Ex.No.

1 OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR AIM: To obtain open circuit characteristics of self excited DC shunt generator and to find its critical resistance. APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No. 1 " ( $ , Apparatus Ammeter !oltmeter #heostats )*)T )+itch Tachometer Connecting 'ires Ra !" (0-1)A (0-"00)! 1 $0% 0.&A (0-1$00)rpm .$s-.mm. T#p" MC MC 'ire 'ound Digital Copper Qua t$t# 1 1 1 1 .e+

PRECAUTIONS: 1. The field rheostat of motor should be in minimum resistance position at the time of starting and stopping the machine. . The field rheostat of generator should be in maximum resistance position at the time of starting and stopping the machine. ". )*)T s+itch is /ept open during starting and stopping. PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. . After chec/ing minimum position of motor field rheostat% maximum position of generator field rheostat% D*)T s+itch is closed and starting resistance is graduall0 remo1ed. ". 20 ad3usting the field rheostat% the motor is brought to rated speed. (. !oltmeter and ammeter readings are ta/en +hen the )*)T s+itch is /ept open. $. After closing the )*)T s+itch% b0 1ar0ing the generator field rheostat% 1oltmeter and ammeter readings are ta/en.

TA%ULAR COLUMN: S.N F$"&' Ar(atur"

o.

Curr" t I) *A(ps+

,o&ta!" Eo *,o&ts+

MODEL GRAPH:

Eo (Volts)

Critical Resistance = Eo / If Ohms

If Eo If (Amps)

,. After bringing the generator rheostat to maximum position% field rheostat of motor to minimum position% )*)T s+itch is opened and D*)T s+itch is opened.

RESULT: Thus open circuit characteristics of self excited DC shunt generator are obtained and its critical resistance is determined.

Ex.No.LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR AIM: To obtain internal and external characteristics of DC shunt generator. APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No. 1 " ( $ , Apparatus Ammeter !oltmeter #heostats 4oading #heostat Tachometer Connecting 'ires Ra !" (0- )A (0- 0) A (0-"00)! 1 00% 0.&A $5'% "0! (0-1$00)rpm .$s-.mm. T#p" MC MC MC 'ire 'ound Digital Copper Qua t$t# 1 1 1 1 1 .e+

PRECAUTIONS: 1. The field rheostat of motor should be at minimum position. . The field rheostat of generator should be at maximum position. ". 6o load should be connected to generator at the time of starting and stopping. PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. . After chec/ing minimum position of DC shunt motor field rheostat and maximum position of DC shunt generator field rheostat% D*)T s+itch is closed and starting resistance is graduall0 remo1ed. ". 7nder no load condition% Ammeter and !oltmeter readings are noted% after bringing the 1oltage to rated 1oltage b0 ad3usting the field rheostat of generator. (. 4oad is 1aried graduall0 and for each load% 1oltmeter and ammeter readings are noted. $. Then the generator is unloaded and the field rheostat of DC shunt generator is brought to maximum position and the field rheostat of DC shunt motor to minimum position% D*)T s+itch is opened.

. DETERMINATION OF ARMATURE RESISTANCE:

! D P S T &&#V DC S(ppl/ S W I T C

'(se &*A

"

(#"&#)A %C ! V (#"$##)V %C "

A)

+OAD , -W. &$#V &*A '(se A&

"

PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. . )uppl0 is gi1en b0 closing the D*)T s+itch. ". #eadings of Ammeter and !oltmeter are noted. (. Armature resistance in 8hms is calculated as #a 9 (!x1.$) :;

TA%ULAR COLUMN: S.No. ,o&ta!" , *,o&ts+ Curr" t I *A(ps+ Ar(atur" R"s$sta /" Ra *O0(s+

TA%ULAR COLUMN:

F$"&' S.No. Curr" t I) *A(ps+

Loa' Curr" t IL *A(ps+

T"r($ a& ,o&ta!" *,+ ,o&ts

Ia 1 IL 2 I) *A(ps+

E! 1, 2 Ia Ra *,o&ts+

FORMULAE: <g ;a <g ! ;a ;4 ;f #a 9 9 > > > > > > ! = ;a #a (!olts) ;4 = ;f (Amps) ?enerated emf in !olts Terminal !oltage in !olts Armature Current in Amps 4ine Current in Amps .ield Current in Amps Armature #esistance in 8hms

MODEL GRAPH:

V+. E (Volts)

