: ?ue to the absence of neutral point it is not suitable for three phase four wire system. Hore insulation is re"uired and the !oltage appearing between windings and core will be e"ual to full line !oltage in case of earth fault on one phase.

Application: .uitable for large/ low !oltage transformers. This Type of Connection is normally uncommon but used in some industrial facilities to reduce impact of .;S faults on the primary system

t is generally used in systems where it need to be carry large currents on low !oltages and especially when continuity of ser!ice is to be maintained e!en though one of the phases de!elops fault.

Transformer Connection$ The windings of three phase transformers may be connected in by = or Q in the same manner as for three single phase transformers. .ince the secondary8s may be connected either in = or Q regardless of which connection is used on the primaries/ there must be four ways of connecting the windings of a B9phase transformer for transformation of B9phase !oltages/ namely =9y/Q 9Q/ =9Q/ and Q 9y. The inter9 connections are made inside of the case so that only the terminal leads need to be brought outside the case (. ,. B. C. D. J. (() .tar 5 .tar Transformer (=y* or =yJ) ?elta 5 ?elta Transformer (?d* or ?dJ) ?elta 5 .tar Transformer (?y) .tar 5 ?elta Transformer =d) (Srounding Transformer). Pig92ag Transformer (=2/ ?2) (Srounding Transformer) .cott (TTU Type) Transformer (Srounding Transformer).

.tar9.tar(=9y)Connection:

n Arimary 1inding Oach Ahase is(,*Felectrical degrees out of phase with the other two phases. n .econdary 1inding Oach Ahase is(,*Felectrical degrees out of phase with the other two phases.

Oach primary winding is magnetically lin$ed to one secondary winding through a common core leg. .ets of windings that are magnetically lin$ed are drawn parallel to each other in the !ector diagram. n the =9= connection/ each primary and secondary winding is connected to a neutral point. The neutral point may or may not be brought out to an e#ternal physical connection and the neutral may or may not be grounded.

Transformer magneti2ing currents are not purely sinusoidal/ e!en if the e#citing !oltages are sinusoidal. The magneti2ing currents ha!e significant "uantities of odd9harmonic components. f three identical transformers are connected to each phase and are e#cited by J* @2 !oltages of e"ual magnitude/ the J* @2 fundamental components of the e#citing currents cancel out each other at the neutral. This is because the J* @2 fundamental currents of A/ B/ and C phase are (,*F out of phase with one another and the !ector sum of these currents is 2ero. The third/ ninth/ fifteenth and other so9called 2ero9se"uence harmonic currents are in phase with each other: therefore/ these components do not cancel out each other at the neutral but add in phase with one another to produce a 2ero9se"uence neutral current/ pro!ided there is a path for the neutral current to flow. ?ue to the nonlinear shape of the B9@ cur!e/ odd9harmonic magneti2ing currents are re"uired to support sinusoidal induced !oltages. f some of the magneti2ing current harmonics are not present/ then the induced !oltages cannot be sinusoidal. &#& Connection with 2rounded 3eutral $ 'igure .how the situation where the primary neutral is returned to the !oltage source in a four9wire three9phase circuit. Oach of the magneti2ing currents labeled 6/ =/ and B contain the J* @2 fundamental current and all of the odd harmonic currents necessary to support sinusoidal induced !oltages.

The 2ero9se"uence magneti2ing currents combine to form the neutral current I/ which returns these odd harmonics to the !oltage source. Assuming that the primary !oltage is sinusoidal/ the induced !oltages &6 / &= / and &B (in both the primary and secondary) are sinusoidal as well. The connection of primary neutral to the neutral of generator has an add ad!antage that it eliminates distortion in the secondary phase !oltages. f the flu# in the core has sinusoidal wa!eform then it will gi!e sinusoidal wa!eform for the !oltage. But due to characteristic of iron/ a sinusoidal wa!eform of flu# re"uires a third harmonic component in the e#citing current. As the fre"uency of this component is thrice the fre"uency of circuit at any gi!en constant. t will try to flow either towards or away from the neutral point in the transformer windings. 1ith isolated neutral/ the triple fre"uency current cannot flow so the flu# in the core will not be a sine wa!e and the !oltages are distorted. f primary neutral is connected to generator neutral the triple fre"uency currents get the path to sol!e the difficulty. The alternati!e way of o!ercoming with this difficulty is the use of tertiary winding of low %&A rating. These windings are connected in delta and pro!ide a circuit in which triple fre"uency currents can flow. Thus sinusoidal !oltage on primary will gi!e sinusoidal !oltage on secondary side. This situation changes if the neutrals of both sets of the primary and secondary windings are not grounded. &#& Connection without 2rounded 3eutral$ f the neutrals of both the primary and the secondary are open9circuited and so there is no path for the 2ero9se"uence harmonic currents to flow and the induced !oltages will not be sinusoidal.

&86/ &8=/ and &8B will not be sinusoidal. This results in distortions of the secondary !oltages. The resulting !oltage distortion is e"ui!alent to a =9= transformer with 2ero9se"uence currents allowed to flow in the primary neutral with an imaginary superimposed primary winding carrying only the 2ero9se"uence currents ()*F out of phase with the normal 2ero9se"uence currents.

Analysis of the !oltages induced by the 77primary windings88 is greatly complicated by the fact that the core is highly nonlinear so that each of the indi!idual 2ero9se"uence harmonics currents carried by the phantom primary windings will induce e!en higher9order harmonic !oltages as well. 'ourier analysis can be used to arri!e at an appro#imation of the secondary !oltages with an open primary neutral. Ta$ing one phase at a time/ the normal magneti2ing current for a sinusoidal e#citing !oltage is plotted from the B9@ cur!e of the transformer. The normal magneti2ing current is con!erted to a 'ourier series and then it is reconstructed by remo!ing all of the 2ero9se"uence harmonics. The resulting e#citing current will ha!e a shape different from the normal e#citing current/ which is then used to construct an induced !oltage using the B9@ cur!e in there !erse manner that was used to construct the original e#citing current. This process is rather laborious/ so suffice it to say that if a =9= transformer does not ha!e a neutral path for 2ero9se"uence e#citing currents/ there will be harmonic !oltages induced in the secondary e!en if the e#citing !oltage is purely sinusoidal.

