= Z1

log(1 e 2_x) e 2_x 2_e 2_xdx = Z1

0

2_

log(1 e 2_x)dx which gives Z 1

0

log _ 1 1 e _ dx = Z1
0

2_x

log 1 e 2_x_ dx = _ 12 For x 2 R>0, Stirling's formula (Ahlfors p. 203-4) for (x) = p 2_xx 1 2 e xeJ(x) where J(x) = 1 _ Z1
0

(z) tells us that

x _2 + x2 log _ 1 1 e 2__ _ d_ The preceding lemma tells us that J(x) = 1 x _ 1 _ Z1

0

x2 x2 + _2 log _ 1 1 e 2__ _

d_ _ 1 x _ 1 _ Z1
0

log _ 1 1 e 2__ _ d_ = 1 x _ 1 _ _ _ 12 = 1 12x where we've used 0 < x2 x2+_2 _ 1 8_. Set _(x) = 12xJ(x) It is obvious that _(x) > 0 and _(x) < 1 since x2 x2+_2 < 1 almost everywhere, and therefore the preceding inequality is strict. We thus conclude that (x) = p 2_xx 1 2 e xe
_(x) 12x

0 < _(x) < 1

5.2.5 Exercise 3
Take f(z) = e z2 , and for R >> 0, de_ne 1 : [0;R] ! C; 1(t) = t; 2 : [0; _ 4 ] ! C; 2(t) = Reit; 3 : [0;R] ! C; 3(t) = (R
4

t)ei _

and let be the positively oriented closed curve de_ned by the i. ____ Z
2

f(z)dz ____ = _____ Z_

4

e Rcos(2t) _____

iR sin(2t)Rieitdt

_ Z_
4

e Rcos(2t)Rdt Since cos(2t) is nonnegative and cos(2t) _ 2t (this is immediate from dt cos(2t) = 2 sin(2t) _ 2 on [0; _ 4 ]) for t 2 [0; _ 4 ], we have Z_
4

e Rcos(2t)Rdt _ Z_
4

e 1 2 _ e
2

2RtRdt

R_

1 _ ! 0;R ! 1 21 Since f is an entire function, by Cauchy's theorem, 0= Z f(z)dz = Z

1

f(z)dz + Z
2

f(z)dz + Z
3

f(z)dz and letting R ! 1, Z1

0

e x2 dx = lim
R!1

ei _
4

ZR
0

e (R t)2ei_2 dt = lim
R!1

ei _
4

ZR
0

e i(R t)2 dt = ei _
4

Z1
0

iy2

dy where we make the substitution y = R R1 0 e x2 dx = 2 1p _, Z1

0

t. Substituting

cos(x2)dx Z1
0

sin(x2)dx = Z1
0

e ix2 dx = e
4

i_

p _ 2 = p _ 2 p 2 i p _ 2 p 2 Equating real and imaginary parts, we obtain the Fresnel integrals Z1

0

cos(x2)dx = p _ 2 p 2 Z1
0

sin(x2)dx = p _ 2 p 2

Entire Functions
5.3.2 Exercise 1
We will show that the following two de_nitions of the genus of an entire function f are equivalent: 1. If f(z) = zmeg(z) 1Y
n=1

_ 1

z an _ e
Ph
j=1 1

(z ) where h is the genus of the canonical product associated to (an), then the genus of f is max (deg(g(z)); h). If no such representation exists, then f is said to be of in_nite genus. 2. The genus of f is the minimal h 2 Z_0 such that f(z) = zmeg(z) 1Y
j an j

n=1

_ 1 z an _ e
Ph
j=1 1

(z ) where deg(g(z)) _ h. If no such h exists, then f is said to be of in_nite genus. Proof. Suppose f has _nite genus h1 with respect to de_nition (1). If h1 = h, then deg(g(z)) _ h1. Hence, f is of a _nite genus h2 with respect to de_nition (2), and h2 _ h1. Assume otherwise. By de_nition of the genus of the canonical product, the expression 1X
j an j

n=1

Xh1
j=h+1

1 j _ z an _j = Xh1
j=h+1

1 j
1X n=1

1 aj
n

! zj de_nes a polynomial of degree h1. Hence, we may write f(z) = zmeg(z)

P1
n=1

Ph1
j=h+1 1 j

an j

(z )

1Y