E Vs I+ (Int Char) V Vs I+ (E0t Char) RESULT: Thus the load characteristics of self I . I excited (Amps) DC shunt generator is obtained.
f +

Ex.No.3 OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF SEPARATEL4 EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR AIM: To obtain open circuit characteristics of separatel0 excited DC shunt generator. APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No. 1 " ( $ Apparatus Ammeter !oltmeter #heostats Tachometer Connecting 'ires Ra !" (0-1)A (0-"00)! 1 $0% 0.&A (0-1$00)rpm .$s-.mm. T#p" MC MC 'ire 'ound Digital Copper Qua t$t# 1 1 1 .e+

PRECAUTIONS: 1. The field rheostat of motor should be in minimum resistance position at the time of starting and stopping the machine. . The field rheostat of generator should be in maximum resistance position at the time of starting and stopping the machine. PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. . After chec/ing minimum position of motor field rheostat% maximum position of generator field rheostat% D*)T s+itch is closed and starting resistance is graduall0 remo1ed. ". 20 ad3usting the field rheostat% the motor is brought to rated speed. (. 20 1ar0ing the generator field rheostat% 1oltmeter and ammeter readings are ta/en. After bringing the generator rheostat to maximum position% field rheostat of motor to minimum position% D*)T s+itch is opened.

TA%ULAR COLUMN: S.No. F$"&' Curr" t I) *A(ps+ Ar(atur" ,o&ta!" Eo *,o&ts+

MODEL GRAPH:

Eo (Volts)

If (Amps)

RESULT: Thus open circuit characteristics of separatel0 excited DC shunt generator is obtained.

Ex.No.5 LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SEPARATEL4 EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR AIM: To obtain internal and external characteristics of DC separatel0 excited DC shunt generator. APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No. 1 " ( $ , Apparatus Ammeter !oltmeter #heostats 4oading #heostat Tachometer Connecting 'ires Ra !" (0- )A (0- 0) A (0-"00)! 1 00% 0.&A $5'% "0! (0-1$00)rpm .$s-.mm. T#p" MC MC MC 'ire 'ound Digital Copper Qua t$t# 1 1 1 1 1 .e+

PRECAUTIONS: 1. The field rheostat of motor should be at minimum position. . The field rheostat of generator should be at maximum position. ". 6o load should be connected to generator at the time of starting and stopping. PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. . After chec/ing minimum position of DC shunt motor field rheostat and maximum position of DC shunt generator field rheostat% D*)T s+itch is closed and starting resistance is graduall0 remo1ed. ". 7nder no load condition% Ammeter and !oltmeter readings are noted% after bringing the 1oltage to rated 1oltage b0 ad3usting the field rheostat of generator. (. 4oad is 1aried graduall0 and for each load% 1oltmeter and ammeter readings are noted. '(se !the A $. Then the generator is unloaded and field " rheostat of DC shunt generator is brought ! to maximum position rheostat of DC shunt motor to minimum position% &*A and the field (#"&#)A D %C D*)T s+itch is opened. P S T ! DETERMINATION OF ARMATURE RESISTANCE: &&#V A) V (#"$##)V G DC S %C S(ppl/ W " I T +OAD C , -W. &$#V &*A A& " '(se

S.No.

,o&ta!" , *,o&ts+

Curr" t I *A(ps+

Ar(atur" R"s$sta /" Ra *O0(s+

F$"&' S.No. Curr" t I) *A(ps+

Loa' Curr" t IL *A(ps+

T"r($ a& ,o&ta!" *,+ ,o&ts

Ia 1 IL 2 I) *A(ps+

E! 1, 2 Ia Ra *,o&ts+

PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. . )uppl0 is gi1en b0 closing the D*)T s+itch.

". #eadings of Ammeter and !oltmeter are noted. (. Armature resistance in 8hms is calculated as #a 9 (!x1.$) :; FORMULAE: <g ;a <g ! ;a ;4 ;f #a 9 9 > > > > > > ! = ;a #a (!olts) ;4 = ;f (Amps) ?enerated emf in !olts Terminal !oltage in !olts Armature Current in Amps 4ine Current in Amps .ield Current in Amps Armature #esistance in 8hms

MODEL GRAPH:

V+. E (Volts)

E Vs I+ (Int Char) V Vs I+ (E0t Char)

RESULT:

If. I+ (Amps)

Thus load characteristics of separatel0 excited DC shunt generator is obtained.

