Oea000041 Lte Sae System Overview Issue 1.03

LTE/SAE System Overview Training Manual Contents
Contents
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% 1
Contents LTE/SAE System Overview Training Manual
Figures
2 "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% Issue 01 (2010-0 -01!
LTE/SAE System Overview Training Manual , -lossary
Tables
Network Architecture
Objectives
On )om$letion o& t'is se)tion t'e $arti)i$ants will .e a.le to/
, -lossary LTE/SAE System Overview Training Manual
1es)ri.e t'e evolution o& )ellular networ2s* Summari3e t'e evolution o& 0-## releases+ &rom 4elease 55 to 4elease 5 an% .eyon%* Error/ 4e&eren)e sour)e not &oun%E6$lain t'e logi)al ar)'ite)ture o& t'e E-7T4A8* 1es)ri.e t'e inter&a)es an% asso)iate% $roto)ols wit'in t'e E-7T4A8* Error/ 4e&eren)e sour)e not &oun%E6$lain t'e logi)al ar)'ite)ture o& t'e E#S*
, "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% Issue 01 (2010-0 -01!
Evolution of Cellular Networks

Evolution of Cellular Networks
Cellular mo.ile networ2s 'ave .een evolving &or many years* T'e initial systems+ w'i)' are re&erre% to as 9:irst -eneration;+ now 'a% .een re$la)e% wit' 9Se)on% -eneration; an% 9T'ir% -eneration; solutions* "owever to%ay+ ,- or 9:ourt' -eneration; systems are now .eing %e$loye%* Evolution o& Cellular 8etwor2s
First Generation Mobile Syste s

T'e 1- (:irst -eneration! mo.ile systems were not %igital+ i*e* t'ey utili3e% analogue mo%ulation te)'ni<ues* T'e main systems in)lu%e%/ AM#S (A%van)e% Mo.ile Tele$'one System! - T'is &irst a$$eare% in 15=> in t'e 7nite% States an% was mainly im$lemente% in t'e Ameri)as+ 4ussia an% Asia* ?arious issues in)lu%ing wea2 se)urity &eatures ma%e t'e system $rone to 'a)2ing an% 'an%set )loning* TACS (Total A))ess Communi)ations System! - T'is was t'e Euro$ean version o& AM#S .ut wit' slig't mo%i&i)ations in)lu%ing t'e o$eration on %i&&erent &re<uen)y .an%s* It was mainly use% in t'e 7nite% @ing%om+ as well as $arts o& Asia* ETACS ((E6ten%e% Total A))ess Communi)ation System! - T'is $rovi%e% an im$rove% version o& TACS* It ena.le% a greater num.er o& )'annels an% t'ere&ore &a)ilitate% more users* T'ese analogue systems were all $ro$rietary .ase% :M (:re<uen)y Mo%ulation! systems an% t'ere&ore t'ey all la)2e% se)urity+ any meaning&ul %ata servi)e an% international roaming )a$a.ility*
Secon! Generation Mobile Syste s

2- (Se)on% -eneration! systems utili3e %igital multi$le a))ess te)'nology+ su)' as T1MA (Time 1ivision Multi$le A))ess! an% C1MA (Co%e 1ivision Multi$le A))ess!* illustrates some o& t'e %i&&erent 2- mo.ile systems in)lu%ing/ -SM (-lo.al System &or Mo.ile )ommuni)ations! - t'is is t'e most su))ess&ul o& all 2- te)'nologies* It was initially %evelo$e% .y ETSI (Euro$ean Tele)ommuni)ations Stan%ar%s Institute! &or Euro$e an% %esigne% to o$erate on t'e 500M"3 an% 1A00M"3 &re<uen)y .an%s* It now 'as worl%-wi%e su$$ort an% is availa.le &or %e$loyment on many ot'er &re<uen)y .an%s+ su)' as A 0M"3 an% 1500M"3* A mo.ile %es)ri.e% as tri .an% or <ua% .an% in%i)ates su$$ort &or multi$le &re<uen)y .an%s on t'e same %evi)e* -SM utili3es T1MA an% as su)'+ it em$loys A timeslots on a 2002"3 ra%io )arrier* )%maOne - t'is is a C1MA (Co%e 1ivision Multi$le A))ess! system .ase% on t'e IS-5 (Interim Stan%ar% 5 !* It uses a s$rea% s$e)trum te)'ni<ue w'i)' in)or$orates a mi6ture o& )o%es an% timing to i%enti&y )ells an% )'annels* T'e system .an%wi%t' is 1*2 M"3* 1-AM#S (1igital - A%van)e% Mo.ile #'one System! - t'is is .ase% on t'e IS-10> (Interim Stan%ar% 10>! an% is e&&e)tively an en'an)ement to AM#S* Su$$orting a T1MA a))ess te)'ni<ue+ 1-AM#S is $rimarily use% on t'e 8ort' Ameri)an )ontinent+ as well as in 8ew Bealan% an% $arts o& t'e Asia-#a)i&i) region*
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt%
Se)on% -eneration Mo.ile Systems
In a%%ition to .eing %igital+ wit' t'e asso)iate% im$rovements in )a$a)ity an% se)urity+ t'ese 2- %igital systems also o&&er en'an)e% servi)es su)' as SMS (S'ort Message Servi)e! an% )ir)uit swit)'e% %ata*
"#$G Syste s
Most 2- systems 'ave now .een evolve%* :or e6am$le+ -SM was e6ten%e% wit' -#4S (-eneral #a)2et 4a%io System! to su$$ort e&&i)ient $a)2et %ata servi)es+ as well as in)reasing t'e %ata rates* As t'is &eature %oes not meet 0- re<uirements+ -#4S is t'ere&ore o&ten re&erre% to as 2* -* A )om$arison .een 2- an% 2* - systems is illustrate% in *
"#%$G Syste s
-SM/-#4S systems also a%%e% E1-E (En'an)e% 1ata 4ates &or -lo.al Evolution!* T'is nearly <ua%ru$les t'e t'roug'$ut o& -#4S* T'e t'eoreti)al %ata rate o& ,=0*>2.it/s ena.les servi)e $rovi%ers to e&&i)iently o&&er multime%ia servi)es* Li2e t'at o& -#4S+ E1-E is usually )ategori3e% as 2*= - as it %oes not &ul&ill all t'e re<uirements o& a 0- system* 2-+ 2* - an% 2*= - -SM/-#4S Systems Syste 2- -SM 2* - -#4S 2*= - E1-E Service Cir)uit Swit)'e% #a)2et Swit)'e% #a)2et Swit)'e% Theoretical &ata 'ate 5*>2.it/s or 1,*,2.it/s 1=1*22.it/s ,=0*>2.it/s Ty(ical &ata 'ate 5*>2.it/s or 1,*,2.it/s ,2.it/s to 02.it/s 1202.it/s
Thir! Generation Mobile Syste s

0- (T'ir% -eneration! systems+ w'i)' are %e&ine% .y IMT2000 (International Mo.ile Tele)ommuni)ations - 2000!+ state t'at t'ey s'oul% .e )a$a.le o& $rovi%ing 'ig'er transmission rates+ &or e6am$le/ 2M.it/s &or stationary or noma%i) use an% 0,A2.it/s in a moving ve'i)le* T'e main 0- te)'nologies are illustrate% in *T'ese in)lu%e/
> "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% Issue 01 (2010-0 -01!
C-C1MA (Ci%e.an% C1MA! - T'is was %evelo$e% .y t'e 0-## (T'ir% -eneration #artners'i$ #roDe)t!* T'ere are numerous variations on t'is stan%ar%+ in)lu%ing T1-C1MA an% T1-SC1MA* C-C1MA is t'e main evolutionary $at' &rom -SM/-#4S networ2s* It is a :11 (:re<uen)y 1ivision 1u$le6! .ase% system an% o))u$ies a M"3 )arrier* Current %e$loyments are mainly at 2*1-"3+ 'owever %e$loyments at lower &re<uen)ies are also .eing seen+ e*g* 7MTS1500+ 7MTS500+ 7MTSA 0 et)* C-C1MA su$$orts voi)e an% multime%ia servi)es wit' an initial t'eoreti)al rate o& 2M.it/s 'owever+ most servi)e $rovi%ers were initially o&&ering 0A,2.it/s $er user* T'is te)'nology is )ontinuing to evolve an% later 0-## releases 'ave in)rease% t'e rates to in e6)ess o& ,0M.it/s* T1-C1MA (Time 1ivision C1MA! - T'is is ty$i)ally re&erre% to as 7MTS T11 (Time 1ivision 1u$le6! an% is $art o& t'e 7MTS s$e)i&i)ations+ 'owever it 'as only limite% su$$ort* T'e system utili3es a )om.ination o& C1MA an% T1MA to ena.le e&&i)ient allo)ation o& resour)es* T1-SC1MA (Time 1ivision Syn)'ronous C1MA! - T'is was Dointly %evelo$e% .y Siemens an% t'e CATT (C'ina A)a%emy o& Tele)ommuni)ations Te)'nology!* T1-SC1MA 'as lin2s to t'e 7MTS s$e)i&i)ations an% is o&ten i%enti&ie% as 7MTS-T11 LC4 (Low C'i$ 4ate!* Li2e T1-C1MA+ it is also .est suite% to low mo.ility s)enarios in mi)ro or $i)o )ells* C1MA2000 - T'is is a multi-)arrier te)'nology stan%ar% w'i)' uses C1MA* C1MA2000 is a)tually a set o& stan%ar%s in)lu%ing C1MA2000 E?-1O (Evolution-1ata O$timi3e%! w'i)' 'as various 9revisions;* It is wort' noting t'at C1MA2000 is .a)2war% )om$ati.le wit' )%maOne* T'ir% -eneration Mo.ile Systems
CiMAE (Corl%wi%e Intero$era.ility &or Mi)rowave A))ess! - T'is is anot'er wireless te)'nology w'i)' satis&ies IMT2000 0- re<uirements* T'e air inter&a)e is $art o& t'e IEEE (Institute o& Ele)tri)al an% Ele)troni)s Engineers! A02*1> stan%ar% w'i)' originally %e&ine% #T# (#oint-To-#oint! an% #TM (#oint-To-Multi$oint! systems* T'is was later en'an)e% to $rovi%e mo.ility an% greater &le6i.ility* T'e su))ess o& CiMAE is mainly %own to t'e 9CiMAE :orum;+ an organi3ation &orme% to $romote )on&ormity an% intero$era.ility .etween ven%ors*
Fourth Generation Mobile Syste s

,- (:ourt' -eneration! )ellular wireless systems nee% to meet t'e re<uirements set out .y t'e IT7 (International Tele)ommuni)ation 7nion! as $art o& IMT A%van)e% (International Mo.ile Tele)ommuni)ations A%van)e%!* Illustrate% in + t'ese &eatures ena.le IMT A%van)e% to a%%ress evolving user nee%s* IMT A%van)e% :eatures )ey *MT A!vance! Features
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% =
A 'ig' %egree o& )ommon &un)tionality worl%wi%e w'ile retaining t'e &le6i.ility to su$$ort a wi%e range o& servi)es an% a$$li)ations in a )ost e&&i)ient manner* Com$ati.ility o& servi)es wit'in IMT an% wit' &i6e% networ2s* Ca$a.ility o& interwor2ing wit' ot'er ra%io a))ess systems* "ig' <uality mo.ile servi)es* 7ser e<ui$ment suita.le &or worl%wi%e use* 7ser-&rien%ly a$$li)ations+ servi)es an% e<ui$ment* Corl%wi%e roaming )a$a.ility* En'an)e% $ea2 %ata rates to su$$ort a%van)e% servi)es an% a$$li)ations (100M.it/s &or 'ig' an% 1-.it/s &or low mo.ility were i%enti&ie% as targets!* T'e t'ree main ,- systems in)lu%e/ LTE A%van)e% - LTE (Long Term Evolution! is $art o& 0-## &amily o& s$e)i&i)ations+ 'owever it %oes not meet all IMT A%van)e% &eatures+ as su)' it is sometimes re&erre% to as 0*55-* In )ontrast+ LTE A%van)e% is $art o& a later 0-## 4elease an% t'is 'as .een %esigne% s$e)i&i)ally to meet ,- re<uirements* CiMAE A02*1>m - T'e IEEE an% t'e CiMAE :orum 'ave i%enti&ie% A02*1>m as t'eir o&&ering &or a ,- system* 7MF (7ltra Mo.ile Froa%.an%! - T'is is i%enti&ie% as E?-1O 4ev C* It is $art o& 0-##2 'owever most ven%ors an% servi)e $rovi%ers 'ave %e)i%e% to $romote LTE instea%* :ourt' -eneration Mo.ile Systems
+G,, 'eleases
T'e %evelo$ment o& -SM+ -#4S+ E1-E+ 7MTS+ "S#A an% LTE is in stages 2nown as 0-## 4eleases* "ar%ware ven%ors an% so&tware %evelo$ers use t'ese releases as $art o& t'eir %evelo$ment roa%ma$* illustrates t'e main 0-## 4eleases t'at in)lu%e% 2ey en'an)ements o& t'e ra%io inter&a)e*
A "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% Issue 01 (2010-0 -01!
0-## 4eleases
0-## 4eleases en'an)e various as$e)ts o& t'e networ2 an% not Dust t'e ra%io inter&a)e* :or e6am$le+ 4elease starte% t'e intro%u)tion o& t'e IMS (I# Multime%ia Su.system! in t'e )ore networ2*
,re-'elease ..
#re-4elease 55 saw t'e intro%u)tion o& -SM+ as well as t'e a%%ition o& -#4S* T'e main -SM #'ases an% 0-## 4eleases in)lu%e/ -SM #'ase 1* -SM #'ase 2* -SM #'ase 2G (4elease 5>!* -SM #'ase 2G (4elease 5=!* -SM #'ase 2G (4elease 5A!*
'elease ..
0-## 4elease 55 saw t'e intro%u)tion o& 7MTS+ as well as t'e E1-E en'an)ement to -#4S* 7MTS )ontains all t'e &eatures nee%e% to meet t'e IMT-2000 re<uirements as t'ose %e&ine% .y t'e IT7* It is a.le to su$$ort CS (Cir)uit Swit)'e%! voi)e an% vi%eo servi)es+ as well as #S (#a)2et Swit)'e%! %ata servi)es over )ommon an% %e%i)ate% .earers* Initial %ata rates &or 7MTS were >,2.it/s+ 12A2.it/s an% 0A,2.it/s* 8ote t'at t'e t'eoreti)al ma6imum was 2M.it/s*
'elease /
4elease , in)lu%e% en'an)ements to t'e )ore networ2 an% in $arti)ular t'e notion o& it .eing .earer in%e$en%ent* T'us t'e )on)e$t o& 9All I# 8etwor2s; was in)lu%e% an% servi)e $rovi%ers were a.le to %e$loy So&t Swit)' .ase% networ2s+ i*e* t'e MSC (Mo.ile Swit)'ing Centre! was re$la)e% .y t'e MSC Server an% M-C (Me%ia -ateways!* T'is im$rove% networ2 utili3ation in a%%ition to )onsoli%ating engineering 2nowle%ge an% in)reasing ven%or )om$etition*
'elease $
4elease intro%u)es t'e &irst maDor a%%ition to t'e 7MTS air inter&a)e .y s$e)i&ying "S1#A ("ig' S$ee% 1ownlin2 #a)2et A))ess! in or%er to im$rove .ot' )a$a)ity an% s$e)tral e&&i)ien)y* illustrates some o& t'e main &eatures asso)iate% wit' 4elease an% t'ese in)lu%e/ A%a$tive Mo%ulation - In a%%ition to t'e original 7MTS mo%ulation s)'eme o& H#S@ (Hua%rature #'ase S'i&t @eying!+ "S1#A also in)lu%es su$$ort &or 1> HAM (Hua%rature Am$litu%e Mo%ulation!* :le6i.le Co%ing - Fase% on &ast &ee%.a)2 &rom t'e mo.ile in t'e &orm o& a CHI (C'annel Huality In%i)ator!+ t'e 7MTS .ase station+ i*e* t'e 8o%e F+ is a.le to mo%i&y t'e e&&e)tive )o%ing rate an% t'us in)rease system e&&i)ien)y* :ast S)'e%uling - "S1#A in)lu%es a 2ms TTI (Time Transmission Interval! w'i)' ena.les t'e 8o%e F s)'e%uler to <ui)2ly an% e&&i)iently allo)ate resour)es to mo.iles* "A4H ("y.ri% Automati) 4e$eat 4e<uest! - In t'e event a $a)2et %oes not get t'roug' to t'e 7E (7ser E<ui$ment! su))ess&ully+ t'e system em$loys "A4H* T'is im$roves t'e retransmission timing+ t'us re<uiring less relian)e on t'e 48C (4a%io 8etwor2 Controller!* "S1#A (4elease !
'elease 0
4elease > a%%s various &eatures+ wit' "S7#A ("ig' S$ee% 7$lin2 #a)2et 1ata! .eing o& most interest to 4A8 %evelo$ment* Even t'oug' t'e term "S7#A is wi%es$rea%+ t'is 0-## en'an)ement also goes un%er t'e term 9En'an)e% 7$lin2;* It is also wort' noting t'at "S1#A an% "S7#A wor2 in tan%em an% t'us t'e term "S#A ("ig' S$ee% #a)2et A))ess! is now in )ommon use* "S7#A+ li2e "S1#A a%%s &un)tionality to im$rove $a)2et %ata* illustrates t'e t'ree main en'an)ements w'i)' in)lu%e/ :le6i.le Co%ing - "S7#A 'as t'e a.ility to %ynami)ally )'ange t'e )o%ing an% t'ere&ore im$rove t'e e&&i)ien)y o& t'e system* :ast #ower S)'e%uling - A 2ey &a)t o& "S7#A is t'at it $rovi%es a met'o% to s)'e%ule t'e $ower &rom %i&&erent mo.iles* T'is s)'e%uling )an use eit'er a 2ms or 10ms TTI* "A4H - Li2e "S1#A+ "S7#A also utili3es "A4H* T'e main %i&&eren)e is t'e timing relations'i$ &or retransmissions*
"S7#A (4elease >!
En'an)ements intro%u)e% in 4elease > are not limite% to "S7#A* :or e6am$le+ -A8 (-eneri) A))ess 8etwor2! te)'nologies are also in)lu%e% w'i)' ena.les alternative ra%io a))ess te)'nologies su)' as Ci-:i (Cireless :i%elity! to .e use% yet still su$$ort true interwor2ing*
Alt'oug' no longer t'e )orre)t terminology+ 7MA (7nli)ense% Mo.ile A))ess! is still in )ommon use to %es)ri.e t'e 0-##Is -A8 te)'nology*
'elease %
T'e main 4A8 .ase% &eature o& 4elease = is "S#AG* T'is+ li2e "S1#A an% "S7#A+ $rovi%es various en'an)ements to im$rove $a)2et swit)'e% %ata %elivery* illustrates t'e main &eatures w'i)' in)lu%e/ >, HAM - T'is is availa.le in t'e 1L (1ownlin2! an% ena.les "S#AG to o$erate at a t'eoreti)al rate o& 21*>M.it/s* 1> HAM - T'is is availa.le in t'e 7L (7$lin2! an% ena.les t'e u$lin2 to t'eoreti)ally a)'ieve 11*=>M.it/s* MIMO (Multi$le In$ut Multi$le Out$ut! O$eration - t'is is a%%e% to "S#AG 4elease = an% o&&ers various .ene&its in)lu%ing t'e a.ility to o&&er a t'eoreti)al 2A*AM.its/s in t'e %ownlin2* "S#AG (4elease =!
#ower En'an)ements -?arious en'an)ements su)' as C#C (Continuous #a)2et Conne)tivity! 'ave .een in)lu%e%* T'is in)lu%es 1TE (1is)ontinuous Transmission!+ 14E (1is)ontinuous 4e)e$tion! an% "S-SCC" ("ig' S$ee% S'are% Control C'annel! Less O$eration et)* Colle)tively t'ese im$rove t'e mo.iles .attery )onsum$tion* Less Over'ea% - T'e %ownlin2 in)lu%es an en'an)ement to t'e MAC (Me%ium A))ess Control! layer w'i)' e&&e)tively means t'at &ewer 'ea%ers are re<uire%* T'is in turn re%u)es over'ea% an% t'us im$roves t'e system e&&i)ien)y*
'elease 1
T'ere are many a%%itions to t'e 4A8 &un)tionality in 4elease A+ su)' as an en'an)ement to "S#AG* "owever t'e main as$e)t is t'e in)lusion o& LTE (Long Term Evolution!* illustrates some o& t'e main &eatures &or 4elease A "S#AG an% LTE* 4elease A "S#AG ena.les various 2ey en'an)ements+ t'ese in)lu%e/ >, HAM an% MIMO - 4elease A ena.les t'e )om.ination o& >, HAM an% MIMO+ t'us <uoting a t'eoreti)al rate o& ,2M.it/s+ i*e* 2 6 21*>M.it/s* 1ual Cell O$eration - 1C-"S1#A (1ual Cell - "S1#A! is a 4elease A &eature w'i)' is &urt'er en'an)e% in 4elease 5 an% 4elease 10* It ena.les a mo.ile to e&&e)tively utili3e two M"3 7MTS )arriers* Assuming .ot' are using >, HAM (21*>M.it/s!+ t'e t'eoreti)al ma6imum is ,2M.$s* 8ote t'at in 4elease A+ a mo.ile is not a.le to )om.ine MIMO an% 1C-"S1#A* Less 7$lin2 Over'ea% - In a similar way to 4elease = in t'e %ownlin2+ t'e 4elease A u$lin2 'as also .een en'an)e% to re%u)e over'ea%* 4elease A "S#AG an% LTE
LTE $rovi%es a new ra%io a))ess te)'ni<ue+ as well as en'an)ements in t'e E-7T4A8 (Evolve% - 7niversal Terrestrial 4a%io A))ess 8etwor2!* T'ese en'an)ements are &urt'er %is)usse% as $art o& t'is )ourse*
'elease . an! 2eyon!