Ad!antage of =9= Connection: 3o .hase 4isplacement$ The primary and secondary circuits are in phase: i.e./ there are no phase angle displacements introduced by the =9= connection. This is an important ad!antage when transformers are used to interconnect systems of different !oltages in a cascading manner. 'or e#ample/ suppose there are four systems operating at )**/ CC*/ ,,*/ and JJ $& that need to be interconnected. .ubstations can be constructed using =9= transformer connections to interconnect any two of these !oltages. The )** $& systems can be tied with the JJ $& systems through a single )** to JJ $& transformation or through a series of cascading transformations at CC*/,,* and JJ $&. 6equired -ew Turns for winding$ ?ue to star connection/ phase !oltages is ((3LB) times the line !oltage. @ence less number of turns is re"uired. Also the stress on insulation is less. This ma$es the connection economical for small high !oltage purposes. 6equired %ess <nsulation %evel: f the neutral end of a =9connected winding is grounded/ then there is an opportunity to use reduced le!els of insulation at the neutral end of the winding. A winding that is connected across the phases re"uires full insulation throughout the winding. Handle Heavy %oad$ ?ue to star connection/ phase current is same as line current. @ence windings ha!e to carry high currents. This ma$es cross section of the windings high. Thus the windings are mechanically strong and windings can bear hea!y loads and short circuit current. Use for Three phases -our @ires System$As neutral is a!ailable/ suitable for three phases four wire system. 5liminate 4istortion in Secondary .hase Voltage$ The connection of primary neutral to the neutral of generator eliminates distortion in the secondary phase !oltages by gi!ing path to triple fre"uency currents toward to generator. Sinusoidal voltage on secondary side$ Ieutral gi!e path to flow Triple fre"uency current to flow Senerator side thus sinusoidal !oltage on primary will gi!e sinusoidal !oltage on secondary side.

Used as Auto Transformer$ A =9= transformer may be constructed as an autotransformer/ with the possibility of great cost sa!ings compared to the two9winding transformer construction. =etter .rotective 6elaying$ The protecti!e relay settings will be protecting better on the line to ground faults when the =9= transformer connections with solidly grounded neutrals are applied.

?isad!antage of =9= Connection: The Third harmonic issue$ The !oltages in any phase of a =9= transformer are (,** apart from the !oltages in any other phase. @owe!er/ the third9 harmonic components of each phase will be in phase with each other. Ionlinearities in the transformer core always lead to generation of third harmonic. These components will add up resulting in large (can be e!en larger than the fundamental component) third harmonic component. ?vervoltage at %ighting %oad$ The presence of third (and other 2ero9 se"uence) harmonics at an ungrounded neutral can cause o!er!oltage conditions at light load. 1hen constructing a =9= transformer using single9 phase transformers connected in a ban$/ the measured line9to9neutral !oltages are not D7.7K of the system phase9to9phase !oltage at no load but are about J)K and diminish !ery rapidly as the ban$ is loaded. The effecti!e !alues of !oltages at different fre"uencies combine by ta$ing the s"uare root of the sum of the !oltages s"uared. 1ith sinusoidal phase9to9phase !oltage/ the third9harmonic component of the phase9to9neutral !oltage is about J*K. Voltage drop at Unbalance %oad$ There can be a large !oltage drop for unbalanced phase9to9neutral loads. This is caused by the fact that phase9to9 phase loads cause a !oltage drop through the lea$age reactance of the transformer whereas phase9to9neutral loads cause a !oltage drop through the magneti2ing reactance/ which is (** to (*** times larger than the lea$age reactance. ?verheated Transformer Tan>$ >nder certain circumstances/ a =9= connected three9phase trans9 can produce se!ere tan$ o!erheating that can "uic$ly destroy the transformer. This usually occurs with an open phase on the primary circuit and load on the secondary. ?ver 5Acitation of Core in -ault Condition$ f a phase9to9ground fault occurs on the primary circuit with the primary neutral grounded/ then the phase9to9neutral !oltage on the un faulted phases increases to (7BK of the normal !oltage. This would almost certainly result in o!er e#citation of the core/ with greatly increased magneti2ing currents and core losses f the neutrals of the primary and secondary are both brought out/ then a phase9to9ground fault on the secondary circuit causes neutral fault current to flow in the primary circuit. Sround protection re9 laying in the neutral of the primary circuit may then operate for faults on the secondary circuit 3eutral Shifting$ f the load on the secondary side unbalanced then the performance of this connection is not satisfactory then the shifting of neutral point is possible. To pre!ent this/ star point of the primary is re"uired to be connected to the star point of the generator. 4istortion of Secondary voltage$ O!en though the star or neutral point of the primary is earthed/ the third harmonic present in the alternator !oltage may appear on the secondary side. This causes distortion in the secondary phase !oltages.

?ver Voltage at %ight %oad$ The presence of third (and other 2ero9 se"uence) harmonics at an ungrounded neutral can cause o!er!oltage conditions at light load. 4ifficulty in coordination of 2round .rotection$ n =9= Transformer/ a low9side ground fault causes primary ground fault current/ ma$ing coordination more difficult. <ncrease Healthy .hase Voltage under .hase to ground -ault$ f a phase9to9ground fault occurs on the primary circuit with the primary neutral grounded/ then the phase9to9neutral !oltage on the >I faulted phase8s increases to (7BK of the normal !oltage. f the neutrals of the primary and secondary are both brought out/ then a phase9to9ground fault on the secondary circuit causes neutral fault current to flow in the primary circuit. Trip the TBC in %ine#2round -ault$ All harmonics will propagate through the transformer/ 2ero9se"uence current path is continuous through the transformer/ one line9to9ground fault will trip the transformer. Suitable for Core Type Transformer$ The third harmonic !oltage and current is absent in such type of connection with three phase wire system. or shell type of three phase units/ the third harmonic phase !oltage may be high. This type of connection is more suitable for core type transformers.

Application: This Type of Transformer is rarely used due to problems with unbalanced loads. t is economical for small high voltage transformers as the number of turns per phase and the amount of insulation re"uired is less.

