251

Structural evolution of the eastern Amisk collage, Trans-Hudson Orogen, Manitoba1

James J. Ryan and Paul F. Williams

Abstract: Deformation recorded in the Amisk collage in the central part of the Paleoproterozoic Flin Flon Belt (southeastern Trans-Hudson Orogen) is divided into pre-, early, late, and post-Hudsonian orogeny, distinguished by significant changes in metamorphic conditions and the orientation of structures. Detailed structural analysis, petrography, and high-precision geochronology, combined with previous mapping and geochemical studies, indicate a structural history spanning 180 Ma in the Amisk collage, and the database provides an excellent opportunity to study the structural evolution of Precambrian greenstone belts. Accretion of the 1.921.88 Ga tectono-stratigraphic assemblages in the Amisk collage began prior to 1.868 Ga. The deformational history records six generations of ductile structures (F1F6), followed by development of brittleductile and brittle structures (F7), which may have continued as late as 1.690 Ga, during exhumation of the collage. The steep, generally north-northeast macroscopic structural grain is dominated by two regional foliations (S2 and S5), and contrasts strongly with the less steeply inclined, eastwest grain in the adjacent Kisseynew Domain. Maximum displacements between tectono-stratigraphic assemblages occurred along early rather than late shear zones. Vertical extension was important in post-D1 deformations, even in the later stages. Postorogenic, low-angle extensional features that are common to many mountain belts appear to be absent, possibly indicating that erosion was the dominant unroofing mechanism. Rsum : La dformation enregistre dans le collage dAmisk, rgion centrale de la zone de Flin Flon paloprotrozoque (sud-est de lorogne Trans-Hudsonien), est divise en phases orogniques hudsoniennes antrieure, prcoce, tardive et postrieure, qui se distinguent par des changements significatifs de conditions mtamorphiques et dorientation des structures. Les analyses structurales dtailles, ltude ptrographique et la gochronologie de haute prcision, allies la cartographie gologique et aux tudes gochimiques existantes, rvlent lhistoire structurale du collage dAmisk chelonne sur 180 Ma, et la base de donnes fournit une excellente opportunit pour tudier lvolution structurale des zones de roches vertes prcambriennes. Laccrtion des assemblages tectonostratigraphiques dats de 1,921,88 Ga dans le collage dAmisk a dbut antrieurement 1,868 Ga. Lhistoire de la dformation documente six gnrations de structures ductiles (F1F6), suivies par le dveloppement de structures fragilesductiles et fragiles (F7) qui sest probablement poursuivi aussi tardivement que 1,690 Ga, durant lexhumation du collage. Le grain structural macroscopique, subvertical, orient gnralement nord-nord-est, est domin par deux foliations rgionales (S 2 et S5), et il contraste fortement avec le grain inclinaison moins inclin, orient estouest, qui apparat dans le Domaine de Kisseynew adjacent. Les dplacements maximums entre les assemblages tectonostratigraphiques se sont produits le long de zones de cisaillement prcoces plutt que tardives. Lextension verticale jouait un rle important dans les dformations postrieures D1, mme durant les derniers stages. Les structures dextension post-orogniques, subhorizontales, frquentes dans de nombreux domaines montagneux semblent tre absentes, ce qui indique que peuttre lrosion fut le facteur dominant dans le mcanisme de surrection et mise laffleurement. [Traduit par la Rdaction] Ryan and Williams 273

The fabric of greenstone belts and the history of fabric development are controlled by a number of variables, perhaps the most important being the tectonic environment in which the greenstone belts have formed (Condie 1981; Windley
Received May 2, 1997. Accepted December 11, 1997. J.J. Ryan2 and P.F. Williams. Department of Geology, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada.
1 2

Lithoprobe Publication 903. Corresponding author. Present address: Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada (e-mail: jryan@NRCan.gc.ca).

1995). For example, greenstone belts deposited on the margins of intracratonic rifts may record a fabric similar to that of their basement if the autochthonous relationship remains intact during collisional orogenesis (e.g., Chadwick et al. 1989; Bickle et al. 1994). Greenstone belts obducted at basin margins will likely preserve a basal dcollement, which tends to be overprinted by upright structures during orogenesis (e.g., Hoffman 1985; St-Onge and Lucas 1993), complicating the fabric. In contrast, greenstone belts that have developed as intraoceanic accretionary complexes (e.g., Hamilton 1988; Taira et al. 1992; van Staal 1994) prior to continentcontinent collision will likely record a greater degree of complexity due to the inheritance of early structures. The Amisk collage in the Paleoproterozoic Flin Flon Belt (southeastern Trans-Hudson Orogen; Fig. 1a) provides an excellent opportunity to study fabric development and the

Can. J. Earth Sci. 36: 251273 (1999)

1999 NRC Canada

252

Can. J. Earth Sci. Vol. 36, 1999

Fig. 1. (a) Overview map of the Flin Flon Belt, outlining the Morton Lake fault (MLF) as the boundary between the Amisk collage and Snow Lake segment. The age for the Little Swan Lake pluton (LSLP) is from Whalen and Hunt (1994). Abbreviations: Elbow Lake shear zone (ELSZ), Iskwasum Lake shear zone (ILSZ), and Berry Creek shear zone (BCSZ). ( b) Block diagram of the southern Trans-Hudson Orogen. The Saskatchewan craton underlies the Flin Flon Belt, and is exposed in a window. The southern Kisseynew Domain is a zone of imbrication between the Flin Flon Belt and the Kisseynew Domain. Subsurface geology is after Lucas et al. (1994).

1999 NRC Canada

Ryan and Williams

253

Fig. 2. Geological map of the ElbowCranberryIskwasum lakes area in the eastern Amisk collage. Modified from Ryan and Syme (1997). Geochronology sites are marked by arrows for Ansdell and Ryan (1997), and by asterisks for Whalen and Hunt (1994). Abbreviations: Anvil Lake pluton (ALP), Gants Lake batholith (GLB), Claw Bay shear zone (CBSZ), Loukes Lake shear zone (LLSZ), Grass River fault (GRF); Elbow Lake tonalite (ELT); others as in Fig. 1.

structural evolution of Precambrian greenstone belts because it has been well characterized by regional mapping (e.g., Syme et al. 1993) and geochemical and geochronological investigations (e.g., Whalen and Hunt 1994; Stern et al. 1995a), and its deeper architecture has been explored by seismic surveys (Lucas et al. 1994). Despite multiple deformations, accretion-related structures that predate Hudsonian continentcontinent collision are preserved in the collage (Lucas et al. 1996; Ryan and Williams 1996b). Deciphering the structural history of the Amisk collage is difficult, as in most greenstone belts, because (1) volcanic units are generally discontinuous and have primary heterogeneity;

(2) marker units of well-layered rocks are absent; (3) abundant synvolcanic to postorogenic plutons have obscured relationships; (4) deformation is generally concentrated in the low-grade metavolcanic rocks rather than in plutons; (5) zones of deformation are prone to reactivation, obscuring earlier foliations. The ElbowCranberryIskwasum lakes area (Figs. 1a, 2) is most suitable for studying the structural evolution of the Amisk collage for a number of reasons. Its fabric is representative of the collage, and it records the most complete structural history of any portion of the collage. Bedrock exposure was significantly improved in part of the area by a
1999 NRC Canada

254

Can. J. Earth Sci. Vol. 36, 1999

forest fire in 1989. The area hosts three of the tectonostratigraphic assemblages (and subordinate basaltic formations) that constitute the Amisk collage, and their bounding structures (Stern et al. 1995a, 1995b; Syme 1995; Lucas et al. 1996; Ryan and Williams 1996a). Intrusive rocks vary from synvolcanic mafic intrusions, to syntectonic to late tectonic calc-alkaline successor arc plutons (Stern and Lucas 1994; Whalen and Hunt 1994; Lucas et al. 1996; Ansdell and Ryan 1997), and aid in bracketing the age of structures. We distinguished generations of structures primarily by overprinting relationships between folds, fabrics, and shear zones. Where direct overprinting relationships are absent or continuous outcrop is lacking, generations of structures were identified by style, orientation pattern, and their timing relative to metamorphic mineral growth or intrusion of igneous bodies. Even where different generations of foliations are parallel, they can be distinguished using the above criteria, though caution is required (see also, Williams 1985). Correlating generations of structures with episodes of deformation is problematic because multiple generations of structures can develop locally in a single progressive deformation episode (Hobbs et al. 1976; Tobisch and Paterson 1988), and the same structural features need not be developed everywhere during a heterogeneous deformation. Generations of structures (Fn, Sn, etc.) are grouped into episodes of deformation (Di) where distinct temporal or kinematic frameworks could be identified. Six generations of ductile deformation structures and a generation of late brittleductile to brittle features were distinguished in the eastern Amisk collage. Its north-northeasttrending structural grain in dominated by two regional foliations (S2 and S5). The regional structural grain has an apparent southward continuation below the Paleozoic cover rocks (Leclair et al. 1997). An internally consistent model is presented for the development of fabric and structural evolution of the eastern Amisk collage. It is demonstrated that, although the collage was structurally modified during final assembly of lithotectonic domains in the southeastern TransHudson Orogen, the bulk of its structural architecture predates the Hudsonian orogeny sensu stricto. Because greenstone belts generally form the oldest portions of the internal zones in Precambrian orogens, distinguishing deformation that predates collisional orogenesis is crucial for a complete understanding of how and when the orogen was assembled. If interpretations about orogenesis are to be drawn from structural grain as imaged by means other that direct observation (e.g., linear anomalies on geophysical maps; reflectors in seismic profiles), it is important to understand that some of the structural grain may predate the orogeny. Both statements are also true of Paleozoic and younger mountain chains.