Even t'oug' LTE is a 4elease A system+ it is yet &urt'er en'an)e% in 4elease 5* T'ere are a 'uge num.er o& &eatures in 4elease 5* One o& t'e most im$ortant is t'e su$$ort o& a%%itional &re<uen)y .an%s* 4elease 5 an% Feyon%
4elease 10 in)lu%es t'e stan%ar%i3ation o& LTE A%van)e%+ i*e* t'e 0-##Is ,- o&&ering* As su)'+ it in)lu%es t'e mo%i&i)ation o& t'e LTE system to &a)ilitate ,- servi)es*
+G,, Evolution3 Fro
4TE to 4TE-A525C
J"eterogeneousI or "et8et &or s'ort stan%s &or t'e %i&&erent ty$es o& .ase stations (ma)ro+ mi)ro+ $i)o+ relay! t'at are o$erating on %i&&erent te)'nologies (-SM+ CC1MA an% LTE!t'at are use% toget'er in t'e same networ2 to .uil% t'e goo% )overage an% 'ig' )a$a)ity t'at en%users %eman% &rom t'eir o$erator ()ontrary to J'omogeneousI networ2s t'at are mainly .uilt wit' one ty$e o& .ase station+ o&ten ma)ro!* :usion8et "uawei in Far)elona at t'e Mo.ile Corl% Congress (MCC 2010! %emonstrate% t'e ne6t generation LTE-F (412/410! networ2 ar)'ite)ture :usion8et* It )om.ines multi-system+ multi-.an%+ multi-layer 'eterogeneous networ2s+ im$rove% 00K )ell e%ge user t'roug'$ut+ w'i)' really )reate .or%erless networ2s* T'e )ore o& :usion8et is .ases on LTE-F te)'ni<ues (su)' as multi-&low aggregation+ inter&eren)e )oor%ination+ servi)e a%a$tation+ s$e)trum e&&i)ien)y o$timi3ation+ et)*!+ an% wit' t'e e6isting LTE+ LTE-A (su)' as multi-$oint )oor%inate+ )arrier aggregation!+ w'i)' reali3es multi-system+ multi-.an%+ multi-layer networ2 o& %ee$ integration+ 'el$ o$erators signi&i)antly re%u)e CA#EE an% O#EE+ allowing users to enDoy ultra.roa%.an%+ 3ero-waiting an% u.i<uitous )onne)tivity*
4TE Technical Obiectives
E,S Architecture
In )ontrast to t'e 2- an% 0- networ2s %e&ine% .y t'e 0-##+ LTE )an .e sim$ly %ivi%e% into a &lat I# .ase% .earer networ2 an% a servi)e ena.ling networ2* T'e &ormer )an .e &urt'er su.%ivi%e% into t'e E-7T4A8 (Evolve% - 7niversal Terrestrial 4a%io A))ess 8etwor2! an% t'e E#C (Evolve% #a)2et Core! w'ere as su$$ort &or servi)e %elivery lies in t'e IMS (I# Multime%ia Su.system!* T'is re&eren)e ar)'ite)ture )an .e seen in * LTE 4e&eren)e Ar)'ite)ture
C'ilst 7MTS is .ase% u$on C-C1MA te)'nology+ t'e 0-## %evelo$e% new s$e)i&i)ations &or t'e LTE air inter&a)e .ase% u$on O:1MA (Ort'ogonal :re<uen)y 1ivision Multi$le A))ess! in t'e %ownlin2 an% SC-:1MA (Single Carrier - :re<uen)y 1ivision Multi$le A))ess! in t'e u$lin2* T'is new air inter&a)e is terme% t'e E-7T4A (Evolve% - 7niversal Terrestrial 4a%io A))ess!*
1, "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% Issue 01 (2010-0 -01!
E#S 8etwor2 Ar)'ite)ture-2-/0- Co-e6isten)e

Gb GERAN Iu S3 S12 SGSN HSS PCRF SWx S4 S6a MME S11 S5 S1-U SGW S2a SW) T u$!e(%)") 3GPP%IP%A''e$$ U)-! u$!e(%)") 3GPP%IP%A''e$$ STa ePDG S2b SWa 3GPP-AAA PDN-GW S6b Gxa Gx' Rx Gxb Gx
UTRAN
S1-C
SGi
Ope a!" #$ IP%Se &i'e
E-UTRAN
In t'e evolution o& )ore networ2+ $a)2et %omain o& )ore networ2 also evolves &orwar% to SAE(System Ar)'ite)ture Evolution+ also usually )alle% E#C(Evolve% #a)2et Core!* SAE is .ase% on $a)2et %omain+ an% %oes not su$$ort )ir)uit %omain any longer*
6# 7ser E8ui( ent

Li2e t'at o& 7MTS+ t'e mo.ile %evi)e in LTE is terme% t'e 7E (7ser E<ui$ment! an% is )om$rise% o& two %istin)t elementsL t'e 7SIM (7niversal Su.s)ri.er I%entity Mo%ule! an% t'e ME (Mo.ile E<ui$ment!* T'e ME su$$orts a num.er o& &un)tional entities in)lu%ing/ 44 (4a%io 4esour)e! - t'is su$$orts .ot' t'e Control #lane an% 7ser #lane an% in so %oing+ is res$onsi.le &or all low level $roto)ols in)lu%ing 44C (4a%io 4esour)e Control!+ #1C# (#a)2et 1ata Convergen)e #roto)ol!+ 4LC (4a%io Lin2 Control!+ MAC (Me%ium A))ess Control! an% t'e #'y (#'ysi)al! Layer* EMM (E#S Mo.ility Management! - is a Control #lane entity w'i)' manages t'e mo.ility management states t'e 7E )an e6ist inL LTE I%le+ LTE A)tive an% LTE 1eta)'e%* Transa)tions wit'in t'ese states in)lu%e $ro)e%ures su)' as TA7 (Tra)2ing Area 7$%ate! an% 'an%overs* ESM (E#S Session Management! - is a Control #lane a)tivity w'i)' manages t'e a)tivation+ mo%i&i)ation an% %ea)tivation o& E#S .earer )onte6ts* T'ese )an eit'er .e %e&ault E#S .earer )onte6ts or %e%i)ate% E#S .earer )onte6ts*
7ser E<ui$ment :un)tional Elements
In terms o& t'e #'y layer+ t'e )a$a.ilities o& t'e 7E may .e %e&ine% in terms o& t'e &re<uen)ies an% %ata rates su$$orte%* 1evi)es may also .e )a$a.le o& su$$orting a%a$tive mo%ulation in)lu%ing H#S@ (Hua%rature #'ase S'i&t @eying!+ 1>HAM (1> Hua%rature Am$litu%e Mo%ulation! an% >,HAM (Hua%rature Am$litu%e Mo%ulation!* In terms o& t'e ra%io s$e)trum+ t'e 7E is a.le to su$$ort several s)ala.le )'annels in)lu%ingL 1*,M"3+ 0M"3+ M"3+ 10M"3+ 1 M"3 an% 20M"3 w'ilst o$erating in :11 (:re<uen)y 1ivision 1u$le6! an%/or T11 (Time 1ivision 1u$le6!* :urt'ermore+ t'e 7E may also su$$ort a%van)e% antenna &eatures su)' as MIMO (Multi$le In$ut Multi$le Out$ut! w'i)' is %is)usse% in at *
7E Categories
7E *!entities
An LTE )a$a.le 7E will .e allo)ate% / utili3e a num.er o& i%entities %uring o$eration wit'in t'e networ2* T'ese in)lu%e/ IMSI (International Mo.ile Su.s)ri.er I%entity! - t'is )om$lies wit' t'e stan%ar% 0-## &ormat an% is )om$rise% o& t'e MCC (Mo.ile Country Co%e!+ M8C (Mo.ile 8etwor2 Co%e! an% t'e MSI8 (Mo.ile Su.s)ri.er I%entity
1> "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% Issue 01 (2010-0 -01!
8um.er!* T'is uni<uely i%enti&ies a su.s)ri.er &rom wit'in t'e &amily o& 0-## te)'nologies - -SM+ -#4S+ 7MTS et)* IMEI (International Mo.ile E<ui$ment I%entity! - is use% to uni<uely i%enti&y t'e ME* It )an .e &urt'er su.%ivi%e% into a TAC (Ty$e A$$roval Co%e!+ :AC (:inal Assem.ly Co%e! an% S84 (Serial 8um.er!* -7TI (-lo.ally 7ni<ue Tem$orary I%entity! - is allo)ate% to t'e 7E .y t'e MME (Mo.ility Management Entity! an% i%enti&ies a %evi)e to a s$e)i&i) MME* T'e i%entity is )om$rise% o& a -7MMEI (-lo.ally 7ni<ue MME I%entity! an% an M-TMSI (MME - Tem$orary Mo.ile Su.s)ri.er I%entity!* S-TMSI (Serving - Tem$orary Mo.ile Su.s)ri.er I%entity! - is use% to $rote)t a su.s)ri.erIs IMSI %uring 8AS (8on A))ess Stratum! signaling .etween t'e 7E an% MME as well as i%enti&ying t'e MME &rom wit'in a MME $ool* T'e S-TMSI is )om$rise% o& t'e MMEC (MME Co%e! an% t'e M-TMSI* I# A%%ress - t'e 7E re<uires a routa.le I# a%%ress &rom t'e #18 (#a)2et 1ata 8etwor2! &rom w'i)' it is re)eiving 'ig'er layer servi)es* T'is may eit'er .e an I#v, or I#v> a%%ress*
Evolve! No!e 2
In a%%ition to t'e new air inter&a)e+ a new .ase station 'as also .e s$e)i&ie% .y t'e 0-## an% is re&erre% to as an e8F (Evolve% 8o%e F!* T'ese+ along wit' t'eir asso)iate% inter&a)es &orm t'e E-7T4A8 an% in so %oing+ are res$onsi.le &or/ :un)tions &or 4a%io 4esour)e Management/ 4a%io Fearer Control+ 4a%io A%mission Control+ Conne)tion Mo.ility Control+ 1ynami) allo)ation o& resour)es to 7Es in .ot' u$lin2 an% %ownlin2 (s)'e%uling!L I# 'ea%er )om$ression an% en)ry$tion o& user %ata streamL Sele)tion o& an MME at 7E atta)'ment w'en no routing to an MME )an .e %etermine% &rom t'e in&ormation $rovi%e% .y t'e 7EL 4outing o& 7ser #lane %ata towar%s Serving -atewayL S)'e%uling an% transmission o& $aging messages (originate% &rom t'e MME!L S)'e%uling an% transmission o& .roa%)ast in&ormation (originate% &rom t'e MME or OMM!L Measurement an% measurement re$orting )on&iguration &or mo.ility an% s)'e%ulingL S)'e%uling an% transmission o& #CS (w'i)' in)lu%es ETCS an% CMAS! messages (originate% &rom t'e MME!L CS- 'an%ling Evolve% 8o%e F :un)tional Elements
Se)urity in LTE is not solely limite% to en)ry$tion an% integrity $rote)tion o& in&ormation $assing a)ross t'e air inter&a)e .ut instea%+ 8AS en)ry$tion an% integrity $rote)tion .etween t'e 7E an% MME also ta2es $la)e* In a%%ition+ I#Se) may also .e use% to $rote)t user %ata wit'in .ot' t'e E-7T4A8 an% E#C*
eN2 *!entities
In a%%ition to t'e 7E i%entities alrea%y %is)usse%+ t'ere are a num.er o& s$e)i&i) i%entities asso)iate% wit' t'e e8F* T'ese in)lu%e/ TAI (Tra)2ing Area I%entity! - is a logi)al grou$ o& neig'.oring )ells %e&ine% .y t'e servi)e $rovi%er in w'i)' an LTE i%le 7E is a.le to move wit'in wit'out nee%ing to u$%ate t'e networ2* As su)'+ it is similar to a 4AI (4outing Area I%entity! use% in 2- an% 0- $a)2et swit)'e% networ2s* EC-I (Evolve% Cell -lo.al I%entity! - is )om$rise% o& t'e MCC+ M8C an% ECI (Evolve% Cell I%entity!+ t'e later .eing )o%e% .y ea)' servi)e $rovi%er*
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% 1=
Mobility Manage ent Entity