<nsulation 6esistance <6" Values

ntroduction: The measurement of insulation resistance is a common routine test performed on all types of electrical wires and cables. As a production test/ this test is often used as a customer acceptance test/ with minimum insulation resistance per unit length often specified by the customer. The results obtained from 6 Test are not intended to be useful in finding locali2ed defects in the insulation as in a true @ AOT test/ but rather gi!e information on the "uality of the bul$ material used as the insulation. O!en when not re"uired by the end customer/ many wire and cable manufacturers use the insulation resistance test to trac$ their insulation manufacturing processes/ and spot de!eloping problems before process !ariables drift outside of allowed limits. Selection of <6 Testers Cegger"$ nsulation testers with test !oltage of D**/ (***/ ,D** and D*** & are a!ailable. The recommended ratings of the insulation testers are gi!en below:

Voltage %evel JD*& (.(%& B.B%&

<6 Tester D**& ?C (%& ?C ,.D%& ?C

JJ%! and Abo!e D%& ?C Test Voltage for Ceggering$ 1hen AC &oltage is used/ The 6ule of Thumb is Test Voltage A.C" D () 3ame .late Voltage" 8':::. 1hen ?C &oltage is used (Host used in All Hegger)/ Test Voltage 4.C" D () 3ame .late Voltage". 4C Test Voltage D*& To (**& (**& To ,D*& ,D*& To D**& D**& To (***& (***& To ,D**& (***& To D***&

5quipment B Cable 6ating ,C& To D*& D*& To (**& (**& To ,C*& CC*& To DD*& ,C**& C(**&

Ceasurement 6ange of Cegger$ Test voltage Ceasurement 6ange ,D*& ?C D**& ?C (%& ?C ,.D%& ?C D%& ?C *HV to ,D*SV *HV to D**SV *HV to (TV *HV to ,.DTV *HV to DTV

Arecaution while Heggering: =efore Ceggering$ Ha$e sure that all connections in the test circuit are tight. Test the megger before use/ whether it gi!es <3-<3<T& !alue when not connected/ and PO6O when the two terminals are connected together and the handle is rotated.

4uring Ceggering$

Ha$e sure when testing for earth/ that the far end of the conductor is not touching/ otherwise the test will show faulty insulation when such is not actually the case. Ha$e sure that the earth used when testing for earth and open circuits is a good one otherwise the test will gi!e wrong information .pare conductors should not be meggered when other wor$ing conductors of the same cable are connected to the respecti!e circuits.

After completion of cable Ceggering$ Onsure that all conductors ha!e been reconnected properly. Test the functions of Aoints/ Trac$s W .ignals connected through the cable for their correct response. n case of signals/ aspect should be !erified personally. n case of points/ !erify positions at site. Chec$ whether any polarity of any feed ta$en through the cable has got earthed inad!ertently.

Safety 6equirements for Ceggering$ All e"uipment under test CUST be disconnected and isolated. O"uipment should be discharged (shunted or shorted out) for at least as long as the test !oltage was applied in order to be absolutely safe for the person conducting the test. Ie!er use Hegger in an e#plosi!e atmosphere. Ha$e sure all switches are bloc$ed out and cable ends mar$ed properly for safety. Cable ends to be isolated shall be disconnected from the supply and protected from contact to supply/ or ground/ or accidental contact. Orection of safety barriers with warning signs/ and an open communication channel between testing personnel. ?o not megger when humidity is more than 7* K. Sood nsulation: Hegger reading increases first then remain constant. Bad nsulation: Hegger reading increases first and then decreases. O#pected 6 !alue gets on Temp. ,* to B* decree centigrade. f abo!e temperature reduces by (* degree centigrade/ 6 !alues will increased by two times. f abo!e temperature increased by 7* degree centigrade 6 !alues decreases by 7** times.

@ow to use Hegger: Heggers is e"uipped with three connection ;ine Terminal (;)/ Oarth Terminal (O) and Suard Terminal (S).

6esistance is measured between the ;ine and Oarth terminals/ where current will tra!el through coil (. The E2uardF terminal is provided for special testing situations where one resistance must be isolated from another. ;et8s us chec$ one situation where the insulation resistance is to be tested in a two9wire cable. To measure insulation resistance from a conductor to the outside of the cable/ we need to connect the T;ineU lead of the megger to one of the conductors and connect the TOarthU lead of the megger to a wire wrapped around the sheath of the cable.

n this configuration the Hegger should read the resistance between one conductor and the outside sheath. 1e want to measure 6esistance between Conductor9 ,To .heaths but Actually Hegger measure resistance in parallel with the series combination of conductor9to9conductor resistance (6c(9c,) and the first conductor to the sheath (6c(9s). f we don8t care about this fact/ we can proceed with the test as configured. f we desire to measure only the resistance between the second conductor and the sheath (6c,9s)/ then we need to use the megger8s TSuardU terminal.

Connecting the E2uardF terminal to the first conductor places the two conductors at almost equal potential. 1ith little or no !oltage between them/ the insulation resistance is nearly infinite/ and thus there will be no current between the two conductors. Conse"uently/ the Hegger8s resistance indication will be based e#clusi!ely on the current through the second conductor8s insulation/ through the cable sheath/ and to the wire wrapped around/ not the current lea$ing through the first conductor8s insulation. The guard terminal (if fitted) acts as a shunt to remo!e the connected element from the measurement. n other words/ it allows you to be selecti!e in e!aluating certain specific components in a large piece of electrical e"uipment. 'or e#ample consider a two core cable with a sheath. As the diagram below shows there are three resistances to be considered.

f we measure between core B and sheath without a connection to the guard terminal some current will pass from B to A and from A to the sheath. Our measurement would be low. By connecting the guard terminal to A the two cable cores will be at !ery nearly the same potential and thus the shunting effect is eliminated.

(() 6 &alues 'or Olectrical Apparatus W .ystems: (AOA6; .tandard 3 IOTA HT.9(EE7 Table (*.() CaA.Voltage 6ating ?f 5quipment Cegger Si1e Cin.<6 Value

,D* &olts J** &olts D %& ) %& (D %&

D** &olts (/*** &olts ,/D** &olts ,/D** &olts ,/D** &olts

,D HV (** HV (/*** HV ,/*** HV D/*** HV

,D %& BD %& CJ %& JE %&

D/*** &olts

,*/*** HV

(D/*** &olts (**/*** HV (D/*** &olts (**/*** HV (D/*** &olts (**/*** HV

?ne Ceg ohm 6ule for <6 Value for 5quipment$ Based upon e"uipment rating: N (% & 0 ( HX minimum Y(%& 0 ( HX 3(%&

As per <5 6ules#'G/!$ At a pressure of (*** & applied between each li!e conductor and earth for a period of one minute the insulation resistance of @& installations shall be at least ( Hega ohm or as specified by the Bureau of ndian .tandards. Hedium and ;ow &oltage nstallations9 At a pressure of D** & applied between each li!e conductor and earth for a period of one minute/ the insulation resistance of medium and low !oltage installations shall be at least ( Hega ohm or as specified by the Bureau of ndian .tandardsZ from time to time.