Hudsonian orogeny was used by Stockwell (1961) to refer to metamorphism, plutonism, and associated deformation at 1.901.70 Ga in the Churchill province, as determined by KAr dating. The Trans-Hudson Orogen (Fig. 1), as defined by Hoffman (1981), was believed to represent a collision between the Archean Superior and Hearne cratons (Gibb and

Walcott 1971). However, recent geochronological, lithogeochemical, and structural constraints indicate that certain lithotectonic elements in the orogen record tectonism that predates continentcontinent collision, and significant structural modification postdates the main collision (Stern and Lucas 1994; Stern et al. 1995a, 1995b; Lucas et al. 1996; Ansdell and Ryan 1997). The structural analysis presented in this paper uses the orientation of structures to distinguish four main tectonic shortening polarities, which are referred to as: pre-, early, late, and post-Hudsonian deformation (Table 1). The Flin Flon Belt constitutes the middle portion of a tripartite, north- to northeast-dipping, crustal-scale thrust pile that is the southernmost exposed portion of the TransHudson Orogen (Figs. 1a, 1b). The Archean Saskatchewan craton (3.002.45 Ga) forms the lower structural slice below the Flin Flon Belt, separated by an ~2 km wide ductile shear zone called the Pelican dcollement (Lewry et al. 1990, 1994; Lucas et al. 1994). To the north, the Kisseynew Domain forms the upper structural slice (Zwanzig 1990; Norman et al. 1995) and is separated from the Flin Flon Belt by a broad zone of imbrication referred to as the southern Kisseynew Domain (Fig. 1b). The Flin Flon Belt is subdivided into the Amisk collage (Lucas et al. 1996) and Snow Lake segment (Lucas et al. 1999), separated by the Morton Lake fault (Fig. 1a). The Amisk collage comprises a variety of distinct 1.92 1.88 Ga tectono-stratigraphic assemblages (Stern et al. 1995a, 1995b) that were accreted to form a structurally thickened, intraoceanic complex early (1.881.87 Ga) in the tectonic evolution (Stern and Lucas 1994; Lucas et al. 1996; Ansdell and Ryan 1997). Voluminous calc-alkaline successor arc plutonism overprinted the collage from 1.87 to 1.84 Ga (Stern and Lucas 1994; Whalen and Hunt 1994; Whalen and Stern 1996), during regional eastwest shortening of the magmatic arc (Lucas et al. 1996; Ryan and Williams 1996b; Ansdell and Ryan 1997). This early portion of the tectonic history (1.881.84 Ga) is referred to here as pre-Hudsonian deformation. The thickened magmatic arc, which probably emerged as a stable microcontinent (Lucas et al. 1996), was unconformably overlain by the 1.851.83 Ga alluvialfluvial Missi group (Bailes and Syme 1989; Stauffer 1990; Ansdell 1993). In the Kisseynew Domain to the north (Fig. 1a), the dominant lithology comprises the Burntwood group, which constitutes thick accumulations of immature, volcaniclastic marine turbidites (Bailes 1980), deposited between 1.86 and 1.84 Ga (Gordon et al. 1990; David et al. 1996) in a basin(s) on the northeast margin of the microcontinent. During the early Hudsonian orogeny (1.8351.800 Ga), the Flin Flon Belt was transported southwestward over the colliding Saskatchewan craton (Lewry et al. 1990; Ashton et al. 1996), and metaturbidites of the Kisseynew Domain underwent intense top-to-the-southwest-directed shear, inverting the basin and placing it structurally above the Flin Flon Belt (Zwanzig 1990; Norman et al. 1995; Ansdell et al. 1995; Connors 1996). The Amisk collage deformed internally along steep shear zones during overthrusting (Ryan and Williams 1995; Lucas et al. 1996). The southeastern portion of the orogen underwent late-stage (late Hudsonian deformation) sinistral transpression (Bleeker 1990), which postdates the peak of
1999 NRC Canada

Ryan and Williams

Table 1. Summary of tectonometamorphic evolution of the Flin Flon Belt and Kisseynew Domain. Deformation episode Pre-Hudsonian deformation D1 Orogen-scale shortening direction ? Age (Ga) Pre-1.870 Tectonic setting Intraoceanic accretion of tectono-stratigraphic assemblages Successor arc plutonism, coeval with regional shortening of magmatic arc Sedimentation of Missi and Burntwood groups Collisional tectonics, initial collapse of turbidite basin, and SSW transport of KD over FFB Continued tectonic transport of KD to the SSW over the FFB

255

Structures S1: Low-angle mylonite zones F2/S2: Upright, NS regional folds and foliation

Metamorphism ?

EW D2

M1: Contact metamorphism during plutonism

1.8701.845

1.8501.835

NNESSW early

F3/S3: ILSZ, which reactivated S1 mylonites F4/S4: CBSZ, and dextral shear along the BCSZ F5/S5: NW-trending ELSZ and regional crenulation cleavage F6/S6: EW-trending features along the reactivated BCSZ Brittle-ductile and brittle features

1.8401.805 M2: Peak of regional metamorphism associated with the Hudsonian orogeny

Hudsonian Orogeny

D3

NNESSW

1.8301.800

NWSE late D4 ?

M2: Chlorite retrogression

1.8051.770

Sinistral transpression of the THO and intensifying of the NNE structural grain in the FFB Reactivation of the ELSZ and the BCSZ, possibly by a change in tectonic regime outside the belt

??

Post-Hudsonian deformation

D5

Below blocking temperature in Ar/Ar systematics

1.7701.690

Late-stage orogen-parallel movements during uplift and erosion

Abbreviations: Berry Creek shear zone (BCSZ), Claw Bay shear zone (CBSZ), Elbow Lake shear zone (ELSZ), Flin Flon Belt (FFB), Iskwasum Lake shear zone (ILSZ), Kisseynew Domain (KD), Trans-Hudson Orogen (THO).

regional metamorphism in low-grade rocks, and modified low-angle boundaries and metamorphic isograds (Kraus and Williams 1998). In higher grade rocks, however, temperatures appear to have remained high after this deformation, because metamorphic reaction isograds transect regional folds (Connors 1996; Kraus and Menard 1997). PostHudsonian deformation from 1.775 to 1.690 Ga, during uplift and erosion of the Trans-Hudson Orogen (Bleeker 1990; Fedorowich et al. 1995), occurred under brittleductile to brittle conditions.

Supracrustal rocks in the ElbowCranberryIskwasum lakes area (Figs. 1a, 2) comprise three distinct tectonostratigraphic assemblages: the ElbowAthapapuskow ocean floor assemblage, the Flin Flon arc assemblage, and the ocean island assemblage (Stern et al. 1995a, 1995b). The ElbowAthapapuskow ocean floor assemblage, which com-

prises subaqueous mafic volcanic rocks and a complex of maficultramafic rocks, makes up most of the southeastern portion of the map area (Fig. 2). On the basis of field characteristics and geochemistry, the assemblage is subdivided informally into formations, composed principally of subaqueous basaltic flows and sparse, thin interflow sedimentary layers (Stern et al. 1995a, 1995b; Syme 1992, 1995). The maficultramafic complex (Syme 1992), which occurs sporadically throughout the eastern portion of the map area (Fig. 2), is separated by a structural break from the Claw Bay formation. Based on a calculated liquid line of descent, Stern et al. (1995b) interpreted the cumulates of the ultramafic complex as being related to basalts of the Claw Bay formation by crystal fractionation; however, no direct link has been established between the complex and any one of the basalt formations. Collectively, the basalts and the maficultramafic complex are interpreted as having formed in a back-arc setting, representing an ophiolite obducted onto the bordering arc rocks (Stern et al. 1995b; Lucas et al.
1999 NRC Canada

256

Can. J. Earth Sci. Vol. 36, 1999

Fig. 3. Form surface map for the eastern Amisk collage (see text for discussion). Domains AN are outlined. Some data adopted from Syme and Morrison (1994).

1996). The maficultramafic complex is interpreted as layer 3 of the dismembered ophiolite (Lucas et al. 1996). Arc rocks (part of the Flin Flon assemblage) are exposed only in the northwestern part of the map area (Figs. 1a, 2), and are compositionally and lithologically more diverse than the ocean floor rocks (Syme 1991; Stern et al. 1995a). They are characterized by the association of pillowed and massive mafic flows, intermediate to felsic tuffs and breccias, and rhyolites (Syme 1991, 1992; Stern et al. 1995a). The ocean island assemblage (Long Bay formation), exposed only on the northwest side of Elbow Lake (Fig. 2), is one of the most lithologically and geochemically distinct packages in the Amisk collage (Syme 1991; Stern et al. 1995b). It is a mafic

conglomerate interpreted as a product of cyclic submarine debris flows. Clasts in the conglomerate are dominated by basalts that appear to have been subaerially erupted, and have geochemical signatures that are characteristic of ocean island basalts (Stern et al. 1995b; J.J.Ryan, unpublished data). The unit forms an apron along the southeast margin of the arc assemblage and is only metres thick along the western margin of the Elbow Lake shear zone (ELSZ) in the northern portion of the area. Successor arc granitoids (Whalen and Hunt 1994; Morrison and Whalen 1995) make up 6070% of the map area (Fig. 2), and grade with age from tonalite and hornblende granodiorite (e.g., Gants Lake batholith) to granite
1999 NRC Canada

Ryan and Williams

257

granodiorite (e.g., Anvil Lake pluton). U/Pb zircon and titanite ages (Whalen and Hunt 1994) in the Elbow Lake range from 1.876 to 1.826 Ga (Figs. 1a, 2). Dykes vary in composition and orientation, and tend to be concentrated in shear zones.

