A08 - Effective Moduli of a Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Lamina 1

Effective Moduli of a Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Lamina

Review of Linear Constitutive Relations
General anisotropic material behavior is iven b! a relationship
"herein all # tensor stress components are related to all # tensor
strain components$
11 1% 1& 1' 1( 1#
%1 %% %& %' %( %#
&1 &% && &' &( &#
'1 '% '& '' '( '#
(1 (% (& (' (( (#
#1 #% #& #' #( ##
xx xx
yy yy
zz zz
yz yz
zx zx
xy xy
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C C C C







1

1

1

1

' ) ' )
1

1

1

1
]

or
) * + ,) * C
A08 - Effective Moduli of a Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Lamina %
+C, is s!mmetric- but the matri. is full/ 0he material constants in
+C, are called the stiffness or elastic constants 1or moduli2/
3nvertin the last relation ives
) * + ,) * S
+4, is usuall! called the compliance matri./ 5ote that
1
+ , + , S C

/
0he determination of the material constants for a eneral
anisotropic material is e.tremel! difficult since the material has
mechanical properties 16oun7s modulus- 8oisson7s ratio- etc/2 that
var! "ith the direction in "hich the! are measured- and all stresses
are coupled "ith all strains/
A08 - Effective Moduli of a Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Lamina &
Orthotropic Material (3-D
A material that has mechanical properties that can be associated
"ith an orthoonal principal material coordinate s!stem is called
orthotropic/ A t!pical e.ample is a unidirectional composite
lamina sho"n belo"$
9rthotropic lamina
"ith principal
material 11-%-&2 and
non-principal 1.-!-:2
coordinates/ 5ote
that 1 is enerall!
ta;en as the fiber
direction- and % is
transverse to the
fiber but in the plane
of a fiber la!er/
0his unidirectional composite lamina has three mutuall!
orthoonal planes of material propert! s!mmetr! and is called an
A08 - Effective Moduli of a Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Lamina '
orthotropic material/ 3n the above fiure- the 1%& coordinates a.es
are referred to as the principal material coordinates since the! are
associated "ith the reinforcement directions/ 9ne can sho" that
for speciall! orthotropic materials "herein the 1%& a.es are
principal material directions- the compliance matri. has the form$
11 1% 1&
%1 %% %&
&1 &% &&
''
((
##
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
+ ,
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
S S S
S S S
S S S
S
S
S
S
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
]
5ote that shear stresses 1and strains2 are no" uncoupled from
normal stresses 1and strains2/
<sin the appropriate se=uence of material unia.ial and shear tests
1see Gibson- or an! composite mechanics te.t2- one can sho" that
A08 - Effective Moduli of a Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Lamina (
the compliance terms can be "ritten in terms of enineerin
material constants so that "e have the follo"in relation bet"een
enineerin strains and stress/ +Recall that enineerin shear strain
is t"ice the tensor shear strain- i/e/-
1% 1%
%
/,
11 1 %1 % &1 & 11
%% 1% 1 % &% & %%
&& 1& 1 &% % & &&
%& %& %&
&1 &1 &1
1% 1% 1%
1> > > 0 0 0
> 1> > 0 0 0
> > 1> 0 0 0
0 0 0 1> 0 0
0 0 0 0 1> 0
0 0 0 0 0 1>
E E E
E E E
E E E
G
G
G







1
1

1
1

' ) ' )
1

1

1

1
]
1 % &
- - E E E
are 6oun7s moduli in the 1- %- & directions-
>
ij jj ii

? 8oisson7s ratio for transverse normal strain in the @
direction "hen a normal stress is applied
in the i direction- and
ij
G
are shear moduli in the i-@ plane/
A08 - Effective Moduli of a Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Lamina #
4ince the compliance matri. +4, must be s!mmetric- "e see that
ij ji
i j
E E

Aence- the strain-stress relation could also be "ritten as$

11 1 1% 1 1& 1 11
%% %1 % % %& % %%
&& &1 & &% & & &&
%& %& %&
&1 &1 &1
1% 1% 1%
1> > > 0 0 0
> 1> > 0 0 0
> > 1> 0 0 0
0 0 0 1> 0 0
0 0 0 0 1> 0
0 0 0 0 0 1>
E E E
E E E
E E E
G
G
G







1
1

1
1

' ) ' )
1

1

1

1
]
5ote that for the speciall! orthotropic material- there are B
enineerin constants$
1 % & 1% 1& %& 1% 1& %&
- - - - - - - - E E E G G G
/
A08 - Effective Moduli of a Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Lamina C
Orthotropic Lamina in !lane "tress
For a sinle laminae- the lamina is often assumed to be in a simple
t"o-dimensional state of plane stress 1in the 1-% plane2 such that
&& &% &1
0
/ 0he lamina compliance relation simplifies to
11 11 1% 11
%% %1 %% %%
1% ## 1%
0
0
0 0
S S
S S
S