T'e MME 'osts t'e &ollowing &un)tions (see 0-## TS 20*,01 N1=O!/ 8AS signallingL 8AS signalling se)urityL AS Se)urity )ontrolL Inter C8 no%e signalling &or mo.ility .etween 0-## a))ess networ2sL I%le mo%e 7E 4ea)'a.ility (in)lu%ing )ontrol an% e6e)ution o& $aging retransmission!L Tra)2ing Area list management (&or 7E in i%le an% a)tive mo%e!L #18 -C an% Serving -C sele)tionL MME sele)tion &or 'an%overs wit' MME )'angeL S-S8 sele)tion &or 'an%overs to 2- or 0- 0-## a))ess networ2sL 4oamingL Aut'enti)ationL Fearer management &un)tions in)lu%ing %e%i)ate% .earer esta.lis'mentL Su$$ort &or #CS (w'i)' in)lu%es ETCS an% CMAS! message transmissionL O$tionally $er&orming $aging o$timisation* 8OTE 1/ :or ma)ro e8Fs+ t'e MME s'oul% not &ilter t'e #A-I8- message .ase% on t'e CS- I1s*
The Serving Gateway 9S-G:;

T'e Serving -ateway (S--C! 'osts t'e &ollowing &un)tions (see 0-## TS 20*,01 N1=O!/ T'e lo)al Mo.ility An)'or $oint &or inter-e8F 'an%overL Mo.ility an)'oring &or inter-0-## mo.ilityL E-7T4A8 i%le mo%e %ownlin2 $a)2et .u&&ering an% initiation o& networ2 triggere% servi)e re<uest $ro)e%ureL Law&ul Inter)e$tionL #a)2et routeing an% &orwar%ingL Trans$ort level $a)2et mar2ing in t'e u$lin2 an% t'e %ownlin2L A))ounting on user an% HCI granularity &or inter-o$erator )'argingL 7L an% 1L )'arging $er 7E+ #18+ an% HCI*
The ,&N Gateway

T'e #18 -ateway (#--C! 'osts t'e &ollowing &un)tions (see 0-## TS 20*,01 N1=O!/ #er-user .ase% $a)2et &iltering (.y e*g* %ee$ $a)2et ins$e)tion!L Law&ul Inter)e$tionL 7E I# a%%ress allo)ationL Trans$ort level $a)2et mar2ing in t'e %ownlin2L 7L an% 1L servi)e level )'arging+ gating an% rate en&or)ementL 1L rate en&or)ement .ase% on A#8-AMF4L 8OTE 2/ it is assume% t'at no ot'er logi)al E-7T4A8 no%e t'an t'e e8F is nee%e% &or 44M $ur$oses* Moreover+ %ue to t'e %i&&erent usage o& inter-)ell 44M &un)tionalities+ ea)' inter1A "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% Issue 01 (2010-0 -01!
)ell 44M &un)tionality s'oul% .e )onsi%ere% se$arately in or%er to assess w'et'er it s'oul% .e 'an%le% in a )entralise% manner or in a %istri.ute% manner*
E-7T'AN ,rotocol Stack Structure

As wit' all 0-## te)'nologies+ it is t'e a)tual inter&a)es w'i)' are %e&ine% in terms o& t'e $roto)ols t'ey su$$ort an% t'e asso)iate% signaling messages an% user tra&&i) t'at traverse t'em* E-7T4A8 Inter&a)es
6# 7u *nterface
T'e 7u Inter&a)e su$$orts .ot' a Control #lane an% a 7ser $lane an% s$ans t'e lin2 .etween t'e 7E an% t'e e8F / "e8F* T'e $rin)i$le Control #lane $roto)ol is 44C w'ile t'e 7ser #lane is %esigne% to )arry I# %atagrams* "owever+ .ot' Control an% 7ser #lanes utili3e t'e servi)es o& #1C#+ 4LC an% MAC* 7u Inter&a)e #roto)ols
'a!io 'esource Control

44C %eals wit' all t'e signaling .etween t'e 7E an% t'e E-7T4A8 in a%%ition to trans$orting 8AS signaling .etween t'e 7E an% t'e MME* It also $rovi%es t'e main )on&iguration an% $arameters to t'e lower layer $roto)ols* :or e6am$le+ t'e #'y Layer will re)eive in&ormation &rom 44C on 'ow to )on&igure )ertain o& its as$e)ts* A 7E A 7E 'as 2 44C states* T'ere are 44CPI1LE an% 44CPCO88ECTE1* 44CPI1LE/ A 7E is in 44CPI1LE state w'en t'e 7E %oes not 'ave an 44C )onne)tion* 14E )an .e use% &or t'e 7E to save t'e 7E $ower* T'e 7E monitors t'e $aging )'annel* T'e 7E measures t'e neig'.oring )ell an% resele)ts a )ell* T'e 7E gets system in&ormation* T'e 7E u$%ates TA7 $erio%i)ally* 44CPCO88ECTE1/ A 7E is in 44CPCO88ECTE1 state w'en at least one 44C )onne)tion is esta.lis'e% &or t'e 7E* T'e 7E transmits %ownlin2 an% u$lin2 %ata* T'e 7E manages t'e mo.ility* T'e 7E $rovi%es )'annel <uality an% &ee%.a)2 in&ormation* T'e 7E su$$orts 14E )on&iguration to save t'e 7E $ower*
,acket &ata Convergence ,rotocol

#1C# o$erates on .ot' t'e Control #lane an% 7ser #lane* In a%%ition to I# 'ea%er )om$ression an% se<uen)ing / %u$li)ate $a)2et %ete)tion+ #1C# is also res$onsi.le &or se)urity on t'e air inter&a)e* As su)'+ its 2ey res$onsi.ilities in)lu%e/ En)ry$tion - Control #lane an% 7ser #lane* Integrity C'e)2ing - Control #lane* I# "ea%er Com$ression - 7ser #lane* Se<uen)ing an% 1u$li)ate 1ete)tion - 7ser #lane*
'a!io 4ink Control

As t'e name woul% suggest+ 4LC $rovi%es 9ra%io lin2; )ontrol in t'e 7E an% e8F an% in so %oing+ it $rovi%es t'ree %elivery servi)es to t'e 'ig'er layers* T'ese are/ TM (Trans$arent Mo%e! - t'is $rovi%es a )onne)tionless servi)e an% is utili3e% &or some o& t'e air inter&a)e )'annels e*g* .roa%)ast an% $aging* 7M (7na)2nowle%ge% Mo%e! - li2e t'at o& TM+ t'is also $rovi%es a )onne)tionless servi)e .ut wit' a%%itional &un)tionality in)or$orating se<uen)ing+ segmentation an% )on)atenation* AM (A)2nowle%ge% Mo%e! - t'is su$$orts A4H (Automati) 4e$eat 4e<uest! t'ere.y o$erating in a )onne)tion orientate% mo%e*
Me!iu
Access Control
MAC $rovi%es t'e inter&a)e .etween t'e E-7T4A $roto)ols an% t'e #'y Layer an% su$$orts t'e &ollowing servi)es/
Ma$$ing - t'is is t'e 9ma$$ing; o& in&ormation .etween t'e logi)al an% trans$ort )'annels* Multi$le6ing - in or%er to in)rease system e&&i)ien)y+ in&ormation &rom %i&&erent 4a%io Fearers is multi$le6e% into t'e same TF (Trans$ort Flo)2!* "A4H ("y.ri% Automati) 4e$eat 4e<uest! - $rovi%es error )orre)tion servi)es over t'e air inter&a)e* T'is re<uires )lose interwor2ing wit' t'e #'ysi)al Layer* 4a%io 4esour)e Allo)ation - t'is is t'e s)'e%uling o& tra&&i) an% signaling to users .ase% u$on HoS*
,hysical
T'e #'ysi)al Layer in)or$orates a num.er o& &un)tions* T'ese in)lu%e/ Error 1ete)tion* :EC (:orwar% Error Corre)tion! En)o%ing / 1e)o%ing* 4ate Mat)'ing* #'ysi)al C'annel Ma$$ing* #ower Ceig'ting* 4: (4a%io :re<uen)y! Mo%ulation an% 1emo%ulation* :re<uen)y an% Time Syn)'roni3ation* 4a%io Measurements* MIMO #ro)essing* Transmit 1iversity* Feam&orming* 4: #ro)essing*
S6 *nterface
T'e S1 Inter&a)e )an .e su.%ivi%e% into t'e S1-MME inter&a)e su$$orting Control #lane signaling .etween t'e e8F an% t'e MME an% t'e S1-7 Inter&a)e su$$orting 7ser #lane tra&&i) .etween t'e e8F an% t'e S--C* S1 Inter&a)e #roto)ols
S1A#/ T'e S1 A$$li)ation #roto)ol is t'e a$$li)ation layer $roto)ol .etween e8o%eF an% MME*
SCT#/ T'e Stream Control Transmission #roto)ol ensures t'e %elivery o& signaling messages on t'e S1 inter&a)e .etween t'e MME an% t'e e8o%eF* :or %etails a.out SCT#+ see 4:C25>0* -T#-7/ T'e -#4S Tunneling #roto)olQ7ser $lane is use% &or user %ata transmission .etween t'e e8%oeF an% S--C* 71#/ 7ser 1atagram #roto)ol is use% &or t'e user %ata transmission* :or %etails a.out 71#+ see 4:C =>A* T'e %ata lin2 layer )an use layer 2 te)'nologies+ su)' as ### an% Et'ernet*
S6 A((lication ,rotocol
T'e S1A# s$ans t'e S1-MME inter&a)e an% in so %oing+ su$$orts t'e &ollowing &un)tions/ E-4AF (Evolve% - 4a%io A))ess Fearer! Management - t'is in)or$orates t'e setting u$+ mo%i&ying an% releasing o& t'e E-4AFs .y t'e MME* Initial Conte6t Trans&er - is use% to esta.lis' an S17E )onte6t in t'e e8F+ setu$ t'e %e&ault I# )onne)tivity an% trans&er 8AS relate% signaling* 7E Ca$a.ility In&ormation In%i)ation - is use% to in&orm t'e MME o& t'e 7E Ca$a.ility In&ormation* Mo.ility - t'is in)or$orates mo.ility &eatures to su$$ort a )'ange in e8F or )'ange in 4AT* #aging* S1 Inter&a)e Management - t'is in)or$orates a num.er o& su. &un)tions %ealing wit' resets+ loa% .alan)ing an% system setu$ et)* 8AS Signaling Trans$ort - t'e trans$ort o& 8AS relate% signaling over t'e S1-MME Inter&a)e* 7E Conte6t Mo%i&i)ation an% 4elease - t'is allows &or t'e mo%i&i)ation an% release o& t'e esta.lis'e% 7E Conte6t in t'e e8F an% MME res$e)tively* Lo)ation 4e$orting - t'is ena.les t'e MME to .e ma%e aware o& t'e 7EIs )urrent lo)ation wit'in t'e networ2*
<" *nterface
T'e E2 Inter&a)e inter)onne)ts two e8Fs an% in so %oing su$$orts .ot' a Control #lane an% 7ser #lane* It also e6ten%s t'e S1 Inter&a)e w'en two or more e8Fs lie .etween t'e 7E an% t'e E#C* T'e E2A# (E2 A$$li)ation #roto)ol! Control #lane $roto)ol resi%es on SCT# (Stream Control Transmission #roto)ol! w'ere as t'e I# is trans&erre% over t'e 7ser #lane using t'e servi)es o& -T#-7 (-#4S Tunneling #roto)ol - 7ser! an% 71# (7ser 1atagram #roto)ol!* T'e E2 inter&a)e is %ivi%e% into t'e user $lane (E2-7! an% )ontrol $lane (E2-C!* T'e E2-7 inter&a)e is re<uire% to .e t'e same as t'e S1-7+ an% t'e E2-C is re<uire% to .e t'e same as S1-C* T'e E2 inter&a)e %ata lin2 layer )an use layer 2 te)'nologies+ su)' as ### an% Et'ernet*
<" A((lication ,rotocol

T'e E2A# is res$onsi.le &or t'e &ollowing &un)tions/ Mo.ility Management - t'is ena.les t'e serving e8F to move t'e res$onsi.ility o& a s$e)i&ie% 7E to a target e8F* T'is in)lu%es :orwar%ing t'e 7ser #lane+ Status Trans&er an% 7E Conte6t 4elease &un)tions* Loa% Management - t'is &un)tion ena.les e8Fs to )ommuni)ate wit' ea)' ot'er in or%er to re$ort resour)e status+ overloa% in%i)ations an% )urrent tra&&i) loa%ing*
Error 4e$orting - t'is allows &or t'e re$orting o& general error situations &or w'i)' s$e)i&i) error re$orting me)'anism 'ave not .een %e&ine%* Setting / 4esetting E2 - t'is $rovi%es a means .y w'i)' t'e E2 inter&a)e )an .e setu$ / reset .y e6)'anging t'e ne)essary in&ormation .etween t'e e8Fs* Con&iguration 7$%ate - t'is allows t'e u$%ating o& a$$li)ation level %ata w'i)' is nee%e% &or two e8Fs to intero$erate over t'e E2 inter&a)e* E2 Inter&a)e #roto)ols
Strea
Control Trans ission ,rotocol
1e&ine% .y t'e IET: (Internet Engineering Tas2 :or)e! rat'er t'an t'e 0-##+ SCT# was %evelo$e% to over)ome t'e s'ort&alls in TC# (Transmission Control #roto)ol! an% 71# w'en trans&erring signaling in&ormation over an I# .earer* :un)tions $rovi%e% .y SCT# in)lu%e/ 4elia.le 1elivery o& "ig'er Layer #ayloa%s* Se<uential 1elivery o& "ig'er Layer #ayloa%s* Im$rove% resilien)e t'roug' Multi'oming* :low Control* Im$rove% Se)urity*
SCT# is also &oun% on t'e S1-MME Inter&a)e w'i)' lin2s t'e e8F to t'e MME*
G,'S Tunneling ,rotocol - 7ser

-T#-7 tunnels are use% to )arry en)a$sulate% #17 (#roto)ol 1ata 7nit! an% signaling messages .etween en%$oints or in t'e )ase o& t'e E2 inter&a)e* 8umerous -T#-7 tunnels may e6ist in or%er to %i&&erentiate .etween E#S .earer )onte6ts an% t'ese are i%enti&ie% t'roug' a TEI1 (Tunnel En%$oint I%enti&ier!*
-T#-7 is also &oun% on t'e S1-7 Inter&a)e w'i)' lin2s t'e e8F to t'e S--C an% may also .e use% on t'e S Inter&a)e lin2ing t'e S--C to t'e #18--C*
2, "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% Issue 01 (2010-0 -01!
4TE Air *nterface ,rinci(les

Objectives
On )om$letion o& t'is se)tion t'e $arti)i$ants will .e a.le to/ 1es)ri.e t'e $rin)i$les o& O:1M* Error/ 4e&eren)e sour)e not &oun%1es)ri.e t'e multi$le a))ess an% %u$le6 te)'nology* 1es)ri.e t'e )arrier &re<uen)y an% EA4:C8 Error/ 4e&eren)e sour)e not &oun%1es)ri.e t'e LTE &rame stru)ture Error/ 4e&eren)e sour)e not &oun%1es)ri.e t'e LTE )'annel stru)ture Error/ 4e&eren)e sour)e not &oun%"ave a goo% un%erstan%ing o& t'e O:1MA an% SC-:1MA* 1es)ri.e )ell sele)tion $ro)e%ure an% ran%om a))ess $ro)e%ure* Error/ 4e&eren)e sour)e not &oun%1es)ri.e MIMO*
,rinci(le of OF&M
,rinci(les of OF&M
T'e LTE air inter&a)e utili3es two %i&&erent multi$le a))ess te)'ni<ues+ .ot' o& w'i)' are .ase% on O:1M (Ort'ogonal :re<uen)y 1ivision Multi$le6ing!* T'ese are/ O:1MA (Ort'ogonal :re<uen)y 1ivision Multi$le A))ess! - use% on t'e %ownlin2* SC-:1MA (Single Carrier - :re<uen)y 1ivision Multi$le A))ess! - use% on t'e u$lin2* 7se o& O:1M in LTE
T'e )on)e$t o& O:1M is not new an% is )urrently .eing use% on various systems su)' as Ci:i (Cireless :i%elity! an% CiMAE (Corl%wi%e Intero$era.ility &or Mi)rowave A))ess!* :urt'ermore+ it was even )onsi%ere% &or 7MTS .a)2 in 155A* One o& t'e main reasons w'y it was not )'osen at t'e time 'owever was t'e 'an%sets limite% $ro)esser $ower an% t'e $oor .attery )a$a.ilities* LTE was a.le to )'oose an O:1M .ase% a))ess %ue to t'e &a)t mo.ile 'an%set $ro)essing )a$a.ilities an% .attery $er&orman)e 'ave .ot' signi&i)antly im$rove% over t'e intervening years* In a%%ition+ t'ere is )ontinual $ressure to $ro%u)e ever more s$e)trally e&&i)ient systems*
&ivision Multi(le=ing Overview

