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SECTION 9 FOUNDATIONS 9.1 DESIGN PRINCIPLES Foundations for structures and the anchor of any stays or guy wires shall be capable of withstanding loads specified for the ultimate strength limit state and serviceability limit states conditions. Foundation design should be based on appropriate engineering soil properties.
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Where soil test information is not available, an estimate of soil parameters should be made based on an appraisal of site conditions, soil types and geological structure.
Construction personnel shall be made aware of the assumed parameters and guidelines should be issued that will allow recognition of soils not conforming to the adopted design parameters. In calculating the strength of foundations, recognition should be given for the different strength characteristics of soil under short-term and long-term loads, and the difference in saturated and dry properties of the soil.
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Eg. Pole foundation materials will yield under saturated soil conditions and overload (controlled failure ?)
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9.4 CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION Designs of foundations should include consideration of the method of construction and installation of foundations to ensure the assumed or designed geotechnical parameters are able to be realised.
APPENDIX L STRUCTURE FOOTING DESIGN AND GUIDELINES FOR THE GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS OF SOILS AND ROCKS
(Informative)
This Appendix addresses fundamental performance criteria and the design methods associated with overhead line footings and their foundations
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Several alternative approaches can be used for the design of footings and the interpretation of the foundation conditions, the designer should exercise sound engineering judgment in determining which method is most appropriate for the standard of construction required.
Australian Panel B2 Overhead Lines Seminar AS/NZS 7000:2010 Overhead Line Design Sydney 28 29 March 2011
The designer also has the option to design each footing for site-specific loadings and actual subsurface conditions or to Develop standard designs that can be used at sites within application guidelines for various possible sub soil conditions.
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Generally, to determine the foundation ultimate load carrying capacity the shear strength of soil is required. s = c + n tan . . . L1 where s = shear strength c = cohesion n = normal stress = angle of internal friction
Cohesive Soils
Cohesive soils can generally be expected to resist design loads for a short duration of time without experiencing significant movements Long term loads applied over the service life of the structure most probably will result in excessive displacements
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Ref: Tomlinson +
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Non Cohesive /Granular soils are normally firmer in composition and have similar properties under short-term and long-term loading conditions
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Ref: Tomlinson +
Rock
Table L3 of AS/NZS 7000 can be used as a conservative guide to typical rock types Data has been confirmed by multiple field tests using micropiles
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Rock Anchor
Rock Auger
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L3 Pole Foundations
The Brinch Hansen methodology provided in this clause and other methods referenced such as Broms (ASCE 1964), while applied in some areas for major pole or single bored pier footings they have not been commonly used for directly embedded pole type distribution overhead lines.
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Simple design methods have been in use for distribution pole overhead lines throughout Australia and New Zealand and overseas for many years and these overhead lines have performed well over time.
Where d =
6Va +
8 Ma d Sb
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Tip
dgl LGL
d
b
Butt
LGL LGL
Australian Panel B2 Overhead Lines Seminar AS/NZS 7000:2010 Overhead Line Design Sydney 28 29 March 2011
13.5 1.4 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6
15 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6
16.5 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.7 2.9 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6
18 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.7 4.8
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3. Alternative Empirical Design Formula (Old C(b) 1 and Queensland Regulations SECQ M1-1977 )
LGL LGL = Min[(0.6+ 0.1 hr) = Min[(0.6+ 0.1 hr) - 0.1 for hr <17 for hr 17
D=
16
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Class
Very soft
Soft
Firm
Very firm
Hard
Soil description
clayey sands;
fb 60
60 < fb 100
240 < fb
The above values are based on foundation deformations of approximately 12 mm under serviceability loads on building structures. For poles supporting services that are sensitive to displacements at their supporting points (e.g. microwave antennas), this degree of deformation might be inappropriate. Therefore, suitable reduction of these values may be necessary. This may be achieved by increasing the embedment depth, or the footing diameter, or both, which will reduce the bearing pressures and, consequently, the deformations.
H = 10 0.3 0.45 0.6 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.9 4.1 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.4 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9
0.75 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6
0.9 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4
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[1]
[1]
BrinchHansen
Considers: Multi layered soil properties Soils with both friction and cohesion Variable water table Variable bearing widths Based on the ultimate lateral soil resistance of the soils Relatively simple Based on the ultimate lateral soil resistance of the soils Applicable for short and long piles. Considers both fixed and free head restraint Relatively simple Related to Scala penetrometer Simple
Complex, requires soil modelling. Iterative analysis approach required. Considers free head situation only. Stiff clays.
Broms
Cannot be used in complex soils or variable shaft sizes [i.e. non-uniform soils, water table]. Not appropriate for high eccentricity situations. Very conservative. Caters for uniform soils and specific configurations [i.e. directed buried and blocked only]. Based on working stress method and FOS=4
Appropriate for noncohesive and cohesive soils. Broms suggested strength factor of 0.7
Unknown
Need to assess soil prior to calculating depth. Based on simplifying assumptions. Applies to firm soil and medium sized conductors (18 mm) associated with free standing intermediate poles up to 150m spans, 24m long poles. FOS = 4.0 Applies to loose sands and larger conductors associated with intermediate poles up to 150m spans. Applies to firm soil and medium, sized conductors (15 mm) associated with intermediate poles up to 120m spans
C(b) 1 pre 1992 [Working Stress Design] C(b) 1 2006 [Limit States] New Zealand
1/12 pole length + 1.4m [loose sands] 1/10 pole length + 0.8m Pole length / 6
Simple
Unknown
Simple
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Design to be based on propriety systems when installed Estimated 200,000 reinforced wood poles in Australia with potentially questionable strength Needs to be carefully evaluated over time
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Tower Foundations Lattice tower footings are typically designed for vertical forces (uplift or compression) combined with horizontal shear forces. Some of the more commonly used foundation capacity calculation methods are presented in Appendix L All are well documented in Cigre TBs, ASCE and other references.
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Australian Panel B2 Overhead Lines Seminar AS/NZS 7000:2010 Overhead Line Design Sydney 28 29 March 2011
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Failure
mode of anchors is normally associated with the progressive de-bonding of the anchor tendon with increasing load due to elastic extension of the tension tendon
Anchorage capacity is normally based on a shear failure model along the grout column as in Figure L10
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Where S1 = LG stan
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Normally single tension tendon in soil or rock Anchorage capacity is normally based on a shear failure model along the grout column as in Figure L10
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L4.6.4.2 Design of base plates Base plate design should generally be based on ASCE 10-97 recommendations, except when modified by AS 4100 (e.g. shear stress on bolts) and AS 3600 requirements for bolt anchor length.
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Miscllaneous Provisions
L6 FOUNDATION TESTING
Tests of the driven piles and other foundation types can be performed generally in accordance to AS 2159.
L7 CATHODIC PROTECTION
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Foundation Performance
Approximate total number of structures in Australia and New Zealand Steel Towers 100,000 Timber Poles 5,100,000 Concrete Poles 450,000 Steel Poles 160,000 Stobie Poles 660,000
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Questions?
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