Mapping of metamorphic zones and reaction isograds is difficult in the eastern Amisk collage because of discontinuous outcrop, the presence of shear zones and faults, two episodes of metamorphism (M1 and M2), and the very nature of low- to medium-grade metamorphism in mafic rocks. Metamorphosed pelites produce a relatively high number of minerals (e.g., staurolite, cordierite, sillimanite) whose chemistry is diagnostic of grade (Essene 1989). Mafic rocks metamorphosed at low to medium grade produce relatively few minerals (e.g., chlorite, amphibole, epidote) that have variable chemistry, and are much less diagnostic of grade (e.g., Bgin 1992). An episode of contact metamorphism (M1) peaked at amphibolite facies in contact aureoles of the 1.8761.864 Ga plutons. Effects of M1 are rarely observed more that 1 km from the margins of plutons. M2 is a regional metamorphism associated with the Hudsonian orogeny sensu stricto, and peaked at 1.8201.805 Ga (Gordon et al. 1990; David et al. 1993, 1996; Ansdell and Norman 1995; Parent et al. 1995). In this study, metamorphic assemblages represent M2, except in the vicinity of major plutons. Mafic rocks contain the upper greenschist M2 assemblage of chlorite + actinolite biotite east of the ELSZ at Elbow Lake. A sharp eastward increase to epidoteamphibolite facies is marked by a change in plagioclase composition from albite to oligoclase, coincident with the disappearance of chlorite (Liou et al. 1974; Laird and Albee 1981), and by the presence of pargasitic hornblendes and ferrotschermakites. M2 metamorphic grade increases to amphibolite facies northwards, and decreases southwards to upper greenschist at Iskwasum Lake. West of the ELSZ, M2 metamorphic grade varies from amphibolite facies in the north, to actinolite-bearing upper greenschist facies west of Elbow Lake, to middle greenschist (chlorite magnesian chloritoid actinolite) in the area between southwest Elbow Lake, First Cranberry Lake, and Iskwasum Lake. Variable amounts of hornblende (1080%) in mafic tectonites south of the ELSZ on the south side of First Cranberry Lake (Fig. 2) indicate a sharp increase to amphibolite facies southward toward the Berry Creek shear zone. Retrograde M2 assemblages are ubiquitously marked by chlorite and calcite, which are key minerals for identifying deformation fabrics that postdate the peak of M2. Offset of metamorphic isograds in the eastern Amisk collage cannot readily be used as an indicator of movement direction across the retrograde shear zones, because the position of isograds is not well known in map view, and even less so in three dimensions.

metamorphic conditions. We divide the structures in the eastern Amisk collage into seven generations, which developed during five episodes of deformation (D1D5; Table 1). Fourteen domains (AN; Fig. 3) are defined by the unique orientation of the dominant local foliation, almost all of which are near vertical. Form surface traces for the more regionally pervasive foliations (Fig. 3) illustrate how the structural grain is influenced by the orientation of intrusive bodies. Domain G encompasses the well-layered Long Bay formation, and is discussed separately. The ELSZ and the Iskwasum Lake shear zone (ILSZ) are the most prominent structures in the eastern Amisk collage (Fig. 2), and provide new insights into understanding the formation and modification of the collage. D1 deformation First-generation structures The southern extension of Elbow Lake (Fig. 2) marks a multiply reactivated high-strain corridor where foliations of different generations are parallel. The earliest fabric (S1) occurs in a northsouth-trending zone of mylonitized basalt, diabase, and gabbro, and can be identified with confidence only where cut by a suite of pink, quartz-porphyritic tonalite dykes (Figs. 4a, 4b). One of the dykes yielded an imprecise 21 U/Pb zircon age of 1868+ 12 Ma (Ansdell and Ryan 1997). All other generations of structures overprint the suite of dykes, which we interpret as being associated with the 5 1864+ 4 Ma (Whalen and Hunt 1994) Elbow Lake tonalite (Fig. 2). Although the macroscopic S1 foliation is well preserved, grain-scale S1 deformation features have been obliterated by epidoteamphibolite facies M2 metamorphism. The high-strain corridor in southern Elbow Lake separates the McDougalls Point formation and the Claw Bay formation (Ryan and Williams 1994; Syme 1995), but because the corridor records multiple episodes of shear displacement, isolating the effect of D1 is impossible. We interpret the general occurrence of Claw Bay basalts between rocks of the maficultramafic complex and the successor plutons as being an effect of drag during emplacement of the plutons, and as strong evidence that the maficultramafic complex is structurally above the Claw Bay formation. The structure(s) separating them predates the pluton and is thus interpreted as a first-generation structure. The structure must have been shallow prior to pluton emplacement, and because it emplaced deeper level rocks (ultramafics) on shallower level rocks (pillowed basalts), it was most likely a thrust. Pre1.868 Ga S1 mylonites are among the oldest fabrics in the Flin Flon Belt, and are interpreted here as shear zones associated with intraoceanic accretion in the Amisk collage (cf. Lucas et al. 1996). No kinematic indicators are preserved in the S1 mylonites to support or refute this interpretation. Foliations that predate the S2 regional foliation in intervolcanic sedimentary layers on western Elbow Lake and central Iskwasum Lake are assigned to S1. These fabrics are preserved in microlithons of the S2 crenulation cleavage, and their enveloping surface is parallel or at a low angle to bedding.
1999 NRC Canada

Structural analysis is a necessary step in deciphering the history of deformation and the accompanying tectono-

258

Can. J. Earth Sci. Vol. 36, 1999

Fig. 4. (a) S1 mylonite south of Elbow Lake, derived from gabbrodiabasebasalt. Mafic xenoliths in the tonalite dyke also contain S 1. Pencil, at arrow, is 14 cm long. (b) Closer view of dyke contact in (a), shows thin ultramylonite layers in a gabbroic host, truncated by tonalite that contains a weak S2 defined by inequant quartz grains, which is similar in orientation to S1. (c) Typical S2 layered tectonite on the eastern side of Elbow Lake. Hammer handle, 35 cm long, points toward 150. ( d) Hinge area of a large S-asymmetric F2 fold in laminated mafic sandstone of the Long Bay formation. Hammer handle, 35 cm long, points toward 040. ( e) Intrafolial Sasymmetric drag fold (at arrow) in south-southwest-trending S3 layering on Leaping Moose Island, where the Claw Bay shear zone intersects S3. Z-asymmetric F4 folds indicate dextral shear along the Claw Bay shear zone. Pencil, 14 cm long, points toward 330, parallel to the weak S4.

D2 deformation Second-generation structures The first regional foliation (S2) in the map area is also the most widespread (Fig. 3). It varies in intensity from weak flattening of primary features (e.g., west side of Elbow Lake) to tectonite-gneissic layering (Fig. 4c) adjacent to the larger plutons (especially the Gants Lake batholith). It changes in orientation across the area, and is consistantly overprinted by the peak M2 mineral assemblage (see below). S2 is most pervasive along the eastern side of the ELSZ from northeast Elbow Lake (Fig. 3) to the southern limit of the exposed Amisk collage. It is moderately to weakly devel-

oped along the Cranberry lakes, and strongly developed south of First Cranberry Lake. It is generally a differentiated crenulation cleavage where it overprints finely spaced bedding laminae or S1 at high angles. In plutonic rocks, it is defined by inequant quartz and feldspar, or by a gneissic layering. Map-scale trends of S2 are largely controlled by the shape of the older plutons, many of which are slightly elongate in a north-northeast direction, and S2 is strongly developed on their east and west margins. North and south margins of the plutons appear to form strain shadows in which S2 is at a high angle to the contacts. Early phases of the plutons, and late-stage dykes of varying composition (tonalite, diabase,
1999 NRC Canada

Ryan and Williams Fig. 5. Equal-area lower hemisphere projections of S2 foliations, where N is the number of data points.

259

a)

b)

c)

Poles to S2 domain A

Poles to S2 domain B

Poles to S2 domain C

N = 211

N = 56

N = 99

d)

e)

f)

g)

Poles to S2 domain E F5 = 120/83 N = 21

Poles to S0 domain E

Poles to S2 domain F

Poles to S2 domain K

N = 67

N = 112

N = 12

h)

i)

j)

k)

Poles to S2 domain L

Poles to S2 domain M

Poles to S2 domain N F6 = 095/87

Poles to S2 domain H

N = 81

N = 22

N = 43

N = 14

l)

m)

Poles to S2 domain I F4 = 138/81 N = 138

Poles to S2 domain J

N = 11

quartzfeldspar porphyry) within the plutons, all record S2. This fact, combined with the strain shadows on the north and south ends of plutons, leads us to believe that the enhanced strain at the margins of the plutons is due to postemplacement tectonic deformation rather than forcible emplacement deformation (cf. Paterson et al. 1989). Orientation of S2: The average trend of S2 in domains A, B, and C varies between northwest and northeast (Figs. 5a5c). In domain D, S2 has been strongly transposed by the ELSZ.

In domain E, S2 trends generally north-northeast (Fig. 5d), in contrast to the north-northwest trend of bedding that it overprints (Fig. 5e), and both show the effect of F5 folding. In domain F, S2 trends predominantly northwest near the ELSZ, where most measurements were recorded, but locally trends northeast on the short limb of F5 macroscopic S folds (Fig. 5f). The trend of S2 varies between east-northeast and northnortheast in domains K, L, and M (Figs. 5g5i). In the south part of First Cranberry Lake (domain N), S2 is defined by an
1999 NRC Canada

260

Can. J. Earth Sci. Vol. 36, 1999

amphibolite facies tectonic layering (locally gneissic). Here, S2 is locally folded by centimetre-scale Z folds, which appear to have developed in the hornblende stability field, and may be F3 structures regionally. S2 in domain N is deflected toward an eastwest orientation between the ELSZ to the north and the Berry Creek shear zone to the south. The intensity of deflection increases southward, toward the Berry Creek shear zone. The macroscopic fold in S2 that plunges 87 towards 095 (Fig. 5j) is interpreted as F6, because it is parallel to the average F6 fold axis measured in these rocks (see later). In domain H, north of Iskwasum Lake, S2 trends predominantly northwest (Fig. 5k) except where affected by F5 folds. The orientation of S2 in domain I strongly reflects the influence of F4 and F5 folding (Fig. 3). The great circle girdle distribution of S2 (Fig. 5l), plunging 81 towards 138, coincides most closely with measured F4 fold hinges. In domain J, S2 is deflected into an eastwest orientation (Fig. 5m), due to a large-scale F4 fold and outcrop-scale F6 folds. The most intense S2 fabrics in the entire map area are associated with the north-northeast-trending Loukes Lake shear zone, which lies within the Gants Lake batholith (Morrison and Whalen 1995). Regional significance and timing of S2: The best-preserved macroscopic F2 folds are in the Long Bay formation and pillowed flow sequences in the arc assemblage of northwest Elbow Lake. F2 folds are tight and have upright axial planes. F2 axes are predominantly steeply plunging, parallel to the F5 folds. However, a location in the Long Bay formation exhibits large-scale (tens of metres), subhorizontal, upright F2 folds (Fig. 4d). Dome and basin interference patterns between shallow F2 folds and steep F5 folds (both have upright axial planes) are present at three locations around Elbow Lake. We conclude that F2 folds were originally shallowly plunging, and F5 horizontal shortening at a high angle to F2 axial planes resulted in steep F5 folds and steepening of F2 hinges. For this reason, we interpret D2 as being the deformation episode responsible for steepening the strata (and S1 shear zones), and development of a regional foliation and prominent structural grain. Subsequent deformation has locally intensified the grain (Ryan and Williams 1996b). Lucas et al. (1996) made similar conclusions for F2 folds in the Flin Flon area, based on a shallow enveloping surface. 21 Timing of S2 development can be bracketed by the 1868+ 12 Ma tonalite dykes (Ansdell and Ryan 1997) that cut S1 and contain S2 (Fig. 4b), and by the Little Swan Lake pluton (Fig. 1a), which truncates S2 features and yielded an U/Pb titanite age of 1826 5 Ma (Whalen and Hunt 1994). Ansdell and Ryan (1997) scrutinized the effects of early D2 shear in southern Elbow Lake by dating two grey tonalite dykes that are parallel to S2. The first dyke is intensely strained and is intruded by the second that contains a weak 3 S2 fabric. High-precision U/Pb zircon ages of 1866+ 2 Ma for +2 the first dyke and 18661 Ma for the second dyke (Ansdell and Ryan 1997) indicate broadly synkinematic intrusion. Intensity of S2 in the plutons decreases with age (Figs. 1a, 2), such that it is strong in the ~1.8761.864 Ga plutons, weak to moderate in the ~1.845 Ga plutons, and absent in the ~1.830 Ga plutons (e.g., Little Swan Lake and Anvil Lake