Multi$le6e% %ata streams )an .e use% &or one or multi$le 7Es* :1M (:re<uen)y 1ivision Multi$le6ing!/ Availa.le s$e)trum %ivi%es into multi-su.-.an%s or )'annels* Ea)' su.-.an%s or )'annel transmits one signal (%ata streams!* T1M (Time 1ivision Multi$le6ing!/ T'e entire transmission )'annel time is %ivi%e% into several time slots+ an% t'ese time slots are assigne% to ea)' signal sour)e+ ea)' o& t'e signal sour)es in t'eir own e6)lusive )'annel time slot &or %ata transmission* C1M (Co%e 1ivision Multi$le6ing!/ All su.-)'annels )an use t'e entire )'annel &or %ata transmission at t'e same time+ %i&&erent )o%es are use% to %istinguis' various original signals*
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:re<uen)y 1ivision Multi$le
Power
Time
Data stream 4
Data stream 3
Data stream 2
Data stream 1
Frequency
Time 1ivision Multi$le
Power
Time
Data stream 4 Data stream 3 Data stream 2 Data stream 1
Frequency
Co%e 1ivision Multi$le
OF&M Overview
O:1M is .ase% on :1M (:re<uen)y 1ivision Multi$le6ing! an% is a met'o% w'ere.y multi$le &re<uen)ies are use% to simultaneously transmit in&ormation* illustrates an e6am$le o& :1M wit' &our su.)arriers* T'ese )an .e use% to )arry %i&&erent in&ormation an% to ensure t'at ea)' su.)arrier %oes not inter&ere wit' t'e a%Da)ent su.)arrier+ a guar% .an% is utili3e%* In a%%ition+ ea)' su.)arrier 'as slig'tly %i&&erent ra%io )'ara)teristi)s an% t'is may .e use% to $rovi%e %iversity*
:1M Carriers
:1M systems are not t'at s$e)trally e&&i)ien)y (w'en )om$are% to ot'er systems! sin)e multi$le guar% .an%s are re<uire%* O:1M &ollows t'e same )on)e$t as :1M .ut it %rasti)ally in)reases s$e)tral e&&i)ien)y .y re%u)ing t'e s$a)ing .etween t'e su.)arriers* illustrates 'ow t'e su.)arriers )an overla$ %ue to t'eir ort'ogonally wit' t'e ot'er su.)arriers+ i*e* t'e su.)arriers are mat'emati)ally $er$en%i)ular to ea)' ot'er* As su)'+ w'en a su.)arrier is at its ma6imum+ t'e two a%Da)ent su.)arriers are $assing t'roug' 3ero* :urt'ermore+ O:1M systems still em$loy guar% .an%s* T'ese are 'owever lo)ate% at t'e u$$er an% lower $arts o& t'e )'annel in or%er to re%u)e a%Da)ent )'annel inter&eren)e* O:1M Su.)arriers
T'e )entre su.)arrier+ 2nown as t'e 1C (1ire)t Current! su.)arrier+ is not ty$i)ally use% in O:1M systems %ue to its la)2 o& ort'ogonality*
Fast Fourier Transfor s

O:1M su.)arriers are generate% an% %e)o%e% using mat'emati)al &un)tions )alle% ::T (:ast :ourier Trans&orm! an% I::T (Inverse :ast :ourier Trans&orm!* T'e I::T is use% in t'e transmitter to generate t'e wave&orm* illustrates 'ow t'e )o%e% %ata is &irst ma$$e% to $arallel streams .e&ore .eing mo%ulate% an% $ro)esse% .y t'e I::T*
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% 2A
Inverse :ast :ourier Trans&orm
Mo%ulation $ro)e%ure o& O:1M is reali3e% .y I::T (Inverse :ast :ourier Trans&orm!+ 8 is t'e sam$ling $erio% o& sym.ol* :or e6am$le/ Sam$ling rate &s R1/Ts R8S& :or .an%wi%t' 20M"3+ 8R20,A+ &1 2"3sam$ling rate00*=2M"3 At t'e re)eiver si%e+ t'is signal is $asse% to t'e ::T w'i)' analyses t'e )om$le6/)om.ine% wave&orm to generate t'e original streams* illustrates t'e ::T $ro)ess* :ast :ourier Trans&orm
Similar to mo%ulation $ro)e%ure o& O:1M ::T $ro)ess is use% in t'e %emo%ulation $ro)e%ure o& O:1M*
4TE FFT Si>es

:ast :ourier Trans&orms an% Inverse :ast :ourier Trans&orms .ot' 'ave a %e&ining si3e* :or e6am$le+ an ::T si3e o& 12 in%i)ates t'at t'ere are 12 su.)arriers* In reality+ not all 12 su.)arriers )an .e utili3e% &or %ata trans&er %ue to t'e )'annel guar% .an%s an% t'e &a)t t'at a 1C (1ire)t Current! su.)arrier is also re<uire%* illustrates t'e )'annel .an%wi%t' o$tions availa.le to LTE+ as well as t'e ::T si3e an% asso)iate% sam$ling rate* 7sing t'e sam$ling rate an% t'e ::T si3e+ t'e su.)arrier s$a)ing )an .e )al)ulate%+ e*g* =*>AM"3/ 12 R 1 2"3*
LTE C'annel an% ::T Si3es Channel 2an!wi!th 1*,M"3 0M"3 M"3 10M"3 1 M"3 20M"3 FFT Si>e 12A 2 > 12 102, 1 0> 20,A 1 2"3 Subcarrier 2an!wi!th Sa (ling 'ate 1*52M"3 0*A,M"3 =*>AM"3 1 *0>M"3 20*0,M"3 00*=2M"3
T'e su.)arrier s$a)ing o& 1 2"3 is also use% to i%enti&y t'e O:1M sym.ol %uration*
OF&M Sy bol Ma((ing

T'e ma$$ing o& O:1M sym.ols to su.)arriers is %e$en%ent on t'e system %esign* T'e &irst 12 mo%ulate% O:1M sym.ols are ma$$e% to 12 su.)arriers+ i*e* t'ey are transmitte% at t'e same time .ut using %i&&erent su.)arriers* T'e ne6t 12 su.)arriers are t'en ma$$e% to t'e ne6t O:1M sym.ol $erio%* In a%%ition+ a C# (Cy)li) #re&i6! is a%%e% .etween t'e sym.ols* O:1M Sym.ol Ma$$ing
LTE allo)ates resour)es in grou$s o& 12 su.)arriers* T'is is re&erre% to as a #4F (#'ysi)al 4esour)e Flo)2!*
In t'e $revious e6am$le+ 12 %i&&erent mo%ulate% O:1M sym.ols were transmitte% simultaneously* illustrates 'ow t'e )om.ine% energy &rom t'is will result in eit'er )onstru)tive $ea2 (w'en t'e sym.ols are t'e same! or %estru)tive nulls (w'en t'e sym.ols are %i&&erent!*
O:1M #A#4 (#ea2 to Average #ower 4atio!
A!vantage 6 of OF&M3 ?igh S(ectral Efficiency

Su.)arriers in t'e O:1M system are overla$$ing an% ort'ogonal+ w'i)' greatly im$roves t'e s$e)tral e&&i)ien)y* "ow %oes O:1M wor2T I::T on t'e O:1M transmitter si%e an% ::T on t'e O:1M re)eiver si%e re%u)e system )om$le6ity+ ena.ling O:1M to .e wi%ely use%*
C'y %oes O:1M not .e)ome a $ra)ti)al reality until t'e latest two %e)a%esT T'e %evelo$ment o& 1S# )'i$s turns O:1M to a $ra)ti)al reality*
:igure 2-11 illustrate t'e tra%itional :1M multi)arrier mo%ulation te)'nology an% O:1M multi)arrier mo%ulation te)'nology* Multi)arrier mo%ulation te)'nology
In tra%itional :1MA transmission+ a )'annel is %ivi%e% into multi$le in%e$en%ent su.)'annels to transmit %ata streams in $arallel+ an% t'e su.-)'annels are se$arate% .y a grou$ o& &ilters on t'e re)eiver* T'is met'o% is sim$le an% %ire)t w'ile t'e s$e)tral e&&i)ien)y is low .e)ause guar%-.an%s are re<uire% .etween su.-)'annels+ w'i)' are %i&&i)ult to a)'ieve .y &ilters* "owever+ su.)arriers in t'e O:1M system are overla$$ing an% ort'ogonal+ w'i)' greatly im$roves t'e s$e)tral e&&i)ien)y )om$are% wit' )ommon :1A systems+ as s'own in t'e $re)e%ing &igure* T'e ort'ogonal mo%ulation an% %emo%ulation in ea)' su.-)'annel )an .e $er&orme% using I1:T an% 1:T* :or systems wit' large 8 value+ ::T )an .e use%* I::T an% ::T are easy to $er&orm wit' t'e %evelo$ment o& large-s)ale integrate% )ir)uit an% 1S# te)'nologies+ as s'own in t'e $re)e%ing &igure*
A!vantage " of OF&M3 Effectively :ithstan! Multi-,ath

T'e O:1M signal $rovi%es some $rote)tion in t'e &re<uen)y %omain %ue to t'e ort'ogonality o& t'e su.)arriers* T'e main issue to over)ome 'owever is %elay s$rea%+ i*e* multi$at' inter&eren)e* illustrates two o& t'e main multi$at' e&&e)ts+ namely %elay an% attenuation* Cit'out t'e $rote)tion interval .etween sym.ols+ multi $at' will $ro%u)e ISI an% ICI* 1elay S$rea% Altitu%e
Receiver, which synchronously receives the multi-delay- signaling of previous symbol (dash line) and the normal signaling of the next symbol (real line), which affect the normal receiving, is affected by ISI in time domain and ICI in fre uency domain!
ISI/ Inter-sym.ol Inter&eren)e+ time %omain ICI/ Inter-Carrier Inter&eren)e+ &re<uen)y %omain
One O:1M sym.ol
Time ISI is ty$i)ally )om.ate% wit' 9e<uali3ers;* "owever &or t'e e<uali3er to .e e&&e)tive+ a 2nown .it $attern or 9training se<uen)e; is re<uire%* T'is re%u)es t'e system )a$a)ity+ as well as im$a)ting on t'e $ro)essing re<uire% wit'in t'e %evi)e* Instea%+ O:1M systems em$loy a C# (Cy)li) #re&i6!* In O:1M system+ t'e loss o& ort'ogonality among su.)arriers )auses ICI* ICI is o&ten mo%ele% as -aussian noise an% a&&e)ts .ot' )'annel estimation an% %ete)tion o& t'e O:1M sym.ols*
Cyclic ,refi=
A Cy)li) #re&i6 is utili3e% in most O:1M systems to )om.at multi$at' %elays* It e&&e)tively $rovi%es a guar% $erio% &or ea)' O:1M sym.ol* illustrates t'e Cy)li) #re&i6 an% i%enti&ies
its lo)ation in t'e O:1M Sym.ol* 8oti)e t'at t'e Cy)li) #re&i6 is e&&e)tively a )o$y &rom t'e .a)2 o& t'e original sym.ol w'i)' is t'en $la)e% in &ront to ma2e t'e O:1M sym.ol (Ts!* Cy)li) #re&i6
LTE 'as two %e&ine% Cy)li) #re&i6 si3es+ normal an% e6ten%e%* T'e e6ten%e% Cy)li) #re&i6 is %esigne% &or larger )ells*
T'e si3e o& t'e Cy)li) #re&i6 relates to t'e ma6imum %elay s$rea% t'e system )an tolerate* As su)'+ systems %esigne% &or ma)ro )overage+ i*e* large )ell ra%ius+ s'oul% 'ave a large C#* T'is %oes 'owever im$a)t on system )a$a)ity as t'e num.er o& sym.ols $er se)on% is will .e re%u)e%*
A!vantage + of OF&M3 'esistant to Fre8uency Selection Fa!ing

I& %ee$ &a%ing o))urs in a &re<uen)y+ mo%ulate t'e 7E to anot'er su.)arrier* 1ee$ &a%ing %oes not o))ur simultaneously in all su.)arriers %ue to t'e &re<uen)y sele)tivity* T'ere&ore+ %ynami) .it or su.)arrier allo)ation te)'nology )an .e use% to utili3e t'e su.)'annels wit' 'ig' S84 an% im$rove t'e system $er&orman)e* In a multi-user system+ a su.)arrier t'at is in $oor $er&orman)e &or a user $ro.a.ly is in goo% $er&orman)e &or anot'er user* T'ere&ore+ a su.-)'annel is not %isa.le% unless it is in $oor $er&orman)e &or all users+ w'i)' o))urs at a low $ro.a.ility* T'e single-)arrier system $er&orms a%a$tive mo%ulation an% )o%ing (AMC! .ase% on t'e average SI84 in t'e entire system+ w'ile t'e multi-)arrier system $er&orms AMC .ase% on t'e average SI84 in %i&&erent &re<uen)y .an%s*
4esistant to :re<uen)y Sele)tion :a%ing
&isa!vantage 6 of OF&M3 @ulnerable to Fre8uency Offset

Ort'ogonality is re<uire% .e)ause s$e)trums o& su.-)'annels overla$ ea)' ot'er* :re<uen)y o&&set o& ra%io signals+ su)' as 1o$$ler S'i&t+ )an .e )ause% .y ra%io )'annel )'ange wit' time* In a%%ition+ t'e %i&&eren)e .etween transmitter )arrier &re<uen)y an% re)eiver os)illator &re<uen)y )an also )ause &re<uen)y o&&set+ %estroying t'e ort'ogonality o& su.)arriers in t'e O:1M system* As a result+ inter-)arrier inter&eren)e (ICI! among su.-)'annels is generate%+ %eteriorating t'e FE4 o& t'e system* T'e vulnera.ility to t'e &re<uen)y o&&set is t'e $rimary %isa%vantage o& t'e O:1M system* ?ulnera.le to :re<uen)y O&&set
Ce )an use &re<uen)y syn)'roni3ation to solve t'e &re<uen)y o&&set*
&isa!vantage " of OF&M3 ?igh ,A,'

O:1M systems )an su&&er &rom 'ig' #A#4 (#ea2 to Average #ower 4atio!+ resulting &rom t'e great num.er o& su.)arriers in t'e same $'ase overla$$ing in time %omain+ t'us in)reasing t'e re<uirement to $ower am$li&ier*
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% 0,
Multi-)arrier system signal $ro)ess $ro)e%ure
1i&&erent &rom single-)arrier systems+ multi-)arrier system out$uts )om.ine% signals o& multi$le su.-)'annels* I& t'ese signals are in t'e same $'ase+ t'e $ower o& )om.ine% signals must .e 'ig'er t'an t'e average $ower o& signals+ resulting in a 'ig' #A4* To re%u)e t'e 'ig' #A4+ 'ig' linearity o& t'e #A in t'e transmitter is re<uire%* I& t'e %ynami) range o& t'e #A )annot a%Dust to t'e signal )'ange+ signals are %e&orme%+ )'anging t'e s$e)trum o& t'e )om.ine% signals* As a result+ t'e ort'ogonality o& signals in multi$le su.-)'annels is %estroye%+ lea%ing to inter&eren)e an% %eteriorate% system $er&orman)e* Ce )an use 'ig'-$er&orman)e #A in t'e %ownlin2 an% SC-:1MA in t'e u$lin2 to solve t'ese $ro.lems*
OF&M A!vantages an! &isa!vantages

OF&M A!vantages
O:1M systems ty$i)ally 'ave a num.er o& a%vantages/ O:1M is almost )om$letely resistant to multi-$at' inter&eren)e %ue to its very long sym.ol %uration* "ig'er s$e)tral e&&i)ien)y &or wi%e.an% )'annels - M"3 an% a.ove* :le6i.le s$e)trum utili3ation* 4elatively sim$le im$lementation using ::T an% I::T*
OF&M &isa!vantages
O:1M also 'as some %isa%vantages/ :re<uen)y errors an% $'ase noise )an )ause issues* 1o$$ler s'i&t im$a)ts su.)arrier ort'ogonality* Some O:1M systems )an su&&er &rom 'ig' #A#4 (#ea2 to Average #ower 4atio!* A))urate &re<uen)y an% time syn)'roni3ation*
Multi(le Access an! &u(le= Technologies