As per C=<. specifications the acceptable values are ( Cega ohms per HV (" <6 Value for Transformer$ nsulation resistance tests are made to determine insulation resistance from indi!idual windings to ground or between indi!idual windings. nsulation resistance tests are commonly measured directly in megohms or may be calculated from measurements of applied !oltage and lea$age current. The recommended practice in measuring insulation resistance is to always ground the tan$ (and the core). .hort circuit each winding of the transformer at the bushing terminals. 6esistance measurements are then made between each winding and all other windings grounded.

1indings are ne!er left floating for insulation resistance measurements. .olidly grounded winding must ha!e the ground remo!ed in order to measure the insulation resistance of the winding grounded. f the ground cannot be remo!ed/ as in the case of some windings with solidly grounded neutrals/ the insulation resistance of the winding cannot be measured. Treat it as part of the grounded section of the circuit. 1e need to test winding to winding and winding to ground ( O ).'or three phase transformers/ 1e need to test winding ( ;(/;,/;B ) with substitute Oarthing for ?elta transformer or winding ( ;(/;,/;B ) with earthing ( O ) and neutral ( I ) for wye transformers. <6 Value for Transformer

(6ef: A Suide to Transformer Haintenance by. [[. %elly. ..? Hyer) Transformer ( Ahase Transformer B Ahase Transformer (.tar) B Ahase Transformer (?elta) 'ormula <6 Value CI" D C ) 5 B JHVA" <6 Value CI" D C ) 5 .# n" B JHVA" <6 Value CI" D C ) 5 .# ." B JHVA"

1here C0 (.D for Oil filled T3C with Oil Tan$/ B* for Oil filled T3C without Oil Tan$ or ?ry Type T3C. Temperature correction -actor =ase (:KC"$

Temperature correction -actor

O

'

Correction 'actor *.,D *.BJ *.D* *.7,* '.:: (.E) B.ED

* D (* (D (: B* C*

B, C( D* DE !+ )J (*C

D*

(,,

7.)D

O#ample: 'or (J**%&A/ ,*%&3C**&/Three Ahase Transformer 6 &alue at @& .ide0 ((.D # ,****) 3 L (J** 0(J*** 3 C* 0 7D* HX at ,**C 6 &alue at ;& .ide 0 ((.D # C** ) 3 L (J**0 B,* 3 C* 0 (D HX at ,**C 6 &alue at B**C 0(DM(.E)0 ,E.7 HX

<nsulation 6esistance of Transformer Coil Transformer Cegger Si1e Coil Voltage Cin.<6 Value %iquid -illed TBC

Cin.<6 Value 4ry Type TBC

* 5 J** & J** & To D%& D%& To (D%& (D%& To JE%&

(%& ,.D%& D%& D%&

(** HV (/*** HV D/*** HV (*/*** HV

D** HV D/*** HV ,D/*** HV D*/*** HV

<6 Value of Transformers$ Voltage Test Voltage 4C" %V side D**& D**& D**& (***& (***& Test Voltage 4C" HV side ,.D%& ,.D%& ,.D%& D%& D%& D%& D%& Cin <6 Value

C(D& >p to J.J%& J.J%& to ((%& ((%& to BB%& BB%& to JJ%&

(**HV ,**HV C**HV D**HV J**HV J**HV JD*HV

JJ%& to (B,%& (***& (B,%& to ,,*%& (***&

Steps for measuring the <6 of Transformer$ .hut down the transformer and disconnect the Gumpers and lightning arrestors. ?ischarge the winding capacitance. Thoroughly clean all bushings .hort circuit the windings.

Suard the terminals to eliminate surface lea$age o!er terminal bushings. 6ecord the temperature. Connect the test leads (a!oid Goints). Apply the test !oltage and note the reading. The 6. &alue at J* seconds after application of the test !oltage is referred to as the nsulation 6esistance of the transformer at the test temperature. The transformer Ieutral bushing is to be disconnected from earth during the test. All ;& surge di!erter earth connections are to be disconnected during the test. ?ue to the inducti!e characteristics of transformers/ the insulation resistance reading shall not be ta$en until the test current stabili2es. A!oid meggering when the transformer is under !acuum.

Test Connections of Transformer for <6 Test 3ot %ess than (:: CI"$ Two winding transformer:

(. (@& 4 ;&) 5 SI? ,. @& 5 (;& 4 SI?) B. ;& 5 (@& 4 SI?) (. ,. B. C. Three winding transformer: @& 5 (;& 4 T& 4 SI?) ;& 5 (@& 4 T& 4 SI?) (@& 4 ;& 4 T&) 5 SI? T& 5 (@& 4 ;& 4 SI?) Auto transformer (two winding):

(. (@& 4 ;&) 5 SI? Auto Transformer (three winding):

(. (@& 4 ;&) 5 (T& 4 SI?) ,. (@& 4 ;& 4 T&) 5 SI? B. T& 5 (@& 4 ;& 4 SI?) 'or any installation/ the insulation resistance measured shall not be less than: @& 5 Oarth ,** H V ;& 5 Oarth (** H V @& 5 ;& ,** H V

-actors affecting on <6 value of Transformer The 6 !alue of transformers are influenced by surface condition of the terminal bushing

"uality of oil "uality of winding insulation temperature of oil duration of application and !alue of test !oltage

(B) 6 &alue for Tap Changer: 6 between @& and ;& as well as windings to earth. Hinimum 6 !alue for Tap changer is '::: ohm per volt service voltage

(C) 6 &alue for Olectric motor: 'or electric motor/ we used a insulation tester to measure the resistance of motor winding with earthing ( O ). 'or rated !oltage below (%&/ measured with a D**&?C Hegger. 'or rated !oltage abo!e (%&/ measured with a (***&?C Hegger. n accordance with OOO CB/ clause E.B/ the following formula should be applied. Cin <6 Value -or 6otating Cachine" D 6ated voltage v" B':::" 8 '