plutons). This indicates that D2 deformation was waning by 1.845 Ga. S2 is interpreted as a regional foliation from Reed Lake (Fig. 1a) in the east (Syme et al. 1995) to Flin Flon in the west (Lucas et al. 1996), because pervasive foliations in those areas are similar in orientation, style, and timing to S2 in this study. D3 deformation Third-generation structures The ILSZ is the most extensive S3 structure in the map area (Fig. 2). Despite being reactivated by the S5 ELSZ along its northern segment, the ILSZ is preserved trending south-southwest (Fig. 6a) along the western margin of the Elbow Lake tonalite, and southeast through Iskwasum Lake. The northernmost occurrence of S3 is in the Leaping Moose Island area (Fig. 2), where it trends south-southwest and has intrafolial S-asymmetric drag folds (Fig. 4e) with vertical axes (Fig. 6b). S folds are consistent with S3 sinistral offsets in dykes in the southern Elbow Lake area. S3 trends southeast in domains H and I (Figs. 6c, 6d), where it is folded, and contains a steep L3 stretching lineation (Figs. 6e, 6f). The ILSZ sweeps into an eastwest orientation near the Berry Creek shear zone to the south (Fig. 3). S3 can be distinguished from other fabrics by its unique relationship to regional metamorphism. S1 and S2 foliations are overgrown by M2 minerals, whereas S4- and S5-related mylonites postdate M2 and tend to cleave well because they are defined by retrograde chlorite. S3 mylonites are fine grained and are defined by the peak mineral assemblage. Epidoteamphibolite facies S3 mylonites in southern Elbow Lake exhibit dynamic recrystallization of amphiboles (Fig. 7a), which were not coarsened by metamorphism subsequent to the deformation. Matrix quartz in greenschist facies S3 mylonites at Iskwasum Lake is well recovered but still fine grained (<50 m). We consider the ILSZ as having developed during M2 (1.8201.805 Ga; Gordon et al. 1990; David et al. 1993, 1996; Ansdell and Norman 1995; Parent et al. 1995) when rocks were at their highest temperature. Fourth-generation structures Fourth-generation structures are restricted to the Claw Bay shear zone on the eastern side of Elbow Lake, and a regional-scale fold in the southern part of Iskwasum Lake (Figs. 2, 3). These structures cannot be correlated directly between the two areas, and are designated S4a and S4b. In domain A, the S4a Claw Bay shear zone fabric trends southsoutheast (Fig. 6g), slightly oblique to S2. In the vicinity of Leaping Moose Island, the S3 fabric is Z-folded where it is intersected by S4a (Fig. 4e), apparently indicating dextral shear along the Claw Bay shear zone (Ryan and Williams 1994). Fold hinges and stretching lineations in the Claw Bay shear zone are steep (Figs. 6h, 6i). S4a and S2 are readily distinguished, even where parallel, because M2 porphyroblasts overgrow S2 and are deformed by S4a. Furthermore, S4a contains abundant intrafolial matrix carbonate that weathers rapidly, leaving the outcrop surface pockmarked. Within domain I, in the Iskwasum Lake area, the southern portion of the ILSZ and S2 are folded by a 5 km scale east west-trending F4b fold (Fig. 3). Minor F4b hinges developed in S2 and S3 plunge steeply toward 110 (Fig. 6j), in the
1999 NRC Canada

Ryan and Williams Fig. 6. Equal-area lower hemisphere projections of S3, L3, F3, S4, and F4, where N is the number of data points.

261

a)

b)

c)

d)

Poles to S3 domain D

F3 axes domain D

Poles to S3 domain H F5 = 195/82

Poles to S3 domain I F4 = 163/82 N = 65

N = 33

N = 17

N = 45

e)

f)

g)

h)

L3 lineations domain H

L3 lineations domain I

Poles to S4a domain A

F4a axes domain A

N=7

N = 14

N = 212

N=7

i)

j)
N = 27

k)
N = 14

N = 21

L4 lineations domain A

F4b axes domain I

Poles to S4b domain I

same quadrant as the macroscopic fold axes determined from the distribution of S2 and S3 in domain I (Figs. 5l, 6d). S4b axial planar crenulation cleavage is vertical and trends 115 (Fig. 6k). In an outcrop outside the ILSZ in the southeast part of Iskwasum Lake, spectacular overprinting among S1, S2, S4, and S5 in the hinge area of a large F4b fold (Figs. 11a11d in Ryan and Williams 1996a) mimics the map-scale overprinting. The large F4b fold apparently developed in response to dextral shear along the eastwesttrending Berry Creek shear zone (Figs. 1, 2), which placed the originally northwest-trending ILSZ in the shortening field. D4 deformation Fifth-generation structures S5 is the second regional foliation in the eastern Amisk collage. In contrast to S2, however, S5 has a consistent trend between 010 and 050, and comprises either ultramylonite zones or penetrative crenulation cleavage in their wall rocks. Similar to S2, the orientation of S5 is strongly influenced by the proximity to large plutons. The ELSZ is the most region-

ally significant D4 structure in the map area (Figs. 1, 2), but it does not form a continuous strand between Elbow Lake and Third Cranberry Lake, as discussed below. It varies in width from 2500 m in central Elbow Lake to tens of metres elsewhere, possibly largely controlled by rheology, or the effects of local thickening and thinning by late-stage faults. Orientation of fifth generation structures: In domain D, where the ELSZ has been mapped in most detail, S5 trends north-northeast, and is rarely more than 10 from vertical (Fig. 8a). L5 stretching lineations are generally steep (Fig. 8b). Only lineations that are demonstrably due to stretching (stretched mineral grains and pebbles) are included (Fig. 8b); lineations that may or may not involve stretching (intersection lineations, preferred mineral orientation) are excluded. Scattered F5 intrafolial fold axes are dispersed in the S5 plane (Fig. 8c). The trend of the S5 axial plane fabric in domains A, B, E, and F varies between 010 and 035 (Figs. 8d, 8e, 8g, 8h). F5 folds of S2 and S4 foliations in domain A plunge steeply north and south (Fig. 8f). In domains K, L, and M, S5 in the ELSZ trends between 040 and 050 (Figs. 8i, 8k, 8n). In
1999 NRC Canada

262

Can. J. Earth Sci. Vol. 36, 1999

Fig. 7. Photomicrographs. (a) Epidoteamphibolite facies S3 mylonite from south of Elbow Lake. Amphiboles have an average grain size of 35 m, of which most grains exhibit polygonization and subgrain development, with local strain-free new grains (by arrow). The texture resulted from dynamic recrystallization of amphibole during F 3 shear. Cross-polarized light, field of view is 1.3 mm. (b) Hornblende (Hbl) crystal, which overgrew S2, was boudinaged parallel to S5 crenulations. Hbl in the boudin neck has been altered to chlorite (chl) and has carbonate (carb) infill. Plane-polarized light, field of view is 6.5 mm. ( c) S5 crenulation cleavage developed across an annealed S3 mylonite, shown in plane-polarized light (left) and cross-polarized light (right). S 5 crenulation septa lack quartz and have concentrated opaque minerals. Field of view is 1.3 mm. (d) S/C fabrics (top to the left) in a sheared tonalite from south of Elbow Lake. Ultramylonitic gouge, defining one of the C planes, is itself folded with S asymmetry (at arrow). Cross-polarized light, field of view is 6.5 mm. (e) Quartz mylonite with well-developed S/C relationships. The C plane is defined by layers of quartz grains with similar crystallographic orientations (light and dark bands). The S fabric is oblique 25 clockwise to the C plane, indicating an east-side-up sense of shear. Average grain size ~90 m. Cross-polarized light, field of view is 6.5 mm.