In wireless )ellular systems+ mo.iles 'ave to s'are a )ommon me%ium &or transmission* T'ere are several )ategories o& assignment .ut t'e main &our are/ :1MA (:re<uen)y 1ivision Multi$le A))ess!+ T1MA (Time 1ivision Multi$le A))ess!+ C1MA (Co%e 1ivision Multi$le A))ess! an% O:1MA (Ort'ogonal :re<uen)y 1ivision Multi$le A))ess!* 4a%io Inter&a)e Te)'ni<ues
Fre8uency &ivision Multi(le Access

In or%er to a))ommo%ate various %evi)es on t'e same wireless networ2+ :1MA %ivi%es t'e availa.le s$e)trum into su..an%s or )'annels* T'e )on)e$t o& :1MA is illustrate% in * 7sing t'is te)'ni<ue a %e%i)ate% )'annel )an .e allo)ate% to a user+ w'ilst ot'er users o))u$y ot'er )'annels+ i*e* &re<uen)ies* In a )ellular system+ mo.iles ty$i)ally o))u$y two )'annels+ one &or t'e %ownlin2 an% one &or t'e u$lin2* T'is %oes 'owever ma2e :1MA less e&&i)ient sin)e most %ata a$$li)ations are %ownlin2 .iase%* :re<uen)y 1ivision Multi$le A))ess
:1MA )'annels also su&&er sin)e t'ey )annot .e too 9)lose toget'er; as t'e energy &rom one )'annel a&&e)ts t'e a%Da)ent/neig'.oring )'annels* To )om.at t'is+ a%%itional guar% .an%s .etween )'annels are re<uire% w'i)' re%u)es t'e systems s$e)tral e&&i)ien)y*
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Ti e &ivision Multi(le Access

In T1MA systems+ t'e )'annel .an%wi%t' is s'are% in t'e time %omain* illustrates t'e )on)e$t o& T1MA* T'is illustrates 'ow ea)' %evi)e is allo)ate% a time on t'e )'annel+ re&erre% to as a 9timeslot;* T'ese are t'en grou$e% into a T1MA &rame* T'e num.er o& timeslots in a T1MA &rame is %e$en%ent on t'e systemL &or e6am$le -SM utili3es eig't timeslots* Time 1ivision Multi$le A))ess
1evi)es must .e allo)ate% a timeslotL t'ere&ore it is usual to 'ave one or more timeslots reserve% &or )ommon )ontrol an% system a))ess* T1MA systems are ty$i)ally %igital an% t'ere&ore o&&er a%%itional &eatures su)' a )i$'ering an% integrity $rote)tion* In a%%ition+ t'ey )an em$loy en'an)e% error %ete)tion an% )orre)tion s)'emes su)' as :EC (:orwar% Error Corre)tion!* T'is ena.les t'e system to .e more resilient to noise an% inter&eren)e an% t'ere&ore+ t'ey ten% to o&&er greater s$e)tral e&&i)ien)y w'en )om$are% to :1MA systems*
Co!e &ivision Multi(le Access

T'e )on)e$t o& C1MA is slig'tly %i&&erent to t'at o& :1MA an% T1MA* Instea% o& s'aring resour)es in t'e time or &re<uen)y %omain+ C1MA %evi)es o$erate on t'e same &re<uen)y .an% at t'e same time* T'is is $ossi.le %ue to t'e &a)t t'at ea)' transmission is se$arate% using a uni<ue )o%e* Co%e 1ivision Multi$le A))ess
T'ere are two main ty$es o& C1MA+ :"SS (:re<uen)y "o$$ing S$rea% S$e)trum! an% 1SSS (1ire)t Se<uen)e S$rea% S$e)trum! 'owever all t'e )urrent maDor )ellular systems utili3e 1SSS*
In 1SSS+ t'e narrow.an% signal is s$rea% wit' a wi%e.an% )o%e $rior to transmission* T'e re)eivers are %esigne% to e6tra)t t'e en)o%e% signal (wit' t'e )orre)t )o%e! an% reDe)t everyt'ing else as noise* 7MTS+ )%maOne an% C1MA2000 all use C1MA* "owever t'e im$lementation o& t'e )o%es an% t'e .an%wi%t's use% is %i&&erent* :or e6am$le 7MTS utili3es a M"3 )'annel .an%wi%t'+ w'ereas )%maOne uses only 1*2 M"3*
Orthogonal Fre8uency &ivision Multi(le Access

O:1MA (Ort'ogonal :re<uen)y 1ivision Multi$le A))ess! is t'e latest a%%ition to )ellular systems* It $rovi%es a multi$le a))ess te)'ni<ue .ase% on O:1M (Ort'ogonal :re<uen)y 1ivision Multi$le6ing!* illustrates t'e .asi) view o& O:1MA* "ere it )an .e seen t'at t'e .an%wi%t' is .ro2en %own to smaller units 2nown as 9su.)arriers;* T'ese are grou$e% toget'er an% allo)ate% as a resour)e to a %evi)e* It )an also .e seen t'at a %evi)e )an .e allo)ate% %i&&erent resour)es in .ot' t'e time an% &re<uen)y %omain* Ort'ogonal :re<uen)y 1ivision Multi$le A))ess
Co (arison 2etween &M an! &MA

1M/ Em$'asi3e 'ow to reuse multi$le %ata+ .ut no matter w'et'er t'ese %ata are use% .y one or several users* 1MA/ Em$'asi3e 'ow to reuse %ata &rom multi$le users*
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% 0A
T'e )om$arison .etween 1M an% 1MA
Fro
F&M5F&MA to OF&M5OF&MA
Tra%itional :1M %ivi%es t'e system &re<uen)y .an% into multi-)arriers wit' .an%wi%t' isolation &rom ea)' ot'er+ an% t'e re)eiver nee% to use a &ilter an% re)eive t'e %ata &rom su.)arrier* To avoi% mutual inter&eren)e o& %i&&erent )arriers t'roug' isolate %i&&erent su.)arriers .y $rote)tion .an%wi%t'+ .ut at t'e e6$ense o& t'e &re<uen)y utili3ation e&&i)ient* In a%%ition+ t'e &ilter is very %i&&i)ult to a)'ieve w'en t'ere are 'un%re%s o& su.)arriers* O:1M is essentially a :1M+ t'e ma6imal )'ara)teristi) o& O:1M is over)ome t'e low &re<uen)y e&&i)ient )om$are wit' tra%itional :1M* T'e re)eiver %oesnIt nee% to use a &ilter to %istinguis' .etween su.)arriers*
:rom :1M/:1MA to O:1M/O:1MA
4TE &4 Multi(le Access Technology A OF&MA

O:1MA %e&ines t'e te)'nology o& ort'ogonal &re<uen)y %ivision multi$le a))ess* O:1MA is essentially t'e )om.ination o& T1MA an% :1MA*
Com$are% wit' C1MA+ O:1MA 'as t'e &ollowing a%vantages/ E&&e)tively eliminating multi$at' inter&eren)e in ra%io )ommuni)ations .y using )y)li) $re&i6es A)'ieving ort'ogonal &re<uen)y multi$le6ing .etween users wit' an ensure% s$e)tral e&&i)ien)y Com.ining O:1M an% MIMO Te)'nology Su$$orting &re<uen)y lin2 a%a$tation an% multi-user s)'e%uling
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% ,0
O:1MA is a multi$le-a))ess mo%ulation s)'eme .ase% on resour)es in t'e time an% &re<uen)y %omains* T'e s)'e%uling resour)e in t'e &re<uen)y %omain is su.)arriers an% t'e smallest unit in t'e time %omain is slot*
4TE 74 Multi(le Access Technology A SC-F&MA

To re%u)e t'e limitation o& t'e 'ig' #A#4 on t'e #A+ LTE uses single )arrier &re<uen)y %ivision multi$le a))ess (SC-:1MA! in t'e u$lin2*
Com$are% wit' O:1MA+ SCP:1MA 'as t'e &ollowing a%vantages/ Lower #A#4+ &a)ilitating t'e %esign o& 7E #As A)'ieving ort'ogonal &re<uen)y multi$le6ing .etween users wit' an ensure% s$e)tral e&&i)ien)y A)'ieving multi$le6ing .y using 1:T an% ort'ogonal su.)arrier ma$$ing Su$$orting &re<uen)y lin2 a%a$tation an% multi-user s)'e%uling
SC-F&MA Subcarrier Ma((ing Conce(t

SC-:1MA Su.)arrier Ma$$ing Con)e$t
T'e .asi) transmitter an% re)eiver ar)'ite)ture is very similar (nearly i%enti)al! to O:1M+ an% it o&&ers t'e same %egree o& multi$at' $rote)tion* Im$ortantly+ .e)ause t'e un%erlying wave&orm is essentially a single )arrier+ t'e #A#4 is lower* It is <uite %i&&i)ult to visually re$resent SC-:1MA in t'e time an% &re<uen)y %omain 'owever t'is se)tion aims to illustrate t'e )on)e$t* In :igure 2-2,+ t'e SC-:1MA signal generation $ro)ess starts .y )reating a time %omain wave&orm o& t'e %ata sym.ols to .e transmitte%* T'is is t'en )onverte% into t'e &re<uen)y %omain+ using a 1:T (1is)rete :ourier Trans&orm!* 1:T lengt' an% sam$ling rate are )'osen so t'at t'e signal is &ully re$resente%+ as well as .eing s$a)e% 1 2"3 a$art* Ea)' su.)arrier will 'ave its own &i6e% am$litu%e an% $'ase &or t'e %uration o& t'e SC-:1MA sym.ol* 8e6t t'e signal is s'i&te% to t'e %esire% $la)e in t'e )'annel .an%wi%t' using t'e 3ero insertion )on)e$t+ i*e* su.)arrier ma$$ing* T'e signal is t'en )onverte% to a single )arrier wave&orm using an I1:T (Inverse 1is)rete :ourier Trans&orm! in a%%ition to ot'er &un)tions* :inally a )y)li) $re&i6 )an .e a%%e%* 8ote t'at a%%itional &un)tions su)' as S-# (Serial to #arallel! an% #-S (#arallel to Serial! )onverters are also re<uire% as $art o& a %etaile% &un)tional %es)ri$tion* Error/ 4e&eren)e sour)e not &oun% illustrates t'e )on)e$t o& t'e 1:T+ su)' t'at a grou$ o& 8 sym.ols ma$ to 8 su.)arriers* "owever %e$en%ing on t'e )om.ination o& t'e 8 sym.ols into t'e 1:T+ t'e out$ut will vary* As su)'+ t'e a)tual am$litu%e an% $'ase o& t'e 8 su.)arriers is more li2e a 9)o%e wor%;*
SC-:1MA Signal -eneration
At t'e e8F+ t'e re)eiver ta2es t'e 8 su.)arriers an% reverses t'e $ro)ess* T'is is a)'ieve% using an I1:T (Inverse 1is)rete :ourier Trans&orm! w'i)' e&&e)tively re$ro%u)es t'e original 8 sym.ols* Error/ 4e&eren)e sour)e not &oun% illustrates t'e .asi) view o& 'ow t'e su.)arriers re)eive% at t'e e8F are )onverte% .a)2 into t'e original signals* 8ote t'at t'e SC-:1MA sym.ols 'ave a )onstant am$litu%e an% $'ase an% li2e O1:MA+ a C# (Cy)li) #re&i6! is still re<uire%* SC-:1MA an% t'e e8F
OF&MA @erses SC-F&MA

T'e main reason SC-:1MA was s$e)i&ie% &or t'e u$lin2 was .e)ause o& its #A (#ower Am$li&ier! )'ara)teristi)s* Ty$i)ally+ t'e SC-:1MA signal will o$erate wit' a 2-0 %F lower #A#4* T'is ma2es t'e system more e&&i)ient+ t'us in)reasing t'e 7EIs .attery li&e* SC-:1MA also $er&orms .etter w'en in larger )ells*
It must .e note% t'at O:1MA is .etter in a num.er o& areas+ su)' as Inter-sym.ol ort'ogonality an% t'e a.ility to $rovi%e a more &le6i.le &re<uen)y %omain s)'e%uling me)'anism* T'is in)reases t'e system $er&orman)e* In a%%ition+ O:1MA is more suita.le &or u$lin2 MIMO (Multi$le In$ut Multi$le Out$ut! o$eration an% its asso)iate% 'ig' %ate rate servi)es* 'ig'lig'ts t'ree main &eatures an% in%i)ates w'i)' te)'nology is .est suite%* SC-:1MA verses O:1MA Feature Low #A#4 #er&orman)e 7$lin2 MIMO U E E SC-F&MA E U U OF&MA
&u(le= Technologies
Cellular systems )an .e %esigne% to o$erate in two main transmission mo%es+ namely :11 (:re<uen)y 1ivision 1u$le6! an% T11 (Time 1ivision 1u$le6!*
Fre8uency &ivision &u(le=

T'e )on)e$t o& :11 is illustrate% in * A se$arate u$lin2 an% %ownlin2 )'annel are utili3e% ena.ling a %evi)e to transmit an% re)eive %ata at t'e same time (assuming t'e %evi)e in)or$orates a %u$le6er!* T'e s$a)ing .etween t'e u$lin2 an% %ownlin2 )'annel is re&erre% to as t'e %u$le6 s$a)ing* :re<uen)y 1ivision 1u$le6
8ormally t'e u$lin2 )'annel (mo.ile transmit! o$erates on t'e lower &re<uen)y* T'is is %one .e)ause 'ig'er &re<uen)ies su&&er greater attenuation t'an lower &re<uen)ies an% t'ere&ore it ena.les t'e mo.ile to utili3e lower transmit $ower levels* Some systems also o&&er 'al&-%u$le6 :11 mo%e+ w'ere two &re<uen)ies are utili3e%+ 'owever t'e mo.ile )an only transmit or re)eive+ i*e* not transmit an% re)eive at t'e same time* T'is allows &or re%u)e% mo.ile )om$le6ity sin)e no %u$le6 &ilter is re<uire%*
Ti e &ivision &u(le=
T11 mo%e ena.les &ull %u$le6 o$eration using a single &re<uen)y .an% wit' time %ivision multi$le6ing &or t'e u$lin2 an% %ownlin2 signals* One a%vantage o& T11 is its a.ility to $rovi%e asymmetri) u$lin2 an% %ownlin2 allo)ations* 1e$en%ing on t'e system+ ot'er a%vantages in)lu%e %ynami) allo)ation+ in)rease% s$e)tral e&&i)ien)y+ an% im$rove% use o&
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.eam&orming te)'ni<ues* T'e later .eing %ue to t'e )arrier 'as t'e same u$lin2 an% %ownlin2 &re<uen)y )'ara)teristi)s* Time 1ivision 1u$le6
&u(le= Technologies3 &istinguishing 745&4 Signals

T11/ T'e u$lin2 an% %ownlin2 use %i&&erent slots*
T'e )'ara)teristi)s o& T11 are as &ollow/ A%vantages/ T11 is use% &or s)enarios w'ere tra&&i) is un.alan)e%* It allo)ates %i&&erent amount o& time slots to t'e u$lin2 an% %ownlin2+ im$roving t'e &le6i.ility an% s$e)tral e&&i)ien)y* 1isa%vantages/ T11 is )om$li)ate% an% re<uires -#S syn)'roni3ation an% $'ase syn)'roni3ation* T'e inter&eren)e .etween t'e 1L an% 7L is %i&&i)ult to )ontrol* A$$li)ations/ LTE T11+ T1-SC1MA+ an% CiMAE* :11/ T'e u$lin2 an% %ownlin2 use %i&&erent &re<uen)ies*
T'e )'ara)teristi)s o& :11 are as &ollow/ A%vantages/ :11 is easy to a))om$lis'* 1isa%vantages/ S$e)tral e&&i)ien)y is low* C'en t'e u$lin2 an% %ownlin2 tra&&i) ($rimarily %ata servi)es! is un.alan)e%*
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% ,
A$$li)ations/ LTE :11+ CC1MA+ C1MA2000*
Carrier Fre8uency an! EA'FCN