1

1

' ) ' )
1

1
]
or
11 1 1% 1 11
%% %1 % % %%
1% 1% 1%
1> > 0
> 1> 0
0 0 1>
E E
E E
G

1

1

' ) ' )
1

1
]
Aence- there are onl! ( non-:ero compliances 1onl! are ' are
independent since +4, is s!mmetric2 and ' independent material
constants 1
1 % 1% 1%
- - - E E G
2/
A08 - Effective Moduli of a Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Lamina 8
0he last e=uation can be inverted to obtain the lamina stiffness
relation- but is "ritten in terms of tensor strains as$
11 11 1% 11
%% %1 %% %%
1% ## 1% 1%
0
0
0 0 % > %
Q Q
Q Q
Q



1

1

' ) ' )
1

1
]
or
11 11
%% %%
1% 1% 1%
+ ,
> %
Q

' ) ' )

"here the
ij
Q
are components of the lamina stiffness matri. and
are iven b!$
A08 - Effective Moduli of a Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Lamina B
%% 1
11
%
1% %1
11 %% 1%
11 %
%%
%
1% %1
11 %% 1%
1% 1% % %1 1
1% %1
%
1% %1 1% %1
11 %% 1%
## 1%
##
1
1
1 1
1
S E
Q
S S S
S E
Q
S S S
S E E
Q Q
S S S
Q G
S

A08 - Effective Moduli of a Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Lamina 10
4ome t!pical values of orthotropic lamina enineerin constants$
Material
1
1 2 E Msi
%
1 2 E Msi
1%
1 2 G Msi
1%

f
v
4cotchpl! 100%
E-lass>epos!
(/# 1/% 0/# 0/%# 0/'(
Devlar 'B>B&'
Aramid>epo.!
11/0 0/8 0/&& 0/&' 0/#(
A4>&(01
Graphite>epo.!
%0/0 1/& 1/0 0/& 0/#(
Eoron>((0(
Eoron>epo.!
%B/# %/#8 0/81 0/%& 0/(
f
v
? Folume fraction ? ratio of volume of fibers
to total volume of composite
A08 - Effective Moduli of a Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Lamina 11
#ransformation of Material !roperties ($-% to &-'
1or the Generall! 9rthotropic Lamina2
3n order to anal!:e laminates havin multiple laminae "ith fibers
in different directions- it is necessar! to determine material
properties in an arbitrar! .-! coordinate s!stem in terms of
material properties in the 1-% principal material directions/ 0his is
a simple transformation similar to stress transformation done in
E5GR %1' 1from "hich Mohr7s Circle is obtained2/
Consider a lamina that has the principal 1 material a.es at anle
to the . a.is 1G countercloc;"ise2 as sho"n belo"/ He can
transform forces from .-! to 1-% coordinates usin the simple
relationship$
1 I
%
x x
y y
F F
F c s
T
F F
F s c

1
1

' ) ' ) ' )
1
]

]

cos - sin c s
A08 - Effective Moduli of a Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Lamina 1%
1-% is the local
1material2
coordinate
s!stem
.-! is the
lobal
coordinate
s!stem
0he stress transforms as a second order tensor- i/e/-
[ ] [ ]
11 1%
%1 %%
I I
xx xy
T
yx yy
T T



1
1

1
1
] 1
]
A08 - Effective Moduli of a Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Lamina 1&
0his can be e.panded to ive the familiar set of e=uations seen in
E5GR %1' and>or AER9 &0#- i/e/-
% %
11 %% 1%
% %
11 %% 1%
% %
11 %% 1%
%
%
1 2
xx
yy
xy
c s sc
s c sc
sc sc c s



+
+ +
+
or- in matri. notation as
% %
11
% %
%%
% %
1%
cos sin %sin cos
sin cos %sin cos
sin cos sin cos cos sin
xx
yy
xy

1


1


1
' ) ' )
1


1

]
0he strain transforms the same as stress if "e use tensor strain
1enineerin shear strain is not a tensor =uantit!2/ Recall that
A08 - Effective Moduli of a Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Lamina 1'
enineerin shear strain is t"ice the tensor shear strain- i/e/-
1% 1%
%
/
% %
11 %% 1%
% %
11 %% 1%
% %
11 %% 1%
%
%
1 2
xx
yy
xy
c s sc
s c sc
sc sc c s



+
+ +
+
0his last relation can be "ritten in matri. notation as
% %
11
% %
%%
% %
1% 1%
cos sin %sin cos
sin cos %sin cos
> %
> %
sin cos sin cos cos sin
xx
yy
xy xy