1999 NRC Canada

Ryan and Williams

263

Fig. 8. Equal-area lower hemisphere projections of fifth-generation structures from the Elbow Lake area, where N equals number of data points.

a)

b)

c)

d)

Poles to S5 (sz) domain D

L5 lineations (sz) domain D

F5 axes (sz) domain D

Poles to S5 domain A

N = 751

N = 215

N = 22

N = 161

e)

f)
F5 axes domain A

g)

h)

Poles to S5 domain B

Poles to S5 domain E

Poles to S5 domain F

N = 26

N = 39

N = 139

N = 115

i)

j)

k)

l)

Poles to S5 domain K

L5 lineations domain K

Poles to S5 domain L

L5 lineations domain L

N = 18

N=7

N = 67

N=9

m)
F5 axes domain L

n)

o)
L5 lineations domain M

p)
F5 axes domain M

Poles to S5 domain M

N = 12

N = 111

N = 29

N = 21

contrast to the vertical linear features at Elbow Lake, L5 and F5 are more shallowly plunging in the southwestern domains (Figs. 8j, 8l, 8m, 8o, 8p). S5 trends between 040 and 045 in domains H and I (Figs. 9a, 9c), defining the axial plane crenulation cleavage to outcrop- and map-scale F5 folds of the ILSZ (Fig. 3). F5 hinges in domain H plunge steeply south (Fig. 9b), consistent with the macroscopic fold indicated by the orientation of S3 (Fig. 6c). F5 hinges in domain I plunge steeply north-

east (Fig. 9d), inconsistent with the folds in S2 and S3 (Figs. 5l, 6d), indicating that F4 had a more significant effect on S2 and S3 in domain I than did F5. Characteristics, timing, and shear sense of the ELSZ: S5 everywhere overprints the peak M2 mineral assemblage. In rocks that contain M2 hornblende (Fig. 7b), S5 is generally defined by aligned chlorite and fine-grained biotite, indicating that S5 developed in the chlorite + biotite stability field.
1999 NRC Canada

264

Can. J. Earth Sci. Vol. 36, 1999

Fig. 9. Equal-area lower hemisphere projections of fifth-, sixth-, and seventh-generation structures, where N equals number of data points. Foliations in (h) are plotted as great circles. In (k), the mean of the dextral shears (118/90) is plotted as a great circle (dashed line). The mean of S5 in the ELSZ in domain D (147/85) is also plotted as a great circle (solid line).

a)

b)

c)

d)
F5 axes domain I

Poles to S5 domain H

F5 axes domain H

Poles to S5 domain I

N = 30

N=7

N = 30

N=5

e)
F6a axes domain D

f)

g)
F6b axes domain J

h)

Poles to S6a domain D

S6b planes domain J

N = 14

N = 15

N=6

N=7

i)
F6b axes domain N

j)

k)

Poles to S6b domain N

Poles to dextral shear planes domain J N = 23

mean dextral shear plane

N = 24

N = 27

mean of S5 in domain D

In the Iskwasum Lake area, S5 generally occurs as a weakly differentiated crenulation cleavage overprinting S2 and S3. In the microlithons (Fig. 7c), quartz exhibits a relatively finegrained polygonal foam texture, characteristic of the S3 foliation. Quartz is completely dissolved from the S5 septa, concentrating fine-grained opaque minerals, and appears to have left the system. This observation is common to differentiated S5 crenulation cleavage throughout the map area. Quartz in the microlithons exhibits undulose extinction, but no highstrain features, probably indicating strong partitioning of strain into the septa during S5 development. Margins of the ELSZ, which are not commonly exposed, have high-strain gradients (Fig. 10b), and S5 has the same orientation in the wall rocks and in the shear zone. Even where S5 is subparallel to earlier fabrics, it is readily distinguished because it developed under retrograde metamorphic conditions. Where S5 is the first foliation in fine-grained chloritic wall rocks, it generally forms a slaty cleavage, or it may be defined by flattened primary features (e.g., pillows). S5 shear zones in mafic rocks are generally character-

ized by chloritic phyllonites, whereas in granitoids, they are characterized by a finely spaced domainal cleavage, giving the rocks an almost shredded appearance (Fig. 10a). Cleavage surfaces accommodated slip, and are coated with fine chlorite sericite. Local narrow S5 ultramylonite shear zones (120 cm) in the granitoid rocks have an average matrix grain size of less than 5 m. Intrafolial carbonate and iron oxide staining are ubiquitous in all rocks containing S5 fabrics. Timing of S5 development is poorly constrained because it is not cut by dated igneous bodies or minerals. S5 postdates the peak of regional metamorphism (1.8201.805 Ga; Gordon et al. 1990; David et al. 1993, 1996; Ansdell and Norman 1995; Parent et al. 1995) because it overprints the peak M2 mineral assemblage. Regional considerations must be made to bracket the lower limit of F5 development. S5 in the Snow Lake segment appears axial planar to regionalscale (30 km) F5 folds (e.g., Threehouse synform; F3 of Kraus and Williams 1998) that control the structural grain northeast of Reed Lake (Fig. 1). F5 folds in the Snow Lake
1999 NRC Canada

Ryan and Williams

265

segment appear to predate tighter, shorter wavelength, regional-scale folds in the Thompson nickel belt (F3 structures of Bleeker 1990). Timing of F3 development in the Thompson nickel belt is well constrained by a suite of pegmatite dykes associated with retrograde metamorphism. The oldest dykes were mylonitized during F3, intermediate-aged dykes are lesser deformed, and the younger ones crosscut the F3 folds at high angles and are themselves only weakly deformed (Bleeker and Macek 1996). These three different ages of pegmatites yielded high-precision U/Pb zircon ages of ca. 1.786, 1.771, and 1.770 Ga respectively (W. Bleeker, unpublished data). If regional correlation of structures is correct and the deformation is not too diachronous, S5 in the Amisk collage and Snow Lake segment must predate the 1.7861.770 Ga folding in the Thompson nickel belt (Table 1). L5 lineations, which are best defined by stretched clasts and phenocrysts, have aspect ratios of the order of 20:3:1 in most outcrops. Although they represent the accumulated finite strain of multiple deformations, their vertical orientation is associated with F5 deformation. Reliable kinematic indicators (macroscopic and microscopic) in the ELSZ demonstrate sinistral shear for S5 (Figs 7d, 10c). Along the entire ELSZ, west-side-down shear sense indicators are seen in thin sections cut parallel to the vertical stretching lineation (Fig. 7e), but tend to be more rare, and developed at a smaller scale than the more prominent sinistral kinematic indicators. A similar retrograde mineral assemblage (chlorite + muscovite + calcite + quartz) occurs in boudin necks and pressure shadows associated with the vertically plunging L5 stretching lineation, and in asymmetric pressure shadows associated with both sinistral and west-side-down kinematic indicators. We interpret these similarities as indicating that the lineations and pressure shadows are related in time. Implications of vertical stretching lineations, and both sinistral and dip-slip kinematic indicators are addressed in the Discussion. Domain G (Long Bay area): Domain G in the Long Bay area is treated separately because it is the only domain with good primary layering, and five generations of ductile structures (locally in the same outcrop). Bedding trends eastwest (Fig. 11a), parallel to the gross trend of the formation, due to a map-scale F5 fold. S1 is defined by flattened clasts, and trends around a fold plunging steeply to 114 (Fig. 11b). Changes in bedding orientation delineate 100 m scale F2 folds. Well-developed S2 axial plane foliation is strongly reoriented by later folds plunging steeply to 110 (Fig. 11c). F3 folds of S0, S1, and S2 plunge moderately to steeply east (Fig. 11d), coaxial with F2 folds (Fig. 11e). A weak axial plane S3 cleavage trends broadly northwest (Fig. 11f). Foliations that trend eastwest and overprint S3 are assigned to S4 (Fig. 11g). Steeply plunging F5 folds (Fig. 11h), with a well-developed north-northeast-trending axial plane crenulation cleavage (Fig. 11i) overprint all earlier foliations. Sixth-generation structures F6 structures occur only in the southern part of Elbow Lake (domain D) and the southern extremity of the map area along the Berry Creek shear zone (domains J and N). Direct

correlation is impossible and respective structures are thus designated F6a (domain D) and F6b (domains J and N). In the southern part of domain D, F6a S folds occur within the S5 ELSZ and plunge at moderate to shallow angles toward 035 (Fig. 9e). An axial plane crenulation cleavage (S6a) dips steeply northwest (Fig. 9f), slightly oblique to S5. In domain J, F6b structures comprise a set of isoclinal folds that overprint S2 tectonic layering that was rotated into an eastwest orientation on the south limb of the large F4b fold (Fig. 3). The F6b folds vary in scale from 1 to 50 m, have predominantly S asymmetry (Fig. 10d), and plunge steeply east-northeast (Fig. 9g). Strong S6b axial plane crenulation cleavage (best developed in the chlorite-rich layers) trends 080 (Fig. 9h), parallel to the Berry Creek shear zone (Fig. 3). F6b folds, which can be confused with F4b folds, are not overprinted by S5, in contrast to pre-S5 structures. We interpret F6b folds as a discrete set of structures, associated with the reactivation of the Berry Creek shear zone by sinistral shear. In domain N, 10100 m scale, S-asymmetric F6b folds occur in S2 mafic tectonic layering. S and Z folds both occur at 1 m scale. F6b folds plunge steeply east (Fig. 9i), parallel to the macroscopic fold determined from the S2 orientation data (Fig. 5j). The S6b axial plane fabric trends 080 (Fig. 9j), parallel to the Berry Creek shear zone. The degree to which S2 is reoriented eastwest in domain N increases southward toward the Berry Creek shear zone, and the S6b fabric changes in character southward. In the northern part of domain N, where amphiboles have altered to chlorite, S6b generally forms a penetrative crenulation cleavage. In the south, where the mafic rocks are composed of up to 80% amphibole, S6b is defined by millimetre-scale chevron folds, with no penetrative cleavage. The timing of F6 structures is poorly constrained. They postdate F5 structures, and predate brittleductile deformation (Table 1). Retrograde chlorite associated with S6 fabrics indicates that S6 developed under metamorphic conditions similar to those under F5, and hence shortly thereafter. D5 deformation Seventh-generation structures A variety of late brittleductile and brittle features are grouped as structures of the seventh generation; however, they may represent multiple generations of structures developed during a protracted D5 episode. Within the multiply reactivated corridor in the southern Elbow Lake area (Fig. 2), a northwest-trending, 1 km or more, broad zone of dextral, brittleductile shear bands overprints the ELSZ and the S1 S2S3 composite foliation. The shear bands are manifest as narrow ductile zones in chloritic rocks, and narrow discrete faults in more competent rocks. They are vertical and trend 045 (Fig. 9k), with an average obliquity to S5 of about 25. Apparent dextral displacements greater than 1 m occur across zones of less than 30 cm width (Fig. 10e), and the sum of their displacements may be large. The shear bands do not penetrate the Elbow Lake tonalite, rather they merge into the ELSZ at the eastern margin of the tonalite. It is possible that the zone of shear bands caused the apparent dextral step of the ELSZ in this region; however, no discrete displacement zone has been mapped. Alternatively, an un 1999 NRC Canada

266

Can. J. Earth Sci. Vol. 36, 1999

1999 NRC Canada

Ryan and Williams

267

Fig. 10. (a) S5 shear fabric in a granitoid, characterized by a finely spaced anastomosing domainal cleavage. Faint sinistral C shear bands are oblique counterclockwise to S5. Pencil, 14 cm long, points toward 200. (b) Western margin of the ELSZ on Elbow Lake (looking toward 020) showing a narrow strain gradient from pillow basalts to chloritic phyllonite is about 10 cm wide. Pencil (right of arrow), 14 cm long, lies along the contact zone. (c) Vertically plunging F5 S folds, generated where the ELSZ overprints S4 of the Claw Bay shear zone north of Leaping Moose Island (Fig. 2). Pencil, 14 cm long, is parallel to the axial plane and the marker pen lies parallel to long limbs of F5 folds. (d) Tight to isoclinal F6b S folds overprint S2 tectonic layering, which was deflected into an east west orientation during F4b deformation south of Iskwasum Lake (see text). Hammer, 35 cm long, points towards 085. ( e) Late dextral brittleductile shear bands across an S1S2S3 composite foliation in a mixture of highly strained gabbro, basalt, and tonalite. Hammer handle, 35 cm long, points toward 045. (f) Brecciated basalt with abundant carbonate matrix in the Grass River fault, southwest of Elbow Lake. The 14 cm long pencil (at arrow) points 010, parallel to the fault. The mylonitic band in carbonate (top right of photo) illustrates the brittleductile nature of this deformation. (g) Closer view of the breccia clasts in (f) shows subhorizontal carbonate veins, indicating vertical extension during brittleductile conditions.