As per <555 79 Standard 'GL7*(::: <6 Value in CI 6 (Hin) 0 $&4( 'or most windings made before about (E7*/ all field windings/ and others not described below

6 (Hin) 0 (** HV 'or most dc armature and ac windings built after about (E7* (form wound coils) 6 (Hin) 0 D HV 'or most machines with random 9wound stator coils and form9wound coils rated below ($&

O#ample9(: 'or ((%&/ Three Ahase Hotor. 6 &alue 0((4(0(, HV but as per OOOCB t should be (** HV O#ample9,: 'or C(D&/Three Ahase Hotor 6 &alue 0*.C(D4(0(.C( HV but as per OOOCB t should be D HV. As per . 7B, Hin 6 &alue of Hotor0(,*M&oltage(p9p3((***4,M%1))

<6 Value of Cotor as per 35TA ATS (::L. Section L.'/.' Cotor 3ame .late Test V" Voltage ,D*& J**& (***& ,D**& D***& )***& (D***& ,D***& BCD**& D**& ?C (***& ?C (***& ?C (***& ?C ,D**& ?C ,D**& ?C ,D**& ?C D***& ?C (D***& ?C Cin <6 Value ,D HV (**HV (**HV D**HV (***HV ,***HV D***HV ,****HV (*****HV

<6 Value of Submersible Cotor$

<6 Value of Submersible Cotor Cotor ?ut off @ell @ithout Cable" Iew Hotor A used motor which can be reinstalled Cotor <nstalled in @ell @ith Cable" Iew Hotor A used motor which can be reinstalled , HV *.D HV <6 Value ,* HV (* HV

(D) 6 &alue for Olectrical cable and wiring: 'or insulation testing/ we need to disconnect from panel or e"uipment and $eep them isolated from power supply. The wiring and cables need to test for each other ( phase to phase ) with a ground ( O ) cable. The nsulated Aower Cable Ongineers Association ( ACOA) pro!ides the formula to determine minimum insulation resistance !alues. 6 D H A %og ': 4Bd" 6 0 6 &alue in HVs per (*** feet (B*D meters) of cable. % 0 nsulation material constant.( &arnished Cambric0,CJ*/ Thermoplastic Aolyethlene0D****/Composite Aolyethylene0B****) ? 0Outside diameter of conductor insulation for single conductor wire and cable ( ? 0 d 4 ,c 4 ,b diameter of single conductor cable ) d 5 ?iameter of conductor

c 5 Thic$ness of conductor insulation b 5 Thic$ness of Gac$et insulation HV test on new )%.5 cable As per 5TSA Standard" Application Iew cables 5 .heath After repairs 5 .heath After repairs 5 nsulation Test Voltage Cin <6 Value (%& ?C (%& ?C D%& ?C (** HV (*** HV (* HV (***HV

Iew cables 5 nsulation (*%& ?C

''>V and 99>V Cables between Cores and 5arth As per 5TSA Standard" Application Test Voltage Cin <6 Value (*** HV (** HV (*** HV (DHV

((%& Iew cables 5 .heath D%& ?C ((%& After repairs 5 .heath D%& ?C BB%& no T'8s connected BB%& with T'8s connected. D%& ?C D%& ?C

<6 Value Ceasurement Conductors to conductor Cross <nsulation"" The first conductor for which cross insulation is being measured shall be connected to ;ine terminal of the megger. The remaining conductors looped together (with the help of crocodile clips) i. e. Conductor , and onwards/ are connected to Oarth terminal of megger. Conductors at the other end are left free. Iow rotate the handle of megger or press push button of megger. The reading of meter will show the cross nsulation between conductor ( and rest of the conductors. nsulation reading shall be recorded. Iow connect ne#t conductor to ;ine terminal of the megger W connect the remaining conductors to earth terminal of the megger and ta$e measurements.

<6 Value Ceasurement Conductor to 5arth <nsulation" Connect conductor under test to the ;ine terminal of the megger. Connect earth terminal of the megger to the earth.

6otate the handle of megger or press push button of megger. The reading of meter will show the insulation resistance of the conductors. nsulation reading shall be recorded after applying the test !oltage for about a minute till a steady reading is obtained.

<6 Value Ceasurements$ f during periodical testing/ insulation resistance of cable is found between / and ' CI B>m at buried temperature/ the subGect cable should be programmed for replacement. f insulation resistance of the cable is found between '::: and ':: HI B>m/ at buried temperature/ the subGect cable should be replaced urgently within a year. f the insulation resistance of the cable is found less than (** $ilo ohm3$m./ the subGect cable must be replaced immediately on emergency basis.

(J) 6 &alue for Transmission 3 ?istribution ;ine: 5quipment. .3. .O"uipments O@&;ines. @.T. ;ines. ;T 3 .er!ice ;ines. Cegger Si1e Cin <6 Value D %& D %& ( %& *.D %& D***HV (*HV DHV DHV

(7) 6 &alue for Aanel Bus: <6 Value for .anel D ( A HV rating of the panel. O#ample/ for a D %& panel/ the minimum insulation is , # D 0 (* HV.

()) 6 &alue for .ubstation 5quipment$ Senerally meggering &alues of .ubstation O"uipments are.

.Typical <6 Value of SBS 5quipments 5quipment Cegger Si1e (Ahase9Oarth) Circuit Brea$er (Ahase9Ahase) Control Circuit CT3AT (Ari9Oarth) D%&/(* %& D%&/(* %& *.D%& D%&/(* %& <6 Value Cin" (*** HV (*** HV D* HV (*** HV

(.ec9Ahase) Control Circuit (Ahase9Oarth) solator (Ahase9Ahase) Control Circuit ;.A (Ahase9Oarth)

D%&/(* %& *.D%& D%&/(* %& D%&/(* %& *.D%& D%&/(* %& *.D%& *.D%& *.D%&

D* HV D* HV (*** HV (*** HV D* HV (*** HV D* HV (** HV (** HV

Olectrical Hotor (Ahase9Oarth) ;T .witchgear (Ahase9Oarth)

;T Transformer (Ahase9Oarth)