4TE 'elease 1 2an!s
T'e LTE 4a%io inter&a)e+ namely t'e E-7T4A (Evolve% - 7niversal Terrestrial 4a%io A))ess!+ is a.le to o$erate in many %i&&erent ra%io .an%s* illustrates t'e 4elease A &re<uen)y .an%s as well as ot'er $arameters w'i)' are use% to i%enti&y )entre &re<uen)ies* :11 re<uires two )entre &re<uen)ies+ one &or t'e %ownlin2 an% one &or t'e u$lin2* T'ese )arrier &re<uen)ies are ea)' given an EA4:C8 (E-7T4A A.solute 4a%io :re<uen)y C'annel 8um.er! w'i)' ranges &rom 0 to > 0 * In )ontrast+ T11 only 'as one EA4:C8* T'e $arameters re<uire% to )al)ulate t'e EA4:C8(s! in)lu%e/ :1LPlow - T'is is t'e lower &re<uen)y o& t'e %ownlin2 .an%* :1LP'ig' - T'is is t'e 'ig'er &re<uen)y o& t'e %ownlin2 .an%* 8O&&s-1L - T'is is a $arameter use% as $art o& t'e %ownlin2 EA4:C8 )al)ulation* 81L - T'is is t'e a)tual %ownlin2 EA4:C8 num.er* :7LPlow - T'is is t'e lower &re<uen)y o& t'e u$lin2 .an%* :7LP'ig' - T'is is t'e 'ig'er &re<uen)y o& t'e u$lin2 .an%* 8O&&s-7L - T'is is a $arameter use% as $art o& t'e u$lin2 EA4:C8 )al)ulation* 87L - T'is is t'e a)tual u$lin2 EA4:C8 num.er* LTE 4elease A :re<uen)y Fan%s 2an! 1 2 0 , &u(le= :11 :11 :11 :11 :11 > = A 5 10 11 12 10 :11 :11 :11 :11 :11 :11 :11 :11 F&4Blow 9M?>; 2110 1500 1A0 2110 A>5 A= 2>20 52 1A,,*5 2110 1,= *5 =2A =,> F&4Bhigh 9M?>; 21=0 1550 1AA0 21 A5, AA 2>50 5>0 1A=5*5 21=0 1 00*5 =,> = > 0 >00 1200 15 0 2,00 2> 0 2= 0 0, 0 0A00 ,1 0 ,= 0 000 1A0 0- 55 >00-1155 1200-15,5 15 0-2055 2,00-2>,5 2> 0-2=,5 2= 0-0,,5 0, 0-0=55 0A00-,1,5 ,1 0-,=,5 ,= 0-,555 000- 1=5 1A0- 2=5 NOffs-&4 N&4 F74Blow 9M?>; 1520 1A 0 1=10 1=10 A2, A00 2 00 AA0 1=,5*5 1=10 1,2=*5 >5A === F74Bhigh 9M?>; 15A0 1510 1=A 1= A,5 A,0 2 =0 51 1=A,*5 1==0 1, 2*5 =1> =A= 1A000 1A>00 15200 155 0 20,00 20> 0 20= 0 21, 0 21A00 221 0 22= 0 20000 201A0 1A000-1A 55 1A>00-15155 15200-155,5 155 0-20055 20,00-20>,5 20> 0-20=,5 20= 0-21,,5 21, 0-21=55 21A00-221,5 221 0-22=,5 22= 0-22555 20000-201=5 201A0-202=5 NOffs-74 N74
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% ,>
1,
:11
= A
=>A
2A0
2A0- 0=5
=AA
=5A
202A0
202A0-200=5
1=
:11
=0,
=,>
=00
=00- A,5
=0,
=1>
20=00
20=00-20A,5
00 0, 0 0> 0= 0A 05 ,0
T11 1500 T11 2010 T11 1A 0 T11 1500 T11 1510 T11 2 =0 T11 1AA0 T11 2000 2,00 0A> 0 1520 0A2 0 2>20 0== 0 1500 0= 0 1550 0>5 0 1510 0>0 0 202 0>200 1520 0>000
0>0000>155 0>2000>0,5 0>0 00>5,5 0>5 00= ,5 0= 00==,5 0== 00A2,5 0A2 00A>,5 0A> 005>,5
1500 2010 1A 0 1500 1510 2 =0 1AA0 2000
1520 202 1510 1550 1500 2>20 1520 2,00
0>000 0>200 0>0 0 0>5 0 0= 0
0>000-0>155 0>200-0>0,5 0>0 0-0>5,5 0>5 0-0= ,5 0= 0-0==,5 0== 0-0A2,5 0A2 0-0A>,5 0A> 0-05>,5
0== 0 0A2 0 0A> 0
Carrier Fre8uency EA'FCN Calculation

T'e EA4:C8 is )al)ulate% using a )om.ination o& t'e e<uations in an% t'e values in * T'e )'annel raster &or LTE is 1002"3 &or all .an%s+ i*e* t'e )arrier )entre &re<uen)y must .e an integer multi$le o& 1002"3* T'is is re$resente% in t'e e<uation .y t'e 90*1; value* EA4:C8 Cal)ulation
T'e )'annel num.ers t'at %esignate )arrier &re<uen)ies )lose to t'e e%ges o& t'e o$erating .an% are not use%* T'is im$lies t'at t'e &irst =+ 1 + 2 + 0+ = an% 100 )'annel num.ers at t'e lower o$erating .an% e%ge an% t'e last >+ 1,+ 2,+ ,5+ =, an% 55 )'annel num.ers at t'e u$$er o$erating .an% e%ge are not use% &or )'annel .an%wi%t's o& 1*,+ 0+ + 10+ 1 an% 20 M"3 res$e)tively*
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% ,=
E=a (le
It is $ossi.le to utili3e t'e $revious e<uations to )al)ulate t'e &re<uen)y &or a given EA4:C8* In a%%ition+ it is $ossi.le to )al)ulate t'e EA4:C8 &or a given &re<uen)y* illustrates an e6am$le wit' a %e&ine% u$lin2 an% %ownlin2 &re<uen)y* T'e )al)ulation s'own in t'e &igure translates a %ownlin2 &re<uen)y o& 212=*,M"3 to an EA4:C8 e<ual to 1=,* E6am$le 1ownlin2 EA4:C8 Cal)ulation
4TE Fra e Structures

In LTE+ %evi)es are allo)ate% .lo)2s o& su.)arriers &or a $erio% o& time* T'ese are re&erre% to as a #4F (#'ysi)al 4esour)e Flo)2!* T'e resour)e .lo)2s are )ontaine% wit'in t'e LTE generi) &rame stru)ture* Two ty$es are %e&ine%+ namely ty$e 1 an% ty$e 2 ra%io &rames*
4TE Fra e Structure Ty(e6-F&&

T'e ty$e 1 ra%io &rame stru)ture is use% &or :11 an% is 10ms in %uration* It )onsists o& 20 slots+ ea)' lasting 0* ms* Two a%Da)ent slots &orm one su.&rame o& lengt' 1ms* :or :11 o$eration 10 su.&rames are availa.le &or %ownlin2 transmission an% 10 su.&rames are availa.le &or u$lin2 transmission+ wit' ea)' transmission se$arate% in t'e &re<uen)y %omain* illustrates t'e :11 &rame stru)ture+ as well as 'ig'lig'ting t'e slots an% su.&rame )on)e$t* In a%%ition+ it illustrates 'ow t'e slots are num.ere% 0 to 15*
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% ,A
:11 4a%io :rame
4TE Ti e 7nit
T'e LTE time unit is i%enti&ie% as Ts an% is )al)ulate% as 1/(1 000620,A!+ w'i)' e<uates to a$$ro6imately 02* 20A0ns* ?arious as$e)ts o& LTE utili3e t'is $arameter+ or multi$le o& it+ to i%enti&y timing an% )on&iguration*
4TE Fra e Structure Ty(e"-T&&

T'e ty$e 2 ra%io &rame stru)ture is use% &or T11* One 2ey a%%ition to t'e T11 &rame stru)ture is t'e )on)e$t o& 9s$e)ial su.&rames;* T'is in)lu%es a 1w#TS (1ownlin2 #ilot Time Slot!+ -# (-uar% #erio%! an% 7$#TS (7$lin2 #ilot Time Slot!* T'ese 'ave )on&igura.le in%ivi%ual lengt's an% a )om.ine% total lengt' o& 1ms* :or T11 o$eration t'e 10 su.&rames are s'are% .etween t'e u$lin2 an% t'e %ownlin2* A ms an% 10ms swit)'-$oint $erio%i)ity is su$$orte% 'owever su.&rames 0 an% must .e allo)ate% to t'e %ownlin2 as t'ese )ontain t'e #SS (#rimary Syn)'roni3ation Signal! an% SSS (Se)on%ary Syn)'roni3ation Signal!+ as well as t'e .roa%)ast in&ormation in su.&rame 0* T'e #SS an% SSS are %is)usse% in Se)tion T11 4a%io :rame
T'ere are various &rame )on&iguration o$tions su$$orte% &or T11* Error/ 4e&eren)e sour)e not &oun%, illustrates t'e %i&&erent o$tions* Con&iguration o$tions 0+ 1+ 2 an% > 'ave a ms swit)'ing $oint an% t'ere&ore re<uire 2 s$e)ial su.&rames+ w'ereas t'e rest are .ase% on a 10ms swit)'ing $oint* In t'e ta.le+ t'e letter 91; is reserve% &or %ownlin2 transmissions+ 97;
%enotes su.&rames reserve% &or u$lin2 transmissions an% 9S; %enotes a s$e)ial su.&rame wit' t'e t'ree &iel%s 1w#TS+ -# an% 7$#TS*
Ty(e " 'a!io Fra e Switching ,oints C S(ecial Subfra e

1L/7L Su.&rame Allo)ation Item
Su.&rame 1 in all )on&igurations an% su.&rame > in )on&iguration wit' ms swit)'-$oint $erio%i)ity )onsist o& 1w#TS+ -# an% 7$#TS* Su.&rame > in )on&iguration wit' 10ms swit)'-$oint $erio%i)ity )onsists o& 1w#TS only* All ot'er su.&rames )onsist o& two e<ually si3e% slots* Su.&rames 0 an% an% 1w#TS are always reserve% &or 1L transmission* S$e)ial Su.&rame Allo)ation Item
S$e)ial Su.&rame
Cyclic ,refi=
T'e )on)e$t o& a C# (Cy)li) #re&i6! wit'in O:1M systems 'as alrea%y .een %is)usse%* In LTE+ two %i&&erent )y)li) $re&i6 si3es+ namely 98ormal; an% 9E6ten%e%; were sele)te%* In or%er to &a)ilitate t'ese+ two %i&&erent slot &ormats are re<uire%* illustrates t'e seven an% si6 O1:M sym.ol o$tions* O.viously+ to &a)ilitate a larger )y)li) $re&i6+ one o& t'e sym.ols is sa)ri&i)e%+ t'us t'e sym.ol rate is re%u)e%* 8ormal an% E6ten%e% Cy)li) #re&i6
T 'e use o& t'e e6ten%e% )y)li) $re&i6 is inten%e% &or s)enarios w'ere t'e range o& t'e )ell nee%s to .e e6ten%e%+ e*g* &or )overage $lanning $ur$oses or w'en multi)ast servi)es are .eing em$loye% in t'e )ell*
C, Classification an! Scenario

T'e &ollowing ta.le s'ows t'e num.er o& sym.ols in 1 slot* It is relate% to t'e C# (Cy)li) #re&i6! lengt' an% is )on&igure% .y t'e )ell*
C# )lassi&i)ation
1&R=* 2"3 is availa.le &or MFS:8MFMS over Single :re<uen)y 8etwor2w'i)' %e&ine% in 0-## #roto)ol A .ut a$$lie% until 0-## #roto)ol5* Attention/ =* 2"3 is only a%a$te% &or %ownlin2*
4TE 'esource 2lock Conce(tion

T'e E-7T4A %ownlin2 is .ase% on O:1MA* As su)'+ it ena.les multi$le %evi)es to re)eive in&ormation at t'e same time .ut on %i&&erent $arts o& t'e ra%io )'annel* In most O:1MA systems t'is is re&erre% to as a 9Su.)'annel;+ i*e* a )olle)tion o& su.)arriers* "owever+ in E7T4A+ t'e term su.)'annel is re$la)e% wit' t'e term #4F (#'ysi)al 4esour)e Flo)2!* :igure 2-0A illustrates t'e )on)e$t o& O:1MA+ w'ere.y %i&&erent users are allo)ate% one or more resour)e .lo)2s in t'e time an% &re<uen)y %omain+ t'us ena.ling e&&i)ient s)'e%uling o& t'e availa.le resour)es* LTE resour)e .lo)2
4E (4esour)e Element! Minimum unit in $'ysi)al resour)e Time %omain/ 1 O:1M Sym.ol+ &re<uen)y %omain/ 1 Su.)arrier 4F4esour)e Flo)2 Minimum unit &or resour)e allo)ation use% &or %ata transmission in $'ysi)al layer Time %omain/ 1 Slot+ &re<uen)y %omain/ 12 )ontinuous su.)arriers CCE(Control C'annel Element! 4esour)e unit &or )ontrol )'annel
1 CCE R 0> 4Es 1 CCE R 5 4E-s (1 4E- R , 4Es! TTI (Transmission Time Interval! Fasi) unit in time %omain w'en s)'e%uling %ata in $'ysi)al layer 1 TTI R 1 su.&rame R 2 slots 1 TTI R 1, O:1M sym.ols(8ormal C#! 1 TTI R 12 O:1M sym.ols (E6ten%e% C#!
'esource Gri! Structure

A #4F (#'ysi)al 4esour)e Flo)2! )onsists o& 12 )onse)utive su.)arriers an% lasts &or one slot+ i*e* 0* ms* Error/ 4e&eren)e sour)e not &oun% illustrates t'e si3e o& a #4F* T'e 84F1L $arameter is use% to %e&ine t'e num.er o& 4F (4esour)e Flo)2! use% in t'e 1L (1ownlin2!* T'is is %e$en%ent on t'e )'annel .an%wi%t'* In )ontrast+ 84F7L is use% to i%enti&y t'e num.er o& resour)e .lo)2s in t'e 7L (7$lin2!* Ea)' 4esour)e Flo)2 )onsists o& 8SC4F su.)arriers+ w'i)' &or stan%ar% o$eration is set to 12* In a%%ition+ anot'er )on&iguration is availa.le w'en using MFS:8 (Multime%ia Froa%)ast Multi)ast Servi)e Single :re<uen)y 8etwor2! an% a =* 2"3 su.)arrier s$a)ing* T'e term 4E (4esour)e Element! is use% to %es)ri.e one su.)arrier lasting one sym.ol* T'is )an t'en .e assigne% to )arry mo%ulate% in&ormation+ re&eren)e in&ormation or not'ing* 4esour)e Flo)2 an% 4esour)e Element
'elationshi( between Channel 2: an! '2

:or %etails+ $lease re&er to $roto)ol 0>*101*
C'annel .an%wi%t' an% 4F
4elations'i$ .etween C'annel FC an% 4F

Channel Bandwidth [MHz] Transmission Bandwidth Configuration [RB] Transmission Bandwidth [RB]
4TE Channel Structures

T'e )on)e$t o& 9)'annels; is not new* Fot' -SM an% 7MTS %e&ine% various )'annel )ategories+ 'owever LTE terminology is )loser to 7MTS* Froa%ly t'ere are &our )ategories o& )'annel* LTE C'annels
6# 4ogical Channels
In or%er to %es)ri.e Logi)al C'annels it is .est to &irst i%enti&y w'ere logi)al )'annels are lo)ate% in relations'i$ to t'e LTE $roto)ols an% t'e ot'er )'annel ty$es* illustrates t'e Logi)al C'annels lo)ate% .etween t'e 4LC (4a%io Lin2 Control! an% t'e MAC (Me%ium A))ess Control! layers*
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Channel edge
Channel edge
Resource block
"cti#e Resource Blocks
DC carrier (downlink onl !
Lo)ation o& C'annels
Logi)al C'annels are )lassi&ie% as eit'er Control Logi)al C'annels+ w'i)' )arry )ontrol %ata su)' as 44C (4a%io 4esour)e Control! signaling+ or Tra&&i) Logi)al C'annels w'i)' )arry 7ser #lane %ata*
Control 4ogical Channels

T'e various &orms o& t'ese Control Logi)al C'annels in)lu%e t'e/ FCC" (Froa%)ast Control C'annel! - t'is is a %ownlin2 )'annel use% to sen% o& SI (System In&ormation! messages &rom t'e e8F (Evolve% 8o%e F!* T'ese are %e&ine% .y 44C* #CC" (#aging Control C'annel! - t'is is a %ownlin2 )'annel use% .y t'e e8F to .roa%)ast $aging in&ormation* FCC" an% #C" Logi)al C'annels
CCC" (Common Control C'annel! - t'is is use% to esta.lis' an 44C Conne)tion or s$e)i&i)ally a S4F (Signaling 4a%io Fearer!* It is also use% &or re-esta.lis'ment $ro)e%ures* 8ote+ S4F 0 ma$s to t'e CCC"* 1CC" (1e%i)ate% Control C'annel! - t'is $rovi%es a .i-%ire)tional )'annel &or signaling* Logi)ally t'ere are two 1CC" a)tivate%/ S4F 1 - is use% &or 44C messages+ as well as 44C messages w'i)' )arry 'ig' $riority 8AS signaling* S4F 2 - is use% &or 44C )arrying low $riority 8AS signaling* #rior to its esta.lis'ment+ low $riority signaling is sent on S4F1*
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CCC" an% 1CC" Signaling
Traffic 4ogical Channels