Fig. 11. Equal-area lower hemisphere projections of all structures in domain G, where N is the number of data points.

a)

b)
Poles to S0 domain G

c)

Poles to S1 domain G F3 = 114/71

Poles to S2 domain G F3 = 108/82 N = 97

N = 75

N = 21

d)
F3 axes domain G

e)
F2 axes domain G

f)

Poles to S3 domain G

N = 14

N = 13

N = 14

g)

h)
F5 axes domain G

i)

Poles to S4 domain G

Poles to S5 domain G

N=8

N = 11

N = 81

recognized brittle fault, with a large dip-slip component, may have offset the ELSZ to its present configuration. Lack of outcrop makes this conjectural. The Grass River fault (Syme 1991) is a discrete brecciated zone forming a prominent lineament from the west side of Elbow Lake, southward through Grass River to Third Cranberry Lake, then southwestward along the western shore of

Second Cranberry Lake. It is narrow (12 m wide) for most of its exposed length, but is 200 m wide in the segment between Elbow Lake and Third Cranberry Lake (Fig. 2). It has approximately equal proportions of clasts and carbonate matrix, and clasts are typically lensoid in cross section (Fig. 10f) with a long vertical dimension. Much of the matrix carbonate is coarse grained and unstrained; however,
1999 NRC Canada

268

Can. J. Earth Sci. Vol. 36, 1999

narrow mylonite zones do occur locally in carbonate-rich rock (Fig. 10f), illustrating the brittleductile nature of deformation in the Grass River fault. A chlorite lineation on the surface of the clasts appears to be due to the intersection of the preexisting cleavage in the clast with the surface, and is not a stretching lineation. The long dimension in the breccia clasts is probably more a function of anastomosing shear surfaces in map view than significant ductile vertical stretch. Subhorizontal carbonate-filled fractures that cut across the breccia clasts (Fig. 10g) indicate that vertical extension continued to play a role during the later stage deformation. Local slivers of preexisting chloritic phyllonite between the breccia and the undeformed wall rocks are similar in character to rocks in the ELSZ. In our opinion, the Grass River fault reactivated an S5 shear zone, which was possibly an offset portion of the ELSZ. This might explain the greater width of the Grass River fault in that region. Conjugate brittleductile kink bands locally overprint the ELSZ for most of its length. Brittle faults trending north, north-northeast, and north-northwest, which form prominent lineaments on aerial photographs, are the youngest structures. Large faults are rarely exposed, whereas associated minor faults typically form narrow (0.515 cm) cataclastic zones. Movement direction and age of the faults are not known. Hunt and Roddick (1992) presented KAr and 40Ar/39Ar mineral ages for a suite of hornblende and biotite separates from granitoid plutons at Elbow Lake. These include a KAr hornblende age of 1757 21 Ma; KAr biotite ages of 1768 22, 1763 14, 1758 17 Ma; and an 40Ar/39Ar (total fusion) biotite age of 1766 12 Ma (Hunt and Roddick 1992). This cluster of ages at ~1.760 Ga could reflect a metamorphic pulse (M3), which reset the K and Ar systematics; however, no textural evidence supports an M3 episode. More likely, the ~1.760 Ga ages represent the time at which these minerals cooled from peak conditions of M2, through their blocking temperatures, during regional exhumation. The temperatures at which intracrystalline diffusion is impeded in minerals such as biotite may broadly coincide with the onset of brittleductile conditions. Fedorowich et al. (1995) determined an 40Ar/39Ar age of 1691 6 Ma from pristine potassic feldspar within a vein associated with a late fault in the Flin Flon. They interpreted the vein as having been emplaced at a temperature close to the blocking temperature of Ar in feldspar, and thus approximating the age of movement along the fault. This fault represents the youngest deformation so far recognized in the Flin Flon Belt.

Despite discontinuous outcrop, extensive plutonism, multiple reactivation of high-strain zones, and a lack of good marker units of well-layered rocks, the fabric development history of the eastern Amisk collage, spanning more than 180 Ma, has been deciphered. Deformation in the ductile 21 flow regime initiated prior to 1868+ 12 Ma, and continued after ~1.800 Ga. Brittleductile deformation probably initiated after 1.760 Ga, and brittle deformation may have continued until about 1.690 Ga. We present a tectonic model in Fig. 12 illustrating the ductile portion of the deformation history, making reasonable assumptions about the tectonic shorten-

ing direction for generations of structures. Because kinematic information is not preserved along S1 structures, the F1 shortening direction is unknown. Although the S2 structural grain in the eastern Amisk collage trends northnortheast, it is northsouth in portions of the Flin Flon Belt with fewer plutons, indicating significant eastwest shortening of the Amisk collage during D2. The shortening direction within the Flin Flon Belt during F3 and F4 (D3) is not well constrained, because deformation was restricted to shear zones without development of regional foliations. We tentatively correlate F3 and F4 in the Flin Flon Belt with F1 and F2 in the Kisseynew Domain (Zwanzig and Schledewitz 1992), based on the relative timing of deformation and M2 metamorphism. F1 and F2 structures there are believed to have developed during south-southwest shortening (early Hudsonian deformation) between the Flin Flon Belt and the Kisseynew Domain (Zwanzig and Schledewitz 1992; Ansdell et al. 1995; Norman et al. 1995; Connors 1996), placing metaturbidites of the Kisseynew Domain at a higher structural level than the Flin Flon Belt. The north-northeast trend of the S5 regional foliation indicates significant westnorthwest shortening of the Flin Flon Belt during late Hudsonian (D4) deformation. The F5 block (Fig. 12) illustrates how S5 intensified preexisting upright fabrics, and how the upright F5 folds affected the shallow eastern boundary between the Flin Flon Belt and the Kisseynew Domain. The tectonic shortening direction during F6 is not well constrained. Regionally, F6 folds may correlate with F4 folds in the southern Kisseynew Domain (Kraus and Williams 1998; Connors 1996), which trend eastwest, and indicate north south shortening during late D4. The change in tectonic shortening direction from east west during D2, to south-southwest during F3 and F4, to west-northwest during F5, delineate pre-Hudsonian deformation, and early and late Hudsonian orogeny sensu stricto. The change in tectonic regime marked by the late Hudsonian deformation likely represents the influence of the Superior craton colliding from the southeast (cf. Connors 1996). PostHudsonian deformation under brittleductile and brittle conditions probably represents plate movement readjustments during final convergence of the Superior and Hearne cratons. The fabric and tectono-metamorphic history of the Kisseynew Domain differs significantly from that of the Flin Flon Belt in that (1) layering and tectono-stratigraphic units were shallowly north dipping during regional metamorphism (Zwanzig and Schledewitz 1992; Norman et al. 1995; Connors 1996); (2) the thermal gradient was relatively high (high temperature, low to moderate pressure) during regional metamorphism (Gordon 1989; Norman et al. 1995; Kraus and Menard 1997). Based on high thermal gradients and the lack of evidence for upright structures prior to metamorphism in some Proterozoic belts, like the Kisseynew Domain, Norman et al. (1995) questioned whether modern-day plate tectonic models apply to the Proterozoic. In the Flin Flon Belt, however, layering was steep during regional metamorphism (Ryan and Williams 1996b), which appears to have peaked at moderate pressure and temperature (Digel and Gordon 1993). Apparently abnormal tectonometamorphic conditions documented in the Kisseynew Domain are best considered in terms of the local tectonic setting, rather than general tectonic processes.
1999 NRC Canada

Ryan and Williams

269

Fig. 12. Schematic block diagrams depicting the F1 to F5 structural evolution of the eastern Amisk collage. F3 marks the onset of south-southwest-directed overthrusting of the Flin Flon Belt (FFB) by the Kisseynew Domain (KD), and the Saskatchewan craton by the FFB. The Iskwasum Lake shear zone (ILSZ) was active at that time. Deformation within the FFB was along steep structures. F 5 sinistral transpression of the belt, which developed the Elbow Lake shear zone (ELSZ) and a regional crenulation cleavage, had a significant effect on the map pattern of the Snow Lake segment, and its shallow boundary with the KD. Abbreviations: ocean floor (OF).

