Chapter 2

Circuit Theorem and Application to DC

Circuits
Part 1
Chapter 2 :
CIRCUIT THEOREMS AND
APPLICATION TO DC CIRCUITS
Lesson Outcome:
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
Define Kirchhoff's Laws and analyze electric circuit
using the laws.
Define and apply the concept of Voltage Divider Rule
and Current Divider Rule.
Define the series and parallel concept
Chapter 2 (cont )
Determine equivalent resistance for a group of
resistors using series parallel concept and wye-delta
transformation.
Solve/determine electrical circuit parameter using
source transformation technique, nodal analysis
technique, mesh analysis technique, thevenin/norton
theorem and superposition theorem.
Basic Laws - Chapter (part 1)
2.1 Ohms Law.
2.2 Nodes, Branches, and Loops.
2.3 Kirchhoffs Laws.
2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage Division.
2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current Division.
2.6 Wye-Delta Transformations.
2.7 Source Transformation
nsmh 4
2.1 Ohms Law (1)
Ohms law states that the voltage across a resistor
is directly proportional to the current I flowing
through the resistor.
Mathematical expression for Ohms Law is as
follows:
Two extreme possible values of R:
0 (zero) and (infinite) are related with two
basic circuit concepts: short circuit and open
circuit.
iR v =
nsmh 5
Short Circuit
Circuit with resistance
approaching zero
Open Circuit
Circuit with resistance
approaching infinity.
2.1 Ohms Law (2)
2.1 Ohms Law (3)
Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct
electric current; it is the reciprocal of resistance R and
is measured in mhos or siemens.
The power dissipated by a resistor:
v
i
R
G = =
1
R
v
R i vi p
2
2
= = =
nsmh 7
2.2 Nodes, Branches and Loops (1)
A branch represents a single element such as a voltage
source or a resistor.
A node is the point of connection between two or more
branches.
A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
Closed path formed by starting at a node, passing through a set of
nodes, and returning to the starting node without passing through
any node more than once.
nsmh 8
2.3 Kirchhoffs Laws (1)
Kirchhoffs current law (KCL) states that the algebraic
sum of currents entering a node (or a closed
boundary) is zero.
0
1
=

=
N
n
n
i Mathematically,
nsmh 9
2.3 Kirchhoffs Laws (2)
I
T
+ I
2
= I
1
+ I
3
I
T
= I
1
+ I
3
- I
2
I
T
= I
1
- I
2
+ I
3
Example 2.1a
nsmh 10
At A,
At B,
At C,
4 A
8 A
i
3
A
12 A
14 A
B
C
i
1
10 A
2 A
i
2
1 1
2 12 14 A i i + = =
2 2
12 14 2 A i i = + =
3 3
14 4 10 A i i = + =
2.3 Kirchhoffs Laws (3)
nsmh 11
Example 2.2a
2.3 Kirchhoffs Laws (4)
Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum
of all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero.
Mathematically,
0
1
=

=
M
m
n
v
nsmh 12
2.3 Kirchhoffs Laws (5)
Example 2.3a
Applying the KVL equation for the circuit of the figure
below.
- v
a
+ v
1
+ v
b
+ v
2
+ v
3
= 0
v
1
= IR
1
v
2
= IR
2
v
3
= IR
3
v
a
- v
b
= I(R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
)
3 2 1
R R R
v v
I
b a
+ +

=
nsmh 13
2.3 Kirchhoffs Laws (6)
Example 2.4a (2.5)
For the circuit below, find voltages v
1
and v
2.
nsmh 14
- 20 + v
1
- v
2
= 0
v
1
= IR
1 ,
v
2
= -IR
2,
20 = IR
1
+ IR
2
I = 20/(R
1
+ R
2
) = 4 A
v
1
= 8 v
,
v
2
= -12 V
,
2.3 Kirchhoffs Laws (7)
Exercises 2.1 (2.6)
For the circuit below, find v
o
and i.
Answer : v
o
= 48v and i=-8A
nsmh 15
2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage Division (1)
Series: Two or more elements are in series if they are
cascaded or connected sequentially and consequently carry
the same current.
The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors
connected in a series is the sum of the individual
resistances.
The voltage divider can be expressed as