0-## 4elease A LTE 'as one ty$e o& Logi)al C'annel )arrying tra&&i)+ namely t'e 1TC" (1e%i)ate% Tra&&i) C'annel!* T'is is use% to )arry 14F (1e%i)ate% 4a%io Fearer! in&ormation+ i*e* I# %atagram* 1e%i)ate% Tra&&i) C'annel
T'e 1TC" is a .i-%ire)tional )'annel t'at )an o$erate in eit'er 4LC AM (A)2nowle%ge% Mo%e! or 7M (7na)2nowle%ge% Mo%e!* T'is is )on&igure% .y 44C an% is .ase% on t'e HoS (Huality o& Servi)e! a$$lie% to t'e E-4AF (E#S 4a%io A))ess Fearer!*
Trans(ort Channels
"istori)ally+ trans$ort )'annels were s$lit .etween )ommon an% %e%i)ate% )'annels* "owever+ LTE 'as move% away &rom %e%i)ate% )'annels in &avor o& t'e )ommon/s'are% )'annels a$$roa)' %ue to t'e asso)iate% e&&i)ien)ies t'is $rovi%es* T'e main 0-## 4elease A Trans$ort C'annels in)lu%e t'e/ FC" (Froa%)ast C'annel! - t'is is a &i6e% &ormat )'annel w'i)' o))urs on)e $er &rame an% it is use% to )arry t'e MIF (Master In&ormation Flo)2!* 8ote t'at t'e maDority o& system in&ormation messages are )arrie% on t'e 1LSC" (1ownlin2 - S'are% C'annel!* #C" (#aging C'annel! - w'i)' is use% to )arry t'e #CC"+ i*e* $aging messages* It also utili3es 14E (1is)ontinuous 4e)e$tion! to im$rove 7E .attery li&e* 1L-SC" (1ownlin2 - S'are% C'annel! - is t'e main %ownlin2 )'annel &or %ata an% signaling* It su$$orts %ynami) s)'e%uling+ as well as %ynami) lin2 a%a$tation* In a%%ition+ it utili3es "A4H ("y.ri% Automati) 4e$eat 4e<uest! o$eration to im$rove $er&orman)e* As $reviously in%i)ate%+ it also &a)ilitates t'e sen%ing o& system in&ormation messages* 4AC" (4an%om A))ess C'annel! - )arries limite% in&ormation an% is use% in )onDun)tion wit' #'ysi)al C'annels an% $ream.les to $rovi%e )ontention resolution $ro)e%ures*
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7L-SC" (7$lin2 S'are% C'annel! - similar to t'e 1L-SC"+ t'is )'annel su$$orts %ynami) s)'e%uling (e8F )ontrolle%! an% %ynami) lin2 a%a$tation .y varying t'e mo%ulation an% )o%ing* In a%%ition+ it too su$$orts "A4H ("y.ri% Automati) 4e$eat 4e<uest! o$eration to im$rove system $er&orman)e* LTE 4elease A Trans$ort C'annels
,hysical Channels
T'e #'y (#'ysi)al! Layer &a)ilitates trans$ortation o& MAC Trans$ort C'annels+ as well as $rovi%ing s)'e%uling+ &ormatting an% )ontrol in%i)ators*
&ownlink ,hysical Channels

#'ysi)al C'annels on t'e %ownlin2 in)lu%e t'e/ #FC" (#'ysi)al Froa%)ast C'annel! - use% to )arry t'e FC"* #C:IC" (#'ysi)al Control :ormat In%i)ator C'annel! - is use% to in%i)ate t'e num.er o& O:1M sym.ols use% &or t'e #1CC"* #1CC" (#'ysi)al 1ownlin2 Control C'annel! - use% &or resour)e allo)ation* #"IC" (#'ysi)al "y.ri% A4H In%i)ator C'annel! - use% as $art o& t'e "A4H $ro)ess* #1SC" (#'ysi)al 1ownlin2 S'are% C'annel! - use% to )arry t'e 1L-SC"*
7(link ,hysical Channels

T'ere are a num.er o& 7$lin2 #'ysi)al C'annels in LTE* T'ese in)lu%e t'e/ #4AC" (#'ysi)al 4an%om A))ess C'annel! - t'is )'annel )arries t'e 4an%om A))ess #ream.le* T'e lo)ation o& t'e #4AC" is %e&ine% .y 'ig'er layer signaling+ i*e* 44C* #7CC" (#'ysi)al 7$lin2 Control C'annel! - t'is )arries u$lin2 )ontrol an% &ee%.a)2* It )an also )arry s)'e%uling re<uests to t'e e8F* #7SC" (#'ysi)al 7$lin2 S'are% C'annel! - w'i)' is t'e main u$lin2 )'annel an% is use% to )arry t'e 7L-SC"* It )arries .ot' signaling an% user %ata+ in a%%ition to u$lin2 )ontrol* It is wort' noting t'at t'e 7E is not allowe% to transmit t'e #7CC" an% #7SC" at t'e same time*
'a!io Channels
T'e term 94a%io C'annel; is ty$i)ally use% to %es)ri.e t'e overall )'annel+ i*e* t'e %ownlin2 an% u$lin2 )arriers &or :11 o$eration an% t'e )arrier &or T11 o$eration*
4a%io C'annel
Ma((ing 'elationshi( between ,hysical Channels an! Other Channels

T'ere are various o$tions &or multi$le6ing multi$le .earers toget'er su)' t'at Logi)al C'annels may .e ma$$e% to one or more Trans$ort C'annels* T'ese in turn are ma$$e% into #'ysi)al C'annels* Ma$$ing 4elations'i$ .etween #'ysi)al C'annels an% Ot'er C'annels
In or%er to &a)ilitate t'e multi$le6ing o& Logi)al C'annels to Trans$ort C'annels+ t'e MAC Layer ty$i)ally a%%s a LCI1 (Logi)al C'annel I%enti&ier!*
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A((lication of 4TE ,hysical Channels

A$$li)ation o& LTE #'ysi)al C'annels
As an e6am$le+ t'e a$$li)ations o& t'e )'annels in a )om$lete networ2 a))ess $ro)e%ure are as &ollows/ T'e 7E o.tains t'e #CI an% gets syn)'roni3e% wit' t'e e8o%eF in t'e %ownlin2 on t'e #-SC" an% S-SC"* T'e %ownlin2 syn)'roni3ation in)lu%es &rame syn)'roni3ation an% sym.ol syn)'roni3ation* T'e 7E gets system in&ormation (SIF1! on t'e #1SC"* MIF an% SIF1 are always s)'e%ule% on t'e #FC" an% ot'er SIFs are %ynami)ally s)'e%ule% on #1SC"s* 1* #erio%s an% listening win%ows o& ot'er SIFs are .roa%)ast in SIF1* A&ter t'e 7E re)eives SIF1+ it 2nows t'e ot'er SIFs to .e re)eive% later* T'e 7E initiates t'e ran%om a))ess on t'e #4AC" an% gets syn)'roni3e% wit' t'e e8o%eF in t'e u$lin2* A&ter ran%om a))ess+ t'e 7E re<uests u$lin2 s)'e%uling on t'e #7CC"* I& t'ere is u$lin2 or %ownlin2 %ata to .e transmitte%+ t'e 7E nee%s to listen to t'e #1CC" to get in&ormation a.out t'e #7SC" an% #1SC"* T'en+ t'e 7E sen%s %ata on t'e #7SC" an% re)eives %ata on t'e #1SC"*
'eference signal
4e&eren)e signal is a s$e)ial %ata se<uen)e w'i)' is lo)ate% at s$e)i&i) lo)ation (resour)e elements! in 1L/7L &rame w'i)' is su$$ose% to .e %e)o%e% .y 7E/e8o%eF an% ta2en as a signal &or 4S4#+ 4S4H*
Cell S(ecific 'eference Signals

In LTE+ t'e )ell s$e)i&i) re&eren)e signals are arrange% in a two %imensional latti)e o& time an% &re<uen)y* T'is 'as .een %one so t'at t'ey are e<ui%istant an% t'ere&ore $rovi%es a minimum mean s<uare% error estimate &or t'e )'annel* In a%%ition+ t'e s$a)ing in time .etween t'e 4e&eren)e Sym.ols is an im$ortant &a)tor &or )'annel estimation an% relates to t'e ma6imum 1o$$ler s$rea% su$$orte%+ i*e* s$ee%* In LTE+ t'is wor2s out at 2 4e&eren)e sym.ols $er slot* T'e s$a)ing in t'e &re<uen)y %omain is also an im$ortant &a)tor+ as t'is relates to t'e e6$e)te% )o'erent .an%wi%t' an% %elay s$rea% o& t'e )'annel* In LTE t'ere is a > su.)arrier se$aration o& re&eren)e signals+ 'owever t'ese are staggere% in time su)' t'at t'ey a$$ear every 0 su.)arriers* T'e %ownlin2 re&eren)e signals )onsist o& 2nown re&eren)e sym.ols inserte% in t'e &irst an% t'ir% last O:1M sym.ol o& ea)' slot* T'ere is one re&eren)e signal transmitte% $er %ownlin2 antenna $ort* T'e num.er o& %ownlin2 antenna $orts e<uals 1+ 2+ or ,*
One Antenna ,ort Configuration

T'e lo)ation o& t'e 4Ss is %e$en%ent on t'e num.er o& antennas an% use o& a 8ormal C# or E6ten%e% C#* illustrates t'e two o$tions* 4e&eren)e Signals - One Antenna #ort
T'is is use% &or a single TE (Transmit! antenna* T'e re&eren)e signals are transmitte% %uring t'e &irst an% &i&t' O:1M sym.ols o& ea)' slot w'en t'e normal C# is use% an% %uring t'e &irst an% &ourt' O:1M sym.ols w'en t'e e6ten%e% C# is use%*
Cell *& Offset

It is wort' noting t'at t'e $osition o& t'e re&eren)e signals is %e$en%ent on t'e value o& t'e #'ysi)al Cell I1* As su)'+ t'e system $er&orms a )al)ulation (#'ysi)al Cell I1 mo% >! to %etermine t'e )orre)t o&&set* illustrates two )ells+ ea)' $ro%u)ing a %i&&erent o&&set*
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4e&eren)e Signal #'ysi)al Cell I1 O&&set
Two Antenna ,ort Configuration

LTE is %esigne% to o$erate wit' multi$le transmit antennas &or MIMO+ or Transmit 1iversity* T'e )on)e$t o& re&eren)e signals is use% to %e&ine %i&&erent $atterns &or multi$le antenna $orts* illustrates t'e )on)e$t &or two antennas* T'e 4S $attern )orres$on%ing to a given antenna $ort ena.les t'e %evi)e to %erive )'annel estimation* 4e&eren)e Signals - Two Antenna #orts (8ormal C#!
C'ilst 4e&eren)e Sym.ols are transmitte% on one antenna+ t'e ot'er antennas resour)e element is null* In a%%ition+ li2e t'e single antenna $ort )on&iguration t'e lo)ation o& t'e re&eren)e signals is o&&set .ase% on t'e #'ysi)al Cell I1*
Four Antenna ,ort Configuration

LTE su$$orts u$ to &our )ell-s$e)i&i) antenna $orts (0 to 0!* As su)'+ t'e %evi)e is re<uire% to %erive u$ to &our se$arate )'annel estimates* illustrates t'e )on&iguration &or &our antenna $orts* 4e&eren)e Signals - :our Antenna #orts (8ormal C#!
Antenna $ort 92; an% antenna $ort 90; .ot' 'ave a re%u)e% num.er o& re&eren)e sym.ols* T'is is to re%u)e t'e re&eren)e signal over'ea%* It %oes also 'ave a negative im$a)t on t'e
system sin)e t'e la)2 o& re&eren)e signals will mean t'at in 'ig' mo.ility+ i*e* &ast )'annel variations+ t'e )'annel estimation will not .e as a))urate* T'is 'owever )an .e o&&set .y t'e &a)t t'at s$atial multi$le6ing MIMO wit' , antennas will mostly .e $er&orme% in low mo.ility s)enarios* In a%%ition+ li2e t'e single antenna $ort )on&iguration t'e lo)ation o& t'e re&eren)e signals is o&&set .ase% on t'e #'ysi)al Cell I1*
4TE ,hysical Signals

In or%er &or t'e 7E to .e a.le to a))ess t'e networ2+ t'e e8F must .roa%)ast various %ownlin2 signals* As t'e %ownlin2 is s)ala.le &rom 1*,M"3 to 20M"3 an% t'e %evi)e may not .e aware o& t'e e8F )on&iguration+ t'e met'o% o& &in%ing t'e system nee%s to .e )onsistent* Conse<uently syn)'roni3ation an% )ell i%entity in&ormation must a$$ear on t'e %ownlin2 in a &i6e% lo)ation irres$e)tive o& t'e ra%io s$e)trum )on&iguration* illustrates t'e stru)ture o& t'e 8I1)ell (Cell I%entity!* 1ownlin2 Cell I1
In LTE+ t'ere are two syn)'roni3ation se<uen)es* T'ese are re&erre% to as t'e #SS (#rimary Syn)'roni3ation Signal! an% t'e SSS (Se)on%ary Syn)'roni3ation Signal!* T'e lo)ation o& t'ese is %e$en%ent on t'e transmission mo%e+ i*e* :11 or T11+ as well as t'e use o& t'e normal or e6ten%e% )y)li) $re&i6*
,ri ary Synchroni>ation Signal

T'e #SS $rovi%es %ownlin2 syn)'roni3ation in&ormation &or t'e 7E* T'e signal sent is one o& t'ree BC (Ba%o&&-C'u! se<uen)es* T'is $rovi%es a $seu%o noise $attern w'i)' %evi)es )an )orrelate+ w'ilst at t'e same time ena.ling a%Da)ent )ells/se)tors on t'e e8F to utili3e %i&&erent syn)'roni3ation signals* T'e 8I1 (0+1 or 2! is ma$$e% to a Ba%o&&-C'u root in%e6 w'i)' is use% in t'e se<uen)e generation $ro)ess
Secon!ary Synchroni>ation Signal

T'e SSS is generate% &rom t'e interleave% )on)atenation o& two 01 .it .inary se<uen)es w'i)' are )y)li) s'i&te% .ase% on t'e value o& 8I1*
&ownlink 'eference Signals

7nli2e ot'er systems+ t'e LTE air inter&a)e %oes not em$loy a &rame $ream.le* Instea% it utili3es various 4S (4e&eren)e Signal! to &a)ilitate )o'erent %emo%ulation+ )'annel estimation+ )'annel <uality measurements an% timing syn)'roni3ation et)* :un%amentally t'ere are t'ree ty$es o& %ownlin2 re&eren)e signals/ Cell S$e)i&i) (non-MFS:8!* MFS:8 (Multime%ia Froa%)ast Multi)ast Servi)e Single :re<uen)y 8etwor2!*
7E S$e)i&i)*
Cell S(ecific 'eference Signals

In LTE+ t'e )ell-s$e)i&i) re&eren)e signals are arrange% in a two %imensional latti)e o& time an% &re<uen)y* T'is 'as .een %one so t'at t'ey are e<ui%istant an% t'ere&ore $rovi%es a minimum mean s<uare% error estimate &or t'e )'annel* In a%%ition+ t'e timing .etween t'e re&eren)e sym.ols is an im$ortant &a)tor &or )'annel estimation an% relates to t'e ma6imum %o$$ler s$rea% su$$orte%+ i*e* s$ee%* In LTE+ t'is wor2s out at two re&eren)e sym.ols $er slot* T'e s$a)ing in &re<uen)y %omain is also an im$ortant &a)tor+ as t'is relates to t'e e6$e)te% )o'eren)e .an%wi%t' an% %elay s$rea% o& t'e )'annel* In LTE t'ere is a si6 su.)arrier se$aration o& re&eren)e signals+ 'owever t'ese are staggere% in time su)' t'at t'ey a$$ear every t'ree su.)arriers*
M2SFN 'eference Signals

T'e LTE system also %e&ines a set o& re&eren)e signals &or MFS:8* T'ese are only $resent w'en t'e #MC" (#'ysi)al Multi)ast C'annel! is $resent an% uses t'e e6ten%e% )y)li) $re&i6*
7E S(ecific 'eference Signals