1999 NRC Canada

270

Can. J. Earth Sci. Vol. 36, 1999

The map distribution of the McDougalls Point formation has implications for the amount of displacement on shear zones of different generations. This formation occurs on the west side of the ELSZ at Elbow Lake, and on its east side in the Cranberry Lakes region (Fig. 2). It occurs predominantly on the west side of the ILSZ, except for a thin sliver that lies just to the east. The sliver is actually separated from the Claw Bay formation by a narrow unexposed structure, which may be interpreted as part of an S1 shear zone. We conclude that the McDougalls Point formation was juxtaposed with the Claw Bay formation, and possibly the maficultramafic complex was juxtaposed with the Claw Bay formation, along S1 shear zones that were partially reactivated as the ILSZ during regional metamorphism. The direction from which the maficultramafic complex was structurally emplaced remains unresolved, although a definitive link to one of the basalt formations through isotopic study might elucidate this question. The ELSZ reactivated part of the ILSZ in the Elbow Lake area, whereas a new shear zone developed through the Cranberry lakes region. The S5 shear zones are impressive in extent; however, the small amount of offset of the McDougalls Point formation indicates that they do not have large displacement. The origin of F6a folds in southern domain D, the only shallowly plunging late folds in the area, is enigmatic. They may represent post-S5, east-side-up rotation of the short limbs of F6a folds during reactivation of the ELSZ, consistent with higher grade rocks occurring on the east side of the ELSZ. In such a deformation, however, the stretching lineation on the limbs would remain steep, even though the fold axes are shallow. This is not the case. The stretching lineation is parallel to the F6a fold axes, and at some locations, a transition from steep, S-asymmetric F5 folds to shallow F6a folds occurs in the same outcrop. We interpret the F6a folds as having developed in a steep orientation, and rotated into a shallow orientation with progressive deformation. The ELSZ narrows significantly in the area between the Elbow Lake tonalite to the east, the Big Rat Lake pluton to the west, and a large sheet of tonalite between the two (Fig. 2). The deformation path in this segment of the shear zone would have changed significantly due to the altered boundary conditions imposed by the plutons, because a similar amount of deformation had to be accommodated in the narrow zone compared with where it is over 2 km wide in central Elbow Lake. Variation in the orientation of linear features (F6a axes and L5 lineations) probably reflects heterogeneity in the local extension direction and local shear strain rate in the abruptly narrowed segment. Within the ELSZ, the combination of vertical stretching lineations, sinistral transcurrent, and east-side-up dip-slip kinematic indicators inicates deformation with triclinic symmetry, which is best resolved in terms of a sinistral oblique transpressive shear model (Ryan and Williams 1994; Lin et al. 1998). The displacement vector in the ELSZ, which is not tracked by any strain features (e.g., lineations), must plunge shallowly south. The transpression episode probably predates formation of the shallow F6a folds. The sharp southward increase in metamorphic grade in the southern First Cranberry Lake area can be explained by a component of south-side-up late-stage dip-slip movement. Leclair et al. (1997) determined an increase in grade to up-

per amphibolite facies only a few kilometres to the south, and concluded that the Berry Creek shear zone experienced late-stage wrench faulting. However, the offset of metamorphic isograds is not an indicator of shear sense, because only the displacement of a line across a structure will provide a shear sense.

(1) The steep, north-northeast fabric of the Flin Flon Belt, which contrasts that of the adjacent Kisseynew Domain, developed primarily during F2 upright folding of accreted assemblages and earlier shear zones between 1.864 and 1.845 Ga, predating the Hudsonian orogeny sensu stricto. Upright F5 folding intensified the fabric, and locally altered its northnortheast trend. (2) Vertical extension was important in post-D1 deformation, even in late-stage structures such as the Grass River fault. Postorogenic, low-angle extensional features that are common to mountain belts like the North American Cordillera (Wernicke 1981) and the Pyrenees (Vissers 1992) are not prevalent in the Flin Flon Belt, possibly indicating that erosion was the dominant unroofing mechanism. (3) The F5 ELSZ transpression episode reactivated shear zones that were in a favorable orientation (e.g., southern Elbow Lake), and macroscopically folded those that were not (e.g., at Iskwasum Lake). The ELSZ has triclinic symmetry; its stretching lineation is at a high angle to the sinistral shear direction, which had an east-side-up component. (4) Maximum displacements between tectono-stratigraphic assemblages occurred on early shear zones. The map distribution of the maficultramafic complex probably indicates that it was emplaced along an S1 shear zone, which was reactivated during F3 deformation. (5) The Berry Creek shear zone strongly deflected the north-northeast structural grain into an eastwest orientation during F4 dextral shear. Sinistral reactivation of the Berry Creek shear zone developed F6b S folds along its margin. Brittle faults further reactivated the zone. (6) Seven generations of structures in the eastern Amisk collage indicate marked changes in tectonic shortening directions across the Flin Flon Belt during a structural evolution exceeding 180 Ma. These changes are consistent with those of other domains in the southeastern Trans-Hudson Orogen, and can be divided into pre-, early, late, and postHudsonian deformation.

Capable field assistance was provided by Sandra MacDougall, Natasha Connell, and Scott Gilliss. Previous mapping, field trips, and input by Ric Syme have contributed greatly to this work. Logistical support was provided by the Geological Survey of Canada. Manitoba Energy and Mines is thanked for further contributions to logistics, and many of its staff members are thanked for geological discussions. Steve Lucas initiated the project and has provided sound, enthusiastic discussion throughout. Earlier reviews by Peter Stringer and journal reviews by Peter Cawood and Wouter Bleeker significantly improved the manuscript. Dave Pirie, Ancel Murphy, and Calvin Nash are thanked for their expe 1999 NRC Canada

Ryan and Williams

271 David, J., Machado, N., Bailes, A.H., and Syme, E. 1993. U/Pb geochronology of the Flin Flon Snow Lake Belt: new results. In Proceedings, Lithoprobe Trans-Hudson Orogen Transect Meeting, Regina, Report 38, pp. 8487. David, J., Bailes, A.H., and Machado, N. 1996. Evolution of the Snow Lake portion of the Paleoproterozoic Flin Flon and Kisseynew belts, Trans-Hudson Orogen, Manitoba, Canada. Precambrian Research, 80: 107124. Digel, S.G., and Gordon, T.M. 1993. Phase relations in metabasites and pressuretemperature conditions at the prehnitepumpellyite to greenschist facies transition, Flin Flon, Manitoba, Canada. In Low-grade metamorphism of mafic rocks. Edited by P. Schiffman and H.W. Day. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 296, pp. 6780. Essene, E.J. 1989. The current status of thermobarometry in metamorphic rocks. In Evolution of metamorphic belts. Edited by J.S. Daly, R.A. Cliff, and B.W.D. Yardley. Geological Society Special Publication (London), No. 43, pp. 144. Fedorowich, J.S., Kerrich, R., and Stauffer, M.R. 1995. Geodynamic evolution and thermal history of the central Flin Flon domain, Trans-Hudson Orogen: constraints from structural development, 40Ar/ 39Ar, and stable isotope geothermometry. Tectonics, 14: 472503. Gibb, R.A., and Walcott, R.I. 1971. A Precambrian suture in the Canadian Shield. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 10: 417 422. Gordon, T.M. 1989. Thermal evolution of the Kisseynew sedimentary gneiss belt, Manitoba: metamorphism at an Early Proterozoic accretionary margin. In Evolution of metamorphic belts. Edited by J.S. Daly, R.A. Cliff, and B.W.D. Yardley. Geological Society Special Publication (London), No. 43, pp. 233243. Gordon, T.M., Hunt, P.A., Bailes, A.H., and Syme, E.C. 1990. U Pb ages from the Flin Flon and Kisseynew belts, Manitoba: chronology of crust formation at an Early Proterozoic accretionary margin. In The Early Proterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen of North America. Edited by J.F. Lewry and M.R. Stauffer. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 37, pp. 177199. Hamilton, W.B. 1988. Plate tectonics and island arcs. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 100: 15031527. Hobbs, B.E., Means, W.D., and Williams, P.F. 1976. An outline of structural geology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Hoffman, P.F. 1981. Autopsy of the Athapapuskow Aulacogen: a failed arm affected by three collisions. In Proterozoic basins of Canada. Edited by F.H.A. Cambell. Geological Survey of Canada, Special Paper 81-10, pp. 97102. Hoffman, P.F. 1985. Is the Cape Smith Belt (northern Quebec) a klippe? Canadian Jounal of Earth Sciences, 22: 13611369. Hunt, P.A., and Roddick, J.C. 1992. A compilation of KAr ages, Report 22. In Radiogenic age and isotopic studies: Report 6. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 92-2, pp. 179226. Kraus, J., and Menard, T. 1997. A thermal gradient at constant pressure: implications for low- to medium-pressure metamorphism in a compressional setting, Flin Flon and Kisseynew domains, Trans-Hudson Orogen. Canadian Mineralogist, 35: 1117 1136. Kraus, J., and Williams, P.F. 1998. Relationships between foliation development, porphyroblast growth and large-scale folding in a metaturbidite suite, Snow Lake, Canada. Journal of Structural Geology, 20: 6176. Laird, J., and Albee, A.L. 1981. Pressuretemperature and time indicators in mafic schist: their application to reconstructing the polymetamorphic history of Vermont. American Journal of Science, 281: 127175.
1999 NRC Canada

dient, high-quality thin section preparation. Bob McCulloch printed the photographs. Funding was mainly from a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada research grant and a one year Lithoprobe grant to P.F.W.

Ansdell, K.M. 1993. UPb constraints on the timing and provenance of fluvial sedimentary rocks in the Flin Flon and Athapapuskow basins, Flin Flon domain, Trans-Hudson Orogen, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. In Radiogenic age and isotopic studies: Report 7. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 93-2, pp. 4957. Ansdell, K.M., and Norman, A.R. 1995. UPb geochronology and tectonic development of the southern flank of the Kisseynew Domain, Trans-Hudson Orogen, Canada. Precambrian Research, 72: 147167. Ansdell, K.M., and Ryan, J.J. 1997. Timing of early deformation within the long-lived Elbow Lake Shear Zone, Trans-Hudson Orogen, Manitoba, In Radiogenic age and isotopic studies: Report 10. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 97-F, pp. 7988. Ansdell, K.M., Lucas, S.B., Connors, K.A., and Stern, R.A. 1995: Kisseynew metasedimentary gneiss belt, Trans-Hudson Orogen (Canada): back-arc origin and collisional inversion. Geology, 21: 10391043. Ashton, K.E., Reilly, B.A., Slimmon, W.L., Thomas, D.T., and Heaman, L.M. 1996. Structural and metamorphic history of the southeastern Reindeer Zone, Saskatchewan. Geological Association of Canada, Program with Abstracts, 21: A5. Bailes, A.H. 1980. Geology of the File Lake area. Manitoba Energy and Mines, Geological Services, Geological Report 78-1. Bailes, A.H., and Syme, E.C. 1989. Geology of the Flin Flon White Lake area, Manitoba. Manitoba Energy and Mines, Geological Services, Geological Report GR87-1. Bgin, N.J. 1992. Contrasting mineral isograd sequences in metabasites of the Cape Smith Belt, northern Qubec, Canada: three new bathograds for mafic rocks. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 10: 685704. Bickle, M.J., Nisbet, E.G., and Martin, A. 1994. Archean greenstone belts are not oceanic crust. Journal of Geology, 102: 121138. Bleeker, W. 1990. New structuralmetamorphic constraints on Early Proterozoic oblique collision along the Thompson Nickel Belt, Manitoba, Canada. In The Early Proterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen of North America. Edited by J.F. Lewry and M.R. Stauffer. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 37, pp. 5773. Bleeker, W., and Macek, J. 1996. Evolution of the Thompson Nickel Belt, Manitoba: setting of NiCu deposits in the western part of the circum Superior Boundary ZoneFieldtrip Guidebook A1. Geological Association of Canada Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting, Winnipeg, Manitoba. Chadwick, B., Ramakrishnan, M., Vasudev, V.N., and Viswanatha, M.N. 1989. Facies distribution and structure of the Dharwar volcanosedimentary basin: evidence for Late Archean transpression in southern India. Journal of the Geological Society (London), 146: 825834. Condie, K.C. 1981. Archean greenstone belts. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Connors, K.A. 1996. Unravelling the boundary between turbidites of the Kisseynew belt and volcano-plutonic rocks of the Flin Flon belt, Trans-Hudson Orogen, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 33: 811829.