<6 Value of SBS 5quipments As per 45. Standard <6 Value at <6 Value at Commissioning Caintenance Time CI" Time CI" ,** HV ,* HV D HV ((*M%&) 3 %H (** HV (* HV *.D HV (%&) 3 %H

5quipment

Ceggering

@& Bus .witchgear ;& Bus ;& wiring Cable(min (** Heter) Hotor W Senerator Transformer Oil immersed @& W ;&

Ahase9Oarth @& W ;&

(*(%&4() 7D HV

,(%&4() B* HV

Transformer ?ry Type

@& ;& Ahase9Oarth

(** HV (* HV D%V 3 &olt

,D HV , HV (%V 3 &olt

'i#ed

O"uipments3Tools Ho!able O"uipments ?istribution O"uipments Ahase9Oarth Ahase9Oarth D HV D HV (HV (HV

Hain Circuit Circuit Brea$er Control Circuit ?.C Circuit9 Oarth ;T Circuit9Oarth ;T9?.C Circuit ;T9;T

, HV 3 %& DHV C*HV

6elay

D*HV C*HV 7*HV

(E) 6 &alue for ?omestic 3 ndustrial 1iring: A low resistance between phase and neutral conductors/ or from li!e conductors to earth/ will result in a lea$age current. This cause deterioration of the insulation/ as well as in!ol!ing a waste of energy which would increase the running costs of the installation. The resistance between Ahase9Ahase9Ieutral9Oarth must never be less than :./ C ?hms for the usual supply !oltages. n addition to the lea$age current due to insulation resistance/ there is a further current lea$age in the reactance of the insulation/ because it acts as the dielectric of a capacitor. This current dissipates no energy and is not harmful/ but we wish to measure the resistance of the insulation/ so 4C Voltage is used to prevent reactance from being included in the measurement.

' .hase @iring$ The 6 test between Ahase9Iatural to earth must be carried out on the complete installation with the main switch off/ with phase and neutral connected together/ with lamps and other e"uipment disconnected/ but with fuses in/ circuit brea$ers closed and all circuit switches closed. 1here two9way switching is wired/ only one of the two stripper wires will be tested. To test the other/ both two9way switches should be operated and the system retested. f desired/ the installation can be tested as a whole/ when a !alue of at least *.D H Ohms should be achie!ed.

9 .hase @iring$ n the case of a !ery large installation where there are many earth paths in parallel/ the reading would be e#pected to be lower. f this happens/ the installation should be subdi!ided and retested/ when each part must meet the minimum re"uirement.

The 6 tests must be carried out between Ahase9Ahase9Ieutral9Oarth with a minimum acceptable !alue for each test of *.D H Ohms.

<6 Testing for %ow voltage circuit !oltage O#tra ;ow &oltage >p to D** & e#cept for abo!e D** & To (%& Test !oltage ,D*& ?C D** & ?C (*** & ?C 6 &alue(Hin) *.,DHV *.DHV (.*HV

Cin <6 Value D /: CI B 3o of 5lectrical outlet. All 5lectrical .oints with fitting M .lugs". Cin <6 Value D ':: CI B 3o of 5lectrical outlet. All 5lectrical .oints without fitting M .lugs".

6equired .recautions$

Olectronic e"uipment li$e electronic fluorescent starter switches/ touch switches/ dimmer switches/ power controllers/ delay timers could be damaged by the application of the high test !oltage should be disconnected. Capacitors and indicator or pilot lamps must be disconnected or an inaccurate test reading will result. 1here any e"uipment is disconnected for testing purposes/ it must be subGected to its own insulation test/ using a !oltage which is not li$ely to result in damage. The result must conform with that specified in the British .tandard concerned/ or be at least *.D H Ohms if there is no .tandard.

ntroduction:

Host induction motors are started directly on line/ but when !ery large motors are started that way/ they cause a disturbance of !oltage on the supply lines due to large starting current surges. To limit the starting current surge/ large induction motors are started at reduced !oltage and then ha!e full supply !oltage reconnected when they run up to near rotated speed. Two methods are used for reduction of starting !oltage are star delta starting and auto transformer stating.

1or$ing Arincipal of .tar9?elta .tarter: This is the reduced !oltage starting method. &oltage reduction during star9 delta starting is achie!ed by physically reconfiguring the motor windings as illustrated in the figure below. ?uring starting the motor windings are connected in star configuration and this reduces the !oltage across each winding B. This also reduces the tor"ue by a factor of three. After a period of

time the winding are reconfigured as delta and the motor runs normally.

.tar3?elta starters are probably the most common reduced !oltage starters. They are used in an attempt to reduce the start current applied to the motor during start as a means of reducing the disturbances and interference on the electrical supply. Traditionally in many supply regions/ there has been a re"uirement to fit a reduced !oltage starter on all motors greater than D@A (C%1). The .tar3?elta (or 1ye3?elta) starter is one of the lowest cost electromechanical reduced !oltage starters that can be applied. The .tar3?elta starter is manufactured from three contactors/ a timer and a thermal o!erload. The contactors are smaller than the single contactor used in a ?irect on ;ine starter as they are controlling winding currents only. The currents through the winding are (3root B (D)K) of the current in the line. There are two contactors that are close during run/ often referred to as the main contractor and the delta contactor. These are ACB rated at D)K of the current rating of the motor. The third contactor is the star contactor and that only carries star current while the motor is connected in star. The current in star is one third of the current in delta/ so this contactor can be ACB rated at one third (BBK) of the motor rating.

.tar9delta .tarter Consists following units: () Contactors (Hain/ star and delta contactors) B Io8s ('or Open .tate .tarter) or C Io8s (Close Transient .tarter). ,) B) C) D) Time relay (pull9in delayed) ( Io. Three9pole thermal o!er current release (Io. 'use elements or automatic cut9outs for the main circuit B Ios. 'use element or automatic cut9out for the control circuit (Io.