Ex.No.6 LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR AIM: To conduct load test on DC shunt motor and to find efficienc0. APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No. 1 " ( $ Apparatus Ammeter !oltmeter #heostat Tachometer Connecting 'ires Ra !" (0- 0)A (0-"00)! 1 $0% 0.&A (0-1$00) rpm .$s-.mm. T#p" MC MC 'ire 'ound Digital Copper Qua t$t# 1 1 1 1 .e+

PRECAUTIONS: 1. DC shunt motor should be started and stopped under no load condition. . .ield rheostat should be /ept in the minimum position. ". 2ra/e drum should be cooled +ith +ater +hen it is under load. PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. . After chec/ing the no load condition% and minimum field rheostat position% D*)T s+itch is closed and starter resistance is graduall0 remo1ed. ". The motor is brought to its rated speed b0 ad3usting the field rheostat. (. Ammeter% !oltmeter readings% speed and spring balance readings are noted under no load condition. $. The load is then added to the motor graduall0 and for each load% 1oltmeter% ammeter% spring balance readings and speed of the motor are noted. ,. The motor is then brought to no load condition and field rheostat to minimum position% then D*)T s+itch is opened.

S.No .

,o&ta! " , *,o&ts+

Curr" t I *A(ps+

Spr$ ! %a&a /" R"a'$ ! S1*7!+ S-*7! +

*S1 S+ 7!

Sp""' N *rp(+

Tor8u" T *N(+

Output Po9"r P( *:atts+

I put Po9"r P$ *:atts +

E))$/$" /# ;

FORMULAE: # 9 Circumference ------------------- m 100 x

Tor-ue T 9 ()1 ) ) x # x @.&1 6m ;nput *o+er *i 9 !; 'atts 6T 8utput *o+er *m 9 ------------ 'atts ,0 8utput *o+er 9 -------------------- x 100A ;nput *o+er

<fficienc0 A

MODEL GRAPHS:

Tor3(e T (2m)

Spee1 2 (rpm)

Efficienc/ 4

Spee1 2 (rpm) 2

/$

/&

/)

T 0 Tor3(e T (2m)

O(tp(t Po5er (Watts)

RESULT: Thus load test on DC shunt motor is conducted and its efficienc0 is determined.

Ex. No. 6 SWINBURNES TEST AIM: To conduct )+inburneBs test on DC machine to determine efficienc0 +hen +or/ing as generator and motor +ithout actuall0 loading the machine. APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No. 1 " ( $ , Apparatus Ammeter !oltmeter #heostats Tachometer #esisti1e 4oad Connecting 'ires Ra !" (0- 0) A (0-"00) ! 1 $0% 0.&A (0-"000) rpm $5'% "0! .$s-.mm. T#p" MC MC 'ire 'ound Digital Copper Qua t$t# 1 1 1 1 1 .e+

PRECAUTIONS: The field rheostat should be in the minimum position at the time of starting and stopping the motor PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. . After chec/ing the minimum position of field rheostat% D*)T s+itch is closed and starting resistance is graduall0 remo1ed. ". 20 ad3usting the field rheostat% the machine is brought to its rated speed. (. The armature current% field current and 1oltage readings are noted. $. The field rheostat is then brought to minimum position D*)T s+itch is opened.

TA%ULAR COLUMNS: AS MOTOR: S. No. , *,o&ts+ IL *A(ps+ Ia *A(ps+ Ia-Ra *:atts+ Tota& Loss"s : *:atts+ Output Po9"r *:atts+ I put Po9"r *:atts+ E))$/$" /# ;

AS GENERATOR: S. No. , *,o&ts+ I1 *A(ps+ Ia *A(ps+ Ia-Ra *:atts+ Tota& Loss"s *:atts+ Output Po9"r *:atts+ I put Po9"r *:atts+ E))$/$" /# ;

TA%ULAR COLUMN: I) S.No. *A(ps + Io *A(ps + , *,o&ts+

DETERMINATION OF ARMATURE RESISTANCE:

! D P S T &&#V DC S(ppl/ S W I T C

'(se &*A

"

(#"&#)A %C ! V (#"$##)V %C "

A)

+OAD , -W. &$#V &*A '(se A&

"

PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. . )uppl0 is gi1en b0 closing the D*)T s+itch. ". #eadings of Ammeter and !oltmeter are noted. (. Armature resistance in 8hms is calculated as #a 9 (!x1.$) :;

TA%ULAR COLUMN: S.No. ,o&ta!" , *,o&ts+ Curr" t I *A(ps+ Ar(atur" R"s$sta /" Ra *O0(s+

FORMULAE:

Cot #esistance #a 9 1. D # E Constant losses 9 !;o F ;ao #a +atts 'here ;ao 9 (;o F ;f) Amps AS MOTOR: 4oad Current ;4 9 GGGGG Amps (Assume 1$A% $A% $0A% H$A of rated current) Armature current ;a 9 ;4 F ;f Amps Copper loss 9 ;a #a +atts Total losses 9 Copper loss = Constant losses ;nput *o+er 9 !;4 +atts 8utput *o+er 9 ;nput *o+er F Total losses 8utput po+er <fficienc0 A 9 ---------------------- D 100A ;nput *o+er AS GENERATOR: 4oad Current ;4 9 GGGGG Amps (Assume 1$A% $A% $0A% H$A of rated current) Armature current ;a 9 ;4 = ;f Amps Copper loss 9 ;a #a +atts Total losses 9 Copper loss = Constant losses 8utput *o+er 9 !;4 +atts ;nput *o+er 9 ;nput *o+er =Total losses 8utput po+er <fficienc0 A 9 ----------------------- D 100A ;nput *o+er MODEL GRAPH:

As a 8enerator 47 As a %otor

O6TP6T POWER P# (W)

RESULT: Thus the efficienc0 of the D.C machine is predetermined b0 )+inburneBs test.

Ex.No. < SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR AIM: To obtain speed control of DC shunt motor b0 a. !ar0ing armature 1oltage +ith field current constant. b. !ar0ing field current +ith armature 1oltage constant APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No. 1 " ( $ Apparatus Ammeter !oltmeter #heostats Tachometer Connecting 'ires Ra !" (0- 0) A (0-"00) ! 1 $0% 0.&A $0% ".$A (0-"000) rpm .$s-.mm. T#p" MC MC 'ire 'ound Digital Copper Qua t$t# 1 1 <ach 1 1 .e+

PRECAUTIONS: 1. .ield #heostat should be /ept in the minimum resistance position at the time of starting and stopping the motor. . Armature #heostat should be /ept in the maximum resistance position at the time of starting and stopping the motor.

PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. . After chec/ing the maximum position of armature rheostat and minimum position of field rheostat% D*)T s+itch is closed *$+ Ar(atur" Co tro&: 1. .ield current is fixed to 1arious 1alues and for each fixed 1alue% b0 1ar0ing the armature rheostat% speed is noted for 1arious 1oltages across the armature.

*$$+ F$"&' Co tro&: TA%ULAR COLUMN: *$+ Ar(atur" ,o&ta!" Co tro&: I)1 1 Ar(atur" S.No. ,o&ta!" ,a * ,o&ts+ Sp""' N *rp(+ I)- 1 Ar(atur" ,o&ta!" ,a * ,o&ts+ Sp""' N *rp(+ I)3 1 Ar(atur" ,o&ta!" ,a * ,o&ts+ Sp""' N *rp(+

*$$+ F$"&' Co tro&: ,a1 1 F$"&' S.No. Curr" t I) *A+ Sp""' N *rp(+ ,a- 1 F$"&' Curr" t I) *A+ Sp""' N *rp(+ ,a3 1 F$"&' Curr" t I) *A+ Sp""' N *rp(+

MODEL GRAPHS: Spee1 2 (rpm) Spee1 2 (rpm) If$ Va) Va$ Va& If (Amps)

If)

If&

Va (Volts)

1. Armature 1oltage is fixed to 1arious 1alues and for each fixed 1alue% b0 ad3usting the field rheostat% speed is noted for 1arious field currents. . 2ringing field rheostat to minimum position and armature rheostat to maximum position D*)T s+itch is opened

RESULT: Thus the speed control of DC )hunt Motor is obtained using Armature and .ield control methods.

Ex.No. = LOAD TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER AIM: To conduct load test on single phase transformer and to find efficienc0 and percentage regulation. APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No. 1 Apparatus Ammeter !oltmeter " ( $ , PRECAUTIONS: 1. Auto Transformer should be in minimum position. . The AC suppl0 is gi1en and remo1ed from the transformer under no load condition. PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. . After chec/ing the no load condition% minimum position of auto transformer and D*)T s+itch is closed. ". Ammeter% !oltmeter and 'attmeter readings on both primar0 side and secondar0 side are noted. (. The load is increased and for each load% !oltmeter% Ammeter and 'attmeter readings on both primar0 and secondar0 sides are noted. $. Again no load condition is obtained and D*)T s+itch is opened 'attmeter Auto Transformer #esisti1e 4oad Connecting 'ires Ra !" (0-10)A (0-$) A (0-1$0)! (0-"00) ! ("00!% $A) (1$0!% $A) 1% (0- ,0)! $5'% "0! .$s-.mm T#p" M; M; M; M; 7pf 7pf Copper Qua t$t# 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .e+

S.N o.