272 Leclair, A.D., Lucas, S.B., Broome, H.J., Viljoen, D.W., and Weber, W. 1997. Regional mapping of Precambrian basement beneath Phanerozoic cover in southeastern Trans-Hudson Orogen, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 34: 618634. Lewry, J.F., Thomas, D.J., MacDonald, R., and Chiarenzelli, J. 1990. Structural relations in accreted terranes of the TransHudson Orogen, Saskatchewan: telescoping in a collisional regime? In The Early Proterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen of North America. Edited by J.F. Lewry and M.R. Stauffer. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 37, pp. 7594. Lewry, J., Hajnal, Z., Green, A.G., et al. 1994. Structure of a Paleoproterozoic continentcontinent collision zone: a LITHOPROBE seismic reflection profile across the TransHudson Orogen, Canada. Tectonophysics, 232: 143160. Lin, S., Jiang, D., and Williams, P.F. 1998. Transpression (transtension) zones of triclinic symmetry: natural examples and theoretical modeling. In Continental transpression and tectonics. Edited by R.E. Holdsworth, R. Strachan, and J. Dewey. Geological Society Special Publication (London), No. 135, pp. 4157. Liou, J.G., Kuniyoshi, S., and Ito, K. 1974. Experimental studies in the phase relations between greenschist and amphibolite in a basaltic system. American Journal of Science, 274: 613632. Lucas, S.B., White, D., Hajnal, Z., et al. 1994. Three-dimensional collisional structure of the Trans-Hudson Orogen, Canada. Tectonophysics, 232: 161178. Lucas, S.B., Stern, R.A., Syme, E.C., Reilly, B.A., and Thomas, D.J. 1996. Intraoceanic tectonics and the development of continental crust: 1.921.84 Ga evolution of the Flin Flon Belt, Canada. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 108: 602629. Lucas, S.B., Syme, E.C., and Ashton, K.E. 1999. New perspectives on the Flin Flon Belt, Trans-Hudson Orogen, Manitoba and Saskatchewan: an introduction to the special issue on the NATMAP Shield Margin Project, Part 1. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 36: 135140. Morrison, D,W., and Whalen, J.B. 1995. Granitoid plutons and major structures in the Iskwasum Lake sheet, Manitoba: A portion of the Flin Flon domain in the Trans-Hudson Orogen. In Current research, part C. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 95-C, pp. 225234. Norman, A.R., Williams, P.F., and Ansdell, K.A. 1995. Early Proterozoic deformation along the southern margin of the Kisseynew gneiss belt, Trans-Hudson Orogen: a 30 Ma progressive deformation cycle. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 32: 875894. Parent, M., Machado, N., and Zwanzig, H.V. 1995. Timing of metamorphism and deformation in the Jungle Lake area, southern Kisseynew Belt, Manitoba: Evidence from UPb geochronology of monazite and zircon. In Proceedings, Lithoprobe Trans-Hudson Orogen Transect Meeting, Regina, Report 48, pp. 131132. Paterson, S.R., Vernon, R.H., and Tobisch, O.T. 1989. A review of criteria for the identification of magmatic and tectonic foliations in granitoids. Journal of Structural Geology, 11: 349363. Ryan, J.J., and Syme, E.C. 1997. Structural geology of the central Flin Flon belt. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 3460, scale 1 : 50 000 Ryan, J.J., and Williams, P.F. 1994. Tectonometamorphic history of the Elbow Lake Shear Zone, Flin Flon Snow Lake greenstone belt, Manitoba. In Proceedings, Lithoprobe Trans-Hudson Orogen Transect Meeting, Saskatoon, Report 38, pp. 221229. Ryan, J.J., and Williams, P.F. 1995. The Elbow Lake area: a longlived deformation corridor. In Proceedings, Lithoprobe Trans-

Can. J. Earth Sci. Vol. 36, 1999 Hudson Orogen Transect Meeting, Regina, Report 48, pp. 156 161. Ryan, J.J., and Williams, P.F. 1996a. The structural anatomy of the central Flin Flon Belt, northern Manitoba. In Current research, part C. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 96-C, pp. 105116. Ryan, J.J., and Williams, P.F. 1996b. Pre-Missi deformation in the central Flin Flon Belt: the steepening of strata and crustal thickening. In Proceedings, Lithoprobe Trans-Hudson Orogen Transect Meeting, Saskatoon, Report 55, pp. 5059. Stauffer, M.R. 1990. The Missi Formation: an Aphebian molasse deposit in the Reindeer Lake Zone of the Trans-Hudson Orogen, Canada. In The Early Proterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen of North America. Edited by J.F. Lewry and M.R. Stauffer. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 37, pp. 121141. Stern, R.A., and Lucas, S.B. 1994. UPb zircon constraints on the early tectonic history of the Flin Flon accretionary collage, Saskatchewan. In Radiogenic age and isotopic studies: Report 8. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 94-F, pp. 7586. Stern, R.A., Syme, E.C., Bailes, A.H., and Lucas, S.B. 1995a. Paleoproterozoic (1.901.86 Ga) arc volcanism in the Flin Flon Belt, Trans-Hudson Orogen, Canada. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 119: 117141. Stern, R.A., Syme, E.C., and Lucas, S.B. 1995b. Geochemistry of 1.9 Ga MORB- and OIB-like basalts from the Amisk collage, Flin Flon Belt, Canada: Evidence for intra-oceanic origin. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59: 31313154. Stockwell, C.H. 1961. Structural provinces, orogenies and time classification of rocks of the Canadian Shield. In Age determinations by the Geological Survey of Canada. Edited by J.A. Lowden. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 61-17, pp. 108 118. St-Onge, M.R., and Lucas, S.B. 1993. Geology of the eastern Cape Smith Belt: parts of the Kangiqsujuak, Cratre du NouveauQubec, and Lac Nuvilik map areas, Quebec. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 438. Syme, E.C. 1991. Elbow Lake projectPart A: supracrustal rocks and their structural setting. Manitoba Energy and Mines, Report of Activities, pp. 1427. Syme, E.C. 1992. Elbow Lake projectPart A: supracrustal rocks and their structural setting. Manitoba Energy and Mines, Report of Activities, pp. 3246. Syme, E.C. 1995. 1.9 Ga arc and ocean floor assemblages and their bounding structures in the central Flin Flon belt. In Proceedings, Lithoprobe Trans-Hudson Orogen Transect Meeting, Regina, Report 48, pp. 261272. Syme, E.C., and Morrison, D.W. 1994. Iskwasum Lake (NTS 63K/10W). Manitoba Energy and Mines, Minerals Division, Preliminary Map 1995F-1, scale 1 : 50 000. Syme, E.C., Thomas, D.J., Bailes, A.H., Reilly, B.A., and Slimmon, W.L. 1993. Geology of the Flin Flon area, Manitoba and Saskatchewan (parts of NTS 63K, L). Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 2658, scale 1 : 50 000. Syme, E.C., Bailes, A.H., and Lucas, S.B. 1995. Geology of the Reed Lake area (parts of 63K/9 and 10). Manitoba Energy and Mines, Report of Activities, pp. 4260. Taira, A., Pickering, K.T., Windley, B.F., and Soh, W. 1992. Accretion of Japanese island arcs and implications for the origin of Archean greenstone belts. Tectonics, 11: 12241244. Tobisch, O.T., and Paterson, S.R. 1988. Analysis and interpretation of composite foliations in areas of progressive deformation. Journal of Structural Geology, 10: 745754. van Staal, C.R. 1994. Brunswick subduction complex in the Canadian Appalachians: record of the late Ordovician to late Silurian
1999 NRC Canada

Ryan and Williams collision between Laurentia and the Gander margin of Avalon. Tectonics. 13: 946962. Vissers, R.L.M. 1992. Variscan extension in the Pyrenees. Tectonics, 11: 13691384. Wernicke, B. 1981. Low-angle normal faults in the Basin and Range Province: nappe tectonics in an extending orogen. Nature (London), 291: 645648. Whalen, J.B., and Hunt, P.A. 1994. Geochronological study of granitoid rocks in the Elbow Lake map area, Manitoba: a portion of the Flin Flon Domain of the Trans-Hudson Orogen. In Radiogenic age and isotopic studies: Report 8. Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 1994-F, pp. 8796. Whalen, J.B., and Stern, R.A. 1996. Geochemical and Nd isotopic features of granitoid magmatism within the Flin Flon belt of the

273 Trans-Hudson Orogen. Geological Association of Canada, Program with Abstracts, 21: A101. Williams, P.F. 1985. Multiply deformed terranesproblems of correlation. Journal of Structural Geology, 7: 269280. Windley, B.F. 1995. The evolving continents. 3rd ed. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. Zwanzig, H.V. 1990. Kisseynew Gneiss Belt in Manitoba: stratigraphy, structure and tectonic evolution. In The Early Proterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen of North America. Edited by J.F. Lewry and M.R. Stauffer. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 37, pp. 95120. Zwanzig, H.V., and Schledewitz, D.C.P. 1992. Geology of the KississingBatty lakes area: interim report. Manitoba Energy and Mines, Geological Report, Open File OF92-2.

1999 NRC Canada