Aower Circuit of .tar ?elta .tarter: The main circuit brea$er ser!es as the main power supply switch that supplies electricity to the power circuit. The main contactor connects the reference source !oltage 6/ =/ B to the primary terminal of the motor >(/ &(/ 1(.

n operation/ the Hain Contactor (%HB) and the .tar Contactor (%H() are closed initially/ and then after a period of time/ the star contactor is opened/ and then the delta contactor (%H,) is closed. The control of the contactors is by the timer (%(T) built into the starter. The .tar and ?elta are electrically interloc$ed and preferably mechanically interloc$ed as well. n effect/ there are four states:

The star contactor ser!es to initially short the secondary terminal of the motor >,/ &,/ 1, for the start se"uence during the initial run of the motor from standstill. This pro!ides one third of ?O; current to the motor/ thus reducing the high inrush current inherent with large capacity motors at startup. Controlling the interchanging star connection and delta connection of an AC induction motor is achie!ed by means of a star delta or wye delta control circuit. The control circuit consists of push button switches/ au#iliary contacts and a timer.

Control Circuit of .tar9?elta .tarter (Open Transition):

The ?3 push button starts the circuit by initially energi2ing .tar Contactor Coil (%H() of star circuit and Timer Coil (%T) circuit. 1hen .tar Contactor Coil (%H() energi2ed/ .tar Hain and Au#iliary contactor change its position from IO to IC. 1hen .tar Au#iliary Contactor (()( which is placed on Hain Contactor coil circuit )became IO to IC it8s complete The Circuit of Hain contactor Coil (%HB) so Hain Contactor Coil energi2ed and Hain Contactor8s Hain and Au#iliary Contactor Change its Aosition from IO To IC. This se"uence happens in a friction of time. After pushing the ?3 push button switch/ the au#iliary contact of the main contactor coil (,) which is connected in parallel across the OI push button will become IO to IC/ thereby pro!iding a latch to hold the main contactor coil acti!ated which e!entually maintains the control circuit acti!e e!en after releasing the OI push button switch. 1hen .tar Hain Contactor (%H() close its connect Hotor connects on .TA6 and it8s connected in .TA6 until Time ?elay Au#iliary contact %T (B) become IC to IO. Once the time delay is reached its specified Time/ the timer8s au#iliary contacts (%T)(B) in .tar Coil circuit will change its position from IC to IO and at the .ame Time Au#iliary contactor (%T) in ?elta Coil Circuit(C) change its Aosition from IO To IC so ?elta coil energi2ed and ?elta Hain Contactor becomes IO To IC. Iow Hotor terminal connection change from star to delta connection. A normally close au#iliary contact from both star and delta contactors (DWJ)are also placed opposite of both star and delta contactor coils/ these interloc$ contacts ser!es as safety switches to pre!ent simultaneous acti!ation of both star and delta contactor coils/ so that one cannot be acti!ated without the other deacti!ated first. Thus/ the delta contactor coil

cannot be acti!e when the star contactor coil is acti!e/ and similarly/ the star contactor coil cannot also be acti!e while the delta contactor coil is acti!e. The control circuit abo!e also pro!ides two interrupting contacts to shutdown the motor. The ?-- push button switch brea$ the control circuit and the motor when necessary. The thermal o!erload contact is a protecti!e de!ice which automatically opens the ST?. Control circuit in case when motor o!erload current is detected by the thermal o!erload relay/ this is to pre!ent burning of the motor in case of e#cessi!e load beyond the rated capacity of the motor is detected by the thermal o!erload relay. At some point during starting it is necessary to change from a star connected winding to a delta connected winding. Aower and control circuits can be arranged to this in one of two ways 5 open transition or closed transition.

1hat is Open or Closed Transition .tarting '" ?pen Transition Starters. ?iscuss mention abo!e is called open transition switching because there is an open state between the star state and the delta state. n open transition the power is disconnected from the motor while the winding are reconfigured !ia e#ternal switching. 1hen a motor is dri!en by the supply/ either at full speed or at part speed/ there is a rotating magnetic field in the stator. This field is rotating at line fre"uency. The flu# from the stator field induces a current in the rotor and this in turn results in a rotor magnetic field. 1hen the motor is disconnected from the supply (open transition) there is a spinning rotor within the stator and the rotor has a magnetic field. ?ue to the low impedance of the rotor circuit/ the time constant is "uite long and the action of the spinning rotor field within the stator is that of a generator which generates !oltage at a fre"uency determined by the speed of the rotor. 1hen the motor is reconnected to the supply/ it is reclosing onto an unsynchroni2ed generator and this result in a very high current and tor ue transient. !he magnitude o" the transient is de#endent on the #hase relationshi# $et%een the generated voltage and the line voltage at the #oint o" closure can be much higher than ?O; current and tor"ue and can result in electrical and mechanical damage. Open transition starting is the easiest to implement in terms or cost and circuitry and if the timing of the changeo!er is good/ this method can wor$ well. n practice though it is difficult to set the necessary timing to operate correctly and disconnection3reconnection of the supply can cause significant !oltage3current transients. n Open transition there are 'our states:

1. ?-- State: All Contactors are open. 2. Star State$ The Hain \%HBZ and the .tar \%H(Z contactors are closed and 3.

the delta \%H,Z contactor is open. The motor is connected in star and will produce one third of ?O; tor"ue at one third of ?O; current. ?pen State$ This type of operation is called open transition switching because there is an open state between the star state and the delta state. The Hain contractor is closed and the ?elta and .tar contactors are open. There is !oltage on one end of the motor windings/ but the other end is open

4.

so no current can flow. The motor has a spinning rotor and beha!es li$e a generator. 4elta State$ The Hain and the ?elta contactors are closed. The .tar contactor is open. The motor is connected to full line !oltage and full power and tor"ue are a!ailable Closed Transition StarB4elta Starter.

("

There is a techni"ue to reduce the magnitude of the switching transients. This re"uires the use of a fourth contactor and a set of three resistors. The resistors must be si2ed such that considerable current is able to flow in the motor windings while they are in circuit. The au#iliary contactor and resistors are connected across the delta contactor. n operation/ Gust before the star contactor opens/ the au#iliary contactor closes resulting in current flow !ia the resistors into the star connection. Once the star contactor opens/ current is able to flow round through the motor windings to the supply !ia the resistors. These resistors are then shorted by the delta contactor. f the resistance of the resistors is too high/ they will not swamp the !oltage generated by the motor and will ser!e no purpose. <n closed transition the power is maintained to the motor at all time. This is achie!ed by introducing resistors to ta$e up the current flow during the winding changeo!er. A fourth contractor is re"uired to place the resistor in circuit before opening the star contactor and then remo!ing the resistors once the delta contactor is closed. These resistors need to be si2ed to carry the motor current. n addition to re"uiring more switching de!ices/ the control circuit is more complicated due to the need to carry out resistor switching n Close transition there are 'our states:

1. ?-- State. All Contactors are open 2. Star State. The Hain \%HBZ and the .tar \%H(Z contactors are closed and 3. 4. 5.
the delta \%H,Z contactor is open. The motor is connected in star and will produce one third of ?O; tor"ue at one third of ?O; current. Star Transition State. The motor is connected in star and the resistors are connected across the delta contactor !ia the au# \%HCZ contactor. Closed Transition State. The Hain \%HBZ contactor is closed and the ?elta \%H,Z and .tar \%H(Z contactors are open. Current flows through the motor windings and the transition resistors !ia %HC. 4elta State. The Hain and the ?elta contactors are closed. The transition resistors are shorted out. The .tar contactor is open. The motor is connected to full line !oltage and full power and tor"ue are a!ailable.