Loa '

Pr$(ar# ,1 I1 :1 *,o&ts *A(p *:at + s+ ts+

S"/o 'ar# ,I:*,o&t *A(p *:at s+ s+ ts+

I put Po9"r :1 x MF

Output Po9"r :- x MF

E))$/$" / # ;

; R"!u& at$o

MODEL GRAPHS:

Re9(lation R 4

Efficienc/ 4

FORMULAE: O(tp(t Po5er (Watts)

8utput *o+er 9 ' x Multiplication factor ;nput *o+er 9 '1 x Multiplication factor 8utput *o+er <fficienc0 A 9 -------------------- x 100A ;nput *o+er !64 - !.4 ()econdar0) #egulation # A 9 ------------------------------ x 100A !64

RESULT: Thus the load test on single phase transformer is conducted.

Ex.No. > OPEN CIRCUIT ? SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON A

SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER AIM: To predetermine the efficienc0 and regulation of a transformer b0 conducting open circuit test and short circuit test and to dra+ e-ui1alent circuit. APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No. 1 Apparatus Ammeter !oltmeter " ( 'attmeter Connecting 'ires Ra !" (0- )A (0-$) A (0-1$0)! (1$0!% $A) (1$0!% $A) .$s-.mm T#p" M; M; M; 4*. 7*. Copper Qua t$t# 1 1 1 1 .e+

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Auto Transformer should be in minimum 1oltage position at the time of closing I opening D*)T )+itch. PROCEDURE: OPEN CIRCUIT TEST: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. . After chec/ing the minimum position of Autotransformer% D*)T s+itch is closed. ". Auto transformer 1ariac is ad3usted get the rated primar0 1oltage. (. !oltmeter% Ammeter and 'attmeter readings on primar0 side are noted. $. Auto transformer is again brought to minimum position and D*)T s+itch is opened. SHORT CIRCUIT TEST: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. . After chec/ing the minimum position of Autotransformer% D*)T s+itch is closed. ". Auto transformer 1ariac is ad3usted get the rated primar0 current. (. !oltmeter% Ammeter and 'attmeter readings on primar0 side are noted. $. Auto transformer is again brought to minimum position and D*)T s+itch is opened.

TA%ULAR COLUMN: OPEN CIRCUIT TEST: ,o Io :o

*,o&ts+

*A(ps+

*:atts+

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST: ,s/ *,o&ts+ Is/ *A(ps+ :s/ *:atts+

EQUI,ALENT CIRCUIT: ;

ISC R

o)

o)

I V

L O A D ;
o

:+ = :+/-&

FORMULAE: Core loss> 'o 9 !o;o cos o 'o cos o 9 ------! o ;o ; 9 ;o cos o (Amps) V# Ro = """"""" I Vsc :o& = """"""" Isc 'o o 9 cos-1 ------! o ;o ;m 9 ;o sin o (Amps) V# Wsc ;o = """"""" Ro& = """"""" Isc& I ;o& = ( :o& " Ro&&))/& V& -= """"""" = & V)

;a&& #& #& &oa's a ' p.). P"r/" R ta!" E))$/$" /#: )or Ro) = """"""" ;o) = """"""" -& 8utput *o+er -& (D) x 5!A rating x 1000 x cos <fficienc0 A 9 -------------------- 9 -----------------------------------------------;nput *o+er 8utput po+er = losses (D) x 5!A rating x 1000 x cos 9 ------------------------------------------------------------(D) x 5!A rating x 1000 x cos = 'o = D 'sc P"r/" ta!" R"!u&at$o : (D) x ;sc (#o cos Do sin ) x 100 #A 9 -------------------------------------!

! = la99in9 " = lea1in9

'here D is the load and it is 1 for full load% J for half load% K load% L load etc.. and the po+er factor is% upf% o.& p.f lag and 0.& p.f lead

MODEL GRAPHS:

Efficienc/ 4

O(tp(t po5er (Watts)

4 la99in9

Po5er factor

4 lea1in9 RESULT: Thus the efficienc0 and regulation of a transformer is predetermined b0 conducting open circuit test and short circuit test and the e-ui1alent circuit is dra+n.