=
= + + + =
N
n
n N eq
R R R R R
1
2 1
v
R R R
R
v
N
n
n
+ + +
=
2 1
nsmh 16
Example 2.5a
2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage Division (2)
v
1
= iR
1 ,
v
2
= iR
2
Applying KVL: - v + v
1
+ v
2
= 0
v = v
1
+ v
2
= i(R
1
+ R
2
)
2 1
R R
v
i
+
=
v
R R
R
v
2 1
1
1
+
= v
R R
R
v
2 1
2
2
+
=
2 1
,
R R R
resistors Series
eq
+ =
nsmh 17
2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current Division (1)
Parallel: Two or more elements are in parallel if they are
connected to the same two nodes and consequently have
the same voltage across them.
The equivalent resistance of a circuit with N resistors in
parallel is:
The total current i is shared by the resistors in inverse
proportion to their resistances. The current divider can be
expressed as:
N eq
R R R R
1 1 1 1
2 1
+ + + =
n
eq
n
n
R
iR
R
v
i = =
nsmh 18
Example 2.6a
2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current Division (2)
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
= =
2 1
2 1
2
2
1
1
,
R R
R R
i iR v
R
v
i
R
v
i
eq
i
R R
R
i
2 1
2
1
+
= i
R R
R
i
2 1
1
2
+
=
2 1
2 1
2 1
1 1
1
,
R R
R R
R
R R
R
resistors Parallel
eq
eq
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
nsmh 19
2.5 and 2.6 (Example)
Example 2.7a (2.9)
Find the equivalent resistance, R
eq
nsmh 20
Answer : Req = 14.4
2.5 and 2.6 (Exercise)
Exercise 2.2a (pp 2.10)
Find R
ab
for the circuit below.
nsmh 21
2.5 and 2.6 (Exercise)
Exercise 2.3a (pp 2.12)
Find the followings:
i. v
1
and v
2
(use voltage divider rule)
ii. i
1
and i
2
(use current divider rule)
iii. Power dissipated in12-Oand 40-O
nsmh 22
2.6 Wye-Delta Transformations (1)
) (
1
c b a
c b
R R R
R R
R
+ +
=
) (
2
c b a
a c
R R R
R R
R
+ +
=
) (
3
c b a
b a
R R R
R R
R
+ +
=
1
1 3 3 2 2 1
R
R R R R R R
R
a
+ +
=
2
1 3 3 2 2 1
R
R R R R R R
R
b
+ +
=
3
1 3 3 2 2 1
R
R R R R R R
R
c
+ +
=
Delta -> Star Star -> Delta
nsmh 23
2.6 Wye-Delta Transformations (2)
Example 2.8a
Transform the wye network to a delta network
nsmh 24
Answer : Ra = 140 , Rb = 70 , Rc = 35
2.6 Wye-Delta Transformations (3)
Exercise 2.4a (pp 2.15)
For the bridge network below, find R
ab
and i
nsmh 25
2.7 Source Transformation (1)
An equivalent circuit is one whose v-i
characteristics are identical with the original
circuit.
It is the process of replacing a voltage source v
S
in series with a resistor R by a current source i
S
in parallel with a resistor R, or vice versa.
nsmh 26
2.7 Source Transformation (2)
(a) Independent source transform
(b) Dependent source transform
The arrow of the
current source is
directed toward
the positive
terminal of the
voltage source.
The source
transformation is
not possible when
R = 0 for voltage
source and R =
for current source.
+ +
+ +
- -
- -
nsmh 27
28
Example 2.9a (4.6)
Use source transformation to find V
O
2.7 Source Transformation (3)
2.7 Source Transformation (4)
Example 2.10a (pp 4.6)
Find i
o
in the circuit shown below using source transformation.
*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook, answer i
o
= 1.78A
nsmh 29
2.7 Source Transformation (5)
Example 2.10a (4.7)
Find v
x
in the circuit shown below using source transformation.
nsmh 30
Answer: V
X
= 7.5V