Offect of Transient in .tarter (Open Transient starter) t is mportant the pause between star contactor switch off and ?elta contactor switch is on correct. This is because .tar contactor must be reliably disconnected before ?elta contactor is acti!ated. t is also important that the switch over pause is not too long. 'or C(D! .tar Connection !oltage is effecti!ely reduced to D)K or ,C*!. The e"ui!alent of BBK that is obtained with ?irect Online (?O;) starting. f .tar connection has sufficient tor"ue to run up to 7DK or K)* of full load speed/ then the motor can be connected in ?elta mode.

1hen connected to ?elta configuration the phase !oltage increases by a ratio of &B or (7BK. The phase currents increase by the same ratio. The line current increases three times its !alue in star connection. ?uring transition period of switcho!er the motor must be free running with little deceleration. 1hile this is happening TCoastingU it may generate a !oltage of its own/ and on connection to the supply this !oltage can randomly add to or subtract from the applied line !oltage. This is $nown as transient current. Only lasting a few milliseconds it causes !oltage surges and spi$es. %nown as a changeover transient.

.i2e of each part of .tar9?elta starter '" (" 9" Si1e of ?ver %oad 6elay$ 'or a star9delta starter there is a possibility to place the o!erload protection in two positions/ in the line or in the windings. ?verload 6elay in %ine$ n the line is the same as Gust putting the o!erload before the motor as with a ?O; starter. The rating of ?verload <n %ine" D -%C of Cotor. ?isad!antage: f the o!erload is set to ';C/ then it is not protecting the motor while it is in delta (setting is #(.7B, too high). ?verload 6elay in @inding$ n the windings means that the o!erload is placed after the point where the wiring to the contactors are split into main and delta. The o!erload then always measures the current inside the windings. The setting of ?verload 6elay <n @inding" D:./+ ) -%C line current". ?isad!antage: 1e must use separate short circuit and o!erload protections. Si1e of Cain and 4elta Contractor$ There are two contactors that are close during run/ often referred to as the main contractor and the delta contactor. These are ACB rated at D)K of the current rating of the motor. Si1e of Cain ContactorD <-% A :./+ Si1e of Star Contractor$ The third contactor is the star contactor and that only carries star current while the motor is connected in star. The current in star is (3 LB0 (D)K) of the current in delta/ so this contactor can be ACB rated at one third (BBK) of the motor rating. Si1e of Star ContactorD <-% A :.99

Hotor .tarting Characteristics of Star#4elta Starter$ A!ailable starting current: BBK 'ull ;oad Current. Aea$ starting current: (.B to ,.J 'ull ;oad Current. Aea$ starting tor"ue: BBK 'ull ;oad Tor"ue.

Ad!antages of .tar9?elta starter: The operation of the star9delta method is simple and rugged t is relati!ely cheap compared to other reduced !oltage methods. Sood Tor"ue3Current Aerformance. t draws , times starting current of the full load ampere of the motor connected

?isad!antages of .tar9?elta starter: ;ow .tarting Tor"ue (Tor"ue 0 (."uare of &oltage) is also reduce). Brea$ n .upply 5 Aossible Transients .i# Terminal Hotor 6e"uired (?elta Connected). t re"uires , set of cables from starter to motor. t pro!ides only BBK starting tor"ue and if the load connected to the subGect motor re"uires higher starting tor"ue at the time of starting than !ery hea!y transients and stresses are produced while changing from star to delta connections/ and because of these transients and stresses many electrical and mechanical brea$9down occurs. n this method of starting initially motor is connected in star and then after change o!er the motor is connected in delta. The delta of motor is formed in starter and not on motor terminals. High transmission and current pea>s$ 1hen starting up pumps and fans for e#ample/ the load tor"ue is low at the beginning of the start and increases with the s"uare of the speed. 1hen reaching appro#. )*9)D K of the motor rated speed the load tor"ue is e"ual to the motor tor"ue and the acceleration ceases. To reach the rated speed/ a switch o!er to delta position is necessary/ and this will !ery often result in high transmission and current pea$s. n some cases the current pea$ can reach a !alue that is e!en bigger than for a ?.O.; start. Applications with a load tor"ue higher than D* K of the motor rated tor"ue will not be able to start using the start9delta starter. %ow Starting Torque$ The star9delta (wye9delta) starting method controls whether the lead connections from the motor are configured in a star or delta electrical connection. The initial connection should be in the star pattern that results in a reduction of the line !oltage by a factor of (3LB (D7.7K) to the motor and the current is reduced to (3B of the current at full !oltage/ but the starting tor"ue is also reduced (3B to (3D of the ?O; starting tor"ue . The transition from star to delta transition usually occurs once nominal speed is reached/ but is sometimes performed as low as D*K of nominal speed which ma$e transient .par$s.

'eatures of star9delta starting 'or low9 to high9power three9phase motors. 6educed starting current .i# connection cables 6educed starting tor"ue Current pea$ on changeo!er from star to delta Hechanical load on changeo!er from star to delta

Application of .tar9?elta .tarter: The star9delta method is usually only applied to low to medium voltage and light starting Torque motors. The recei!ed starting current is about 9: , of the starting current during direct on line start and the starting tor"ue is reduced to about (/ , of the tor"ue a!ailable at a ?.O.; start. This starting method only wor$s when the application is light loaded during the start. f the motor is too hea!ily loaded/ there will not be enough tor"ue to accelerate the motor up to speed before switching o!er to the delta position.