1


1


1
' ) ' )
1

1

]
5ote that the s=uare matrices in and are identical/
Jefine the transformation matri. +0, as
A08 - Effective Moduli of a Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Lamina 1(
% %
% %
% %
cos sin %sin cos
+ , sin cos %sin cos
sin cos sin cos cos sin
T



1
1
1
1

1
]
5ote that +0, is not the s=uare matri. in and - but is similar/
3nvertin this matri.- "e obtain
% %
1 % %
% %
cos sin %sin cos
+ , sin cos %sin cos
sin cos sin cos cos sin
T

1
1
1

1
]
Comparin e=uation and - "e see that can be "ritten in terms of
1
+ , T

$
A08 - Effective Moduli of a Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Lamina 1#
[ ]
11
1
%%
1%
xx
yy
xy
T

' ) ' )



Li;e"ise for the strain-
[ ]
11
1
%%
1% 1%
> %
> %
xx
yy
xy xy
T

' ) ' )

5ote that e=uation can be inverted to obtain$
[ ]
11
%%
1% 1%
> %
> %
xx
yy
xy xy
T

' ) ' )

A08 - Effective Moduli of a Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Lamina 1C
5o" "e are read! to transform the compliance from material 11-%2
directions to lobal 1.-!2 directions/ First substitute e=uation into
e=uation to obtain$
[ ]
11 11
%% %%
1% 1% 1%
+ , + ,
> %
> %
xx
yy
xy xy
Q Q T









' ) ' ) ' )

5o" substitute e=uation into e=uation to obtain
[ ] [ ] [ ]
11
1 1
%%
1%
+ ,
> %
xx xx
yy yy
xy xy xy
T T Q T

' ) ' ) ' )

4o "e have no" have the stress-strain relation in .-! directions but
"ritten in terms of the stiffness in 1-% material directions$
A08 - Effective Moduli of a Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Lamina 18
[ ] [ ]
1
+ ,
> %
xx xx
yy yy
xy xy xy
T Q T

' ) ' )

0he triple matri. product must then be the transformed lamina
stiffness matri. in .-! lobal directions/ Aence- "e define the
transformed lamina stiffness matrix in .-! lobal directions b!$
[ ] [ ]
1
+ , + , Q T Q T

and becomes
11 1% 1#
%1 %% %#
#1 #% ##
+ ,
> % > %
xx xx xx
yy yy yy
xy xy xy xy xy
Q Q Q
Q Q Q Q
Q Q Q




1

1

' ) ' ) ' )
1

1

]

Carr!in out the matri. multiplication ives$
A08 - Effective Moduli of a Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Lamina 1B
' % % '
11 11 1% ## %%
cos %1 % 2sin cos sin Q Q Q Q Q + + +
% % ' '
1% 11 %% ## 1%
1 ' 2sin cos 1sin cos 2 Q Q Q Q Q + + +
' % % '
%% 11 1% ## %%
sin %1 % 2sin cos cos Q Q Q Q Q + + +
& &
1# 11 1% ## 1% %% ##
1 % 2sin cos 1 % 2sin cos Q Q Q Q Q Q Q + +
& &
%# 11 1% ## 1% %% ##
1 % 2sin cos 1 % 2sin cos Q Q Q Q Q Q Q + +
% % ' '
## 11 %% 1% ## ##
1 % % 2sin cos 1sin cos 2 Q Q Q Q Q Q + + +
5ote that the stiffness matri. + , Q no" loo;s li;e an anisotropic
material since the &.& has nine non-:ero terms/ Ao"ever- the
material is still orthotropic because the stiffness matri. can be
e.pressed in terms of ' independent lamina stiffness terms 1
11 1% %% ##
- - - Q Q Q Q
2/
0he compliance matri. in can be similarl! "ritten/ From -
A08 - Effective Moduli of a Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Lamina %0
11 11
%% %%
1% 1%
+ , S

' ) ' )


0ransform to lobal direction 1similarl! to that done for K2 to
obtain$
[ ] [ ]
+ , + ,
> %
xx xx xx
T
yy yy yy
xy xy xy xy
T S T S






' ) ' ) ' )

"here
' % % '
11 11 1% ## %%
cos 1% 2sin cos sin S S S S S + + +
% % ' '
1% 11 %% ## 1%
1 2sin cos 1sin cos 2 S S S S S + + +
' % % '
%% 11 1% ## %%
sin 1% 2sin cos cos S S S S S + + +
A08 - Effective Moduli of a Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Lamina %1
& &
1# 11 1% ## %% 1% ##
1% % 2sin cos 1% % 2sin cos S S S S S S S
& &
%# 11 1% ## %% 1% ##
1% % 2sin cos 1% % 2sin cos S S S S S S S
% % ' '
## 11 %% 1% ## ##
%1% ' 2sin cos 1sin cos 2 S S S S S S + + +