7E S$e)i&i) 4e&eren)e Signals are su$$orte% &or single antenna $ort transmission on t'e #1SC" an% are transmitte% on antenna $ort * It is ty$i)ally use% &or .eam&orming w'en non)o%e.oo2 .ase% $re-)o%ing is a$$lie%*
,hysical ,roce!ures
6# 4TE Cell Search ,roce!ure
T'e LTE %evi)e nee%s to $er&orm an LTE Atta)' $ro)e%ure+ i*e* transition &rom t'e LTE 1eta)'e% to LTE A)tive State+ to )onne)t to t'e E#C (Evolve% #a)2et Core! an% ultimately servi)es* Initial #ro)e%ures
In or%er to a))ess a )ell t'e %evi)e must &in% an% syn)'roni3e to t'e )ell* It is t'en a.le to %e)o%e t'e System In&ormation messages an% $er&orm #LM8 (#u.li) Lan% Mo.ile 8etwor2! an% Cell Sele)tion* On)e t'is 'as .een )om$lete%+ t'e %evi)e is in a $osition to a))ess t'e )ell an% esta.lis' a 44C )onne)tion+ i*e* a S4F (Signaling 4a%io Fearer!*
"# Cell Search

T'e %ownlin2 in LTE is .ase% on s)ala.le O:1MA wit' )'annels ranging &rom 1*,M"3 to 20M"3 (8ote t'at not all .an%wi%t's are availa.le at t'e %i&&erent &re<uen)y .an%s!* Initially t'e 7E is unaware o& t'e %ownlin2 )on&iguration o& t'e )ell+ unless it 'as store% in&ormation &rom w'en it was $reviously atta)'e%* Assuming no in&ormation+ t'e syn)'roni3ation $ro)ess must .e <ui)2 an% )on)ise* illustrates t'e lo)ation o& t'e #SS an% SSS* #SS an% SSS &or Cell Sear)' (:11 Mo%e!
Synchroni>ation Channel3 Cell Search an! &ownlink Synchroni>ation

In LTE t'ere are two syn)'roni3ation se<uen)es+ 2nown as t'e #SS (#rimary Syn)'roni3ation Signal! an% t'e SSS (Se)on%ary Syn)'roni3ation Signal!* T'e lo)ation o& t'ese is %e$en%ent on t'e transmission mo%e+ i*e* :11 or T11+ as well as t'e use o& t'e normal or e6ten%e% )y)li) $re&i6*
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#SS an% SSS Lo)ation &or :11
#SS an% SSS Lo)ation &or T11
,ri ary Synchroni>ation Signal

T'e #SS $rovi%es %ownlin2 syn)'roni3ation in&ormation &or t'e %evi)e* T'e signal sent is one o& t'ree BC (Ba%o&&-C'u! se<uen)es* T'is $rovi%es a $seu%o noise $attern w'i)' %evi)es )an )orrelate+ w'ilst at t'e same time ena.ling a%Da)ent )ells/se)tors on t'e e8F to utili3e %i&&erent syn)'roni3ation signals* T'e 8I1(2! (0+1 or 2! is ma$$e% to a Ba%o&&-C'u root in%e6 w'i)' is use% in t'e se<uen)e generation $ro)ess*
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Secon!ary Synchroni>ation Signal

T'e SSS is generate% &rom t'e interleave% )on)atenation o& two 01 .it .inary se<uen)es w'i)' are )y)li) s'i&te% .ase% on t'e value o& 8I1*
Synchroni>ation Channel3 Cell Search an! &ownlink Synchroni>ation

In or%er to a)<uire t'e system+ t'e e8F must .roa%)ast various %ownlin2 signals* In a%%ition+ sin)e t'e %ownlin2 is s)ala.le &rom 1*,M"3 to 20M"3 an% t'e %evi)e may not .e aware o& t'e e8F )on&iguration+ t'e met'o% o& &in%ing t'e system nee%s to .e )onsistent* Conse<uently+ syn)'roni3ation an% )ell i%entity in&ormation must a$$ear on t'e %ownlin2 in a &i6e% $la)e irres$e)tive o& t'e ra%io s$e)trum )on&iguration* illustrates t'e stru)ture o& t'e 8I1)ell (#'ysi)al Cell I%entity!* 1ownlin2 Cell I1
T'ese syn)'roni3ation signals )om$rise o& t'e #SS (#rimary Syn)'roni3ation Signal! an% SSS (Se)on%ary Syn)'roni3ation Signal!* Toget'er t'ey ena.le t'e 7E to .e)ome %ownlin2 syn)'roni3e% an% i%enti&y t'e #'ysi)al Cell I%entity* T'ere are 0, uni<ue $'ysi)al )ell i%entities+ %ivi%e% into 1>A )ell i%entity grou$s ea)' )ontaining t'ree )ell i%entities (se)tors!* #'ysi)al Cell I%entities
T'e #'ysi)al Cell I1 is a.le to .e reuse% .ase% on t'e )ell an% &re<uen)y reuse me)'anism em$loye%*
2roa!cast Channel3 ,2C? an! Syste

System in&ormation s)'e%uling
*nfor ation Ac8uisition
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% >>
MIF/ T'e s)'e%uling $erio% is ,0 ms* T'e MIF is resent every 10 ms at su.&rame 0* SIF1/ T'e s)'e%uling $erio% is A0 ms* T'e SIF1 is resent every 20 ms at su.&rame * Ot'er SIFs/ T'e s)'e%uling $erio% %e$en%s on SIF6 $erio%(6R2+0VA! an% t'e s)'e%uling $erio% is .roa%)ast in SIF1* SIFs wit' t'e same s)'e%uling $erio% )an .e sent in t'e same SI* Ea)' SI win%ow )an sen% only one SI* SI )an .e resent &or multi$le times in t'e SI win%ow to im$rove relia.ility* System in&ormation s)'e%uling
Contents of Syste
Contents o& System In&ormation
*nfor ation
T'e &irst t'ree are 2ey SIFs
+# ,4MN Selection
T'e transition &rom LTE 1eta)'e% to LTE A)tive )an .e use% to %es)ri.e t'e $ro)esses t'roug' w'i)' t'e 7E must $rogress in or%er to esta.lis' a $oint o& atta)'ment wit'in t'e Evolve% #a)2et Core an% ultimately )onne)t to servi)es* T'e initial $ro)esses in)lu%ing s)anning &or %ownlin2 an% u$lin2 )'annels an% syn)'roni3ation are $assive in t'at t'e in&ormation re<uire% to a)'ieve t'is is .roa%)ast &rom t'e e8F wit'in t'e relevant E-7T4A8* Fe&ore t'e 7E )an a))ess t'e networ2 it must &irst sele)t a suita.le #LM8 (#u.li) Lan% Mo.ile 8etwor2! an% t'en a suita.le )ell* Servi)es may .e availa.le to t'e user t'roug' a )'oi)e o& several serving networ2s in a given lo)ation+ $ossi.ly using %i&&erent ty$es o& 4a%io A))ess 8etwor2*
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% >=
#LM8 Sele)tion
E-7T'A ,4MN Selection

In t'e 7E+ t'e A))ess Stratum re$orts availa.le #LM8s to t'e 8AS on re<uest &rom t'e 8AS or autonomously* 1uring #LM8 sele)tion+ .ase% on t'e list o& #LM8 i%entities in $riority or%er+ t'e $arti)ular #LM8 may .e sele)te% eit'er automati)ally or manually* Ea)' #LM8 in t'e list o& #LM8 i%entities is i%enti&ie% .y a W#LM8 i%entityW* In t'e system in&ormation on t'e .roa%)ast )'annel+ t'e 7E )an re)eive one or multi$le W#LM8 i%entityW in a given )ell* T'e 7E s)ans all 4: )'annels in t'e E-7T4A .an%s a))or%ing to its )a$a.ilities to &in% availa.le #LM8s* On ea)' )arrier+ t'e 7E sear)'es &or t'e strongest )ell an% rea% its system in&ormation+ in or%er to &in% out w'i)' #LM8(s! t'e )ell .elongs to* I& t'e 7E )an rea% one or several #LM8 i%entities in t'e strongest )ell+ ea)' &oun% #LM8 is re$orte% to t'e 8AS as a 'ig' <uality #LM8 (.ut wit'out t'e 4S4# value!+ $rovi%e% t'at t'e &ollowing 'ig' <uality )riterion is &ul&ille%/ :or an E-7T4A8 )ell+ t'e measure% 4S4# value is greater t'an or e<ual to -110 %Fm* :oun% #LM8s t'at %o not satis&y t'e 'ig' <uality )riterion+ .ut &or w'i)' t'e 7E 'as .een a.le to rea% t'e #LM8 i%entities are re$orte% to t'e 8AS toget'er wit' t'e 4S4# value* T'e <uality measure re$orte% .y t'e 7E to 8AS is t'e same &or ea)' #LM8 &oun% in one )ell* 8ote t'at t'e 7E may o$timi3e t'e #LM8 sear)' .y using store% in&ormation e*g* )arrier &re<uen)ies an% o$tionally also in&ormation on )ell $arameters &rom $reviously re)eive% measurement )ontrol in&ormation elements*
NAS ,4MN Selection

T'e 7E utili3es all t'e in&ormation store% in t'e 7SIM (7niversal Su.s)ri.er I%entity Mo%ule! relate% to t'e #LM8 sele)tionL e*g* X"#LM8 ("ome #LM8! Sele)tor wit' A))ess Te)'nologyX+ XO$erator )ontrolle% #LM8 Sele)tor wit' A))ess Te)'nologyX+ X7ser Controlle% #LM8 Sele)tor wit' A))ess Te)'nologyX+ X:or.i%%en #LM8sX+ XE<uivalent "#LM8X* 8ote t'at t'ese are t'e same &or 7MTS #LM8 sele)tion* T'e #LM8/a))ess te)'nology )om.inations are liste% in $riority or%er* I& no $arti)ular a))ess te)'nology is in%i)ate% in an entry+ t'e 7E assumes t'at all a))ess te)'nologies su$$orte% .y
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% >A
t'e 7E a$$ly* In a%%ition+ t'e 7E stores a list o& E"#LM8 (E<uivalent "#LM8!* T'is list is re$la)e% or %elete% as $art o& various EMM #ro)e%ures* T'e store% list )onsists o& a list o& e<uivalent #LM8s as %ownloa%e% .y t'e networ2 $lus t'e #LM8 )o%e o& t'e registere% #LM8 t'at %ownloa%e% t'e list* All #LM8s in t'e store% list+ in all a))ess te)'nologies su$$orte% .y t'e #LM8+ are regar%e% as e<uivalent to ea)' ot'er &or #LM8 sele)tion+ )ell sele)tion/re-sele)tion an% 'an%over* T'e 7E sele)ts an% attem$ts registration on ot'er #LM8/a))ess te)'nology )om.inations+ i& availa.le an% allowa.le+ in t'e &ollowing or%er/ Eit'er t'e "#LM8 (i& t'e E"#LM8 list is not $resent or is em$ty! or t'e 'ig'est $riority E"#LM8 t'at is availa.le (i& t'e E"#LM8 list is $resent!* Ea)' #LM8/a))ess te)'nology )om.ination in t'e X7ser Controlle% #LM8 Sele)tor wit' A))ess Te)'nologyX %ata &ile in t'e SIM (in $riority or%er!* Ea)' #LM8/a))ess te)'nology )om.ination in t'e XO$erator Controlle% #LM8 Sele)tor wit' A))ess Te)'nologyX %ata &ile in t'e SIM (in $riority or%er!* Ot'er #LM8/a))ess te)'nology )om.inations wit' re)eive% 'ig' <uality signal in ran%om or%er* Ot'er #LM8/a))ess te)'nology )om.inations in or%er o& %e)reasing signal <uality* On)e t'e 7E 8AS 'as sele)te% a #LM8+ t'e )ell sele)tion $ro)e%ure )an .e $er&orme% in or%er to sele)t a suita.le )ell o& t'at #LM8 to )am$ on*
Cell *nitial Selection

:or LTE t'ere are two )ell sele)tion $ro)e%ures su$$orte%/ Initial Cell Sele)tion - T'is is w'en t'e 7E 'as no $rior 2nowle%ge o& t'e )ell* Store% In&ormation Cell Sele)tion - T'is is w'en t'e 7E 'as store% in&ormation w'i)' is use% to o$timi3e t'e sele)tion $ro)ess+ i*e* it store% in&ormation .e&ore it was swit)'e% o&&* On)e a 7E 'as syn)'roni3e% wit' t'e )ell an% %e)o%e% t'e ne)essary System In&ormation messages+ it must )am$ on itL or one o& t'e surroun%ing )ells* T'is is a)'ieve% t'roug' t'e )ell sele)tion $ro)ess* T'e 7E is aiming to &in% t'e )ell w'i)' will $rovi%e t'e .est <uality ra%io lin2 .etween it an% t'e networ2* illustrates t'e S (Cell Sele)tion! )al)ulation* LTE Cell Sele)tion
/# 'an!o
Access ,roce!ure Overview
On)e a 7E 'as sele)te% a )ell it $er&orms a ran%om a))ess $ro)e%ure on t'e #4AC"/4AC"* 4an%om A))ess #ur$ose/ A user a))esses t'e networ2 an% a)<uires a 7E I1 use% .y t'e e8o%eF to i%enti&y t'e 7E* T'e 7E is time-syn)'roni3e% in t'e u$lin2* 4an%om A))ess S)enarios/ Initial a))ess "an%over .etween )ells T'e 7E is out o& syn)'roni3ation in t'e u$lin2* An error 'as o))urre% in t'e %ownlin2 an% t'e 7E re-esta.lis'es t'e lin2*
4TE 'an!o
Access ,roce!ure
#rior to registering on t'e networ2 t'e 7E must &irst esta.lis' a S4F (Signaling 4a%io Fearer! to t'e e8F t'at it 'as 9)am$e% on; %uring t'e )ell sele)tion $ro)ess* illustrates t'e overall $ro)esses re<uire%+ ty$i)ally terme% t'e 4AC" (4an%om A))ess C'annel! $ro)ess* Overall 4an%om A))ess #ro)e%ure
'an!o
Access ,roce!ure3 ''C Connection
T'e S4F is also terme% t'e 944C Conne)tion;+ i*e* t'e 7E 'as move% into t'e 44CConne)te% State* In or%er to a)'ieve t'is signaling .etween t'e e8F an% t'e 7E is re<uire%* illustrates t'e main signaling messages to esta.lis' a S4F* 8ote/ some o& t'ese are messages or in%i)ators at t'e #"U or MAC layer* T'e se<uen)e starts wit' t'e $ro.ing o& t'e networ2 on t'e #4AC"* On)e t'e 7E 'as su))ess&ully $ro.e% &or u$lin2 resour)es an% 'as .een allo)ate% t'ese on t'e 7L-SC"+ t'e 44C Conne)tion is esta.lis'e% t'roug' a t'ree way signaling 'an%s'a2e on t'e 7L-SC" an% t'e 1L-SC" res$e)tively*
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% =0
4an%om A))ess 44C Signaling #ro)e%ure
7(link Syn# in 'an!o
Access ,roce!ure
7$lin2 syn)'roni3ation means t'e time w'en %ata rea)'es t'e e8o%eF is t'e same as t'at w'en t'e e8o%eF re)eives it*7$lin2 time %eviation e6ists .e)ause o& transmission laten)y* T'e %istan)es .etween t'e 7Es an% t'e e8o%eF are %i&&erent* 4esolutions/ -enerally+ t'e e8o%eF o.tains t'e timing in&ormation .y %ete)ting t'e u$lin2 re&eren)e signal ($erio%i) S4S or 1M4S! sent .y t'e 7E in t'e u$lin2* T'e e8o%eF transmits t'e TA (Time Alignment! to t'e 7E on t'e #1SC"* In ran%om a))ess+ t'e e8o%eF o.tains t'e u$lin2 timing in&ormation .y measuring $ream.le signals* In ran%om a))ess+ t'e e8o%eF sen%s t'e u$lin2 timing in&ormation to t'e 7E on t'e 4A )'annel*
T'e e8o%eF an% 7E maintain t'e same timer to u$%ate TA to ensure t'at t'e 7E 2ee$s u$lin2 syn)'roni3e% w'en it is in t'e )onne)te% state*
7$lin2 syn)'roni3ation
Multi(le *n(ut Multi(le Out(ut

2ackgroun! of Multi-antenna Technology
S C = B log 2 1 + ( bit / s ) N 0 years ago+ S'annon &ormula gives t'e ma6imum e&&i)ien)y
o& time-&re<uen)y )ommuni)ation system*
T'e s$e)trum e&&i)ien)y o& )'annel C is $ro$ortional to signal $ower an% signal .an%wi%t'* "owever+ wit' t'e in)rease in signal $ower an% signal .an%wi%t'+ t'e s$e)trum e&&i)ien)y in)reases more slowly+ so new te)'nologies nee% to .e intro%u)e% in or%er to e&&e)tively im$rove t'e s$e)trum e&&i)ien)y*
T'e relations'i$ .etween s$e)trum e&&i)ien)y o& )'annel an% signal $ower M signal .an%wi%t'
T'e e&&e)tive way to in)rease )a$a)ity is to use multi-antenna te)'nology w'en t'e SI84 is 'ig'* Multi-antenna te)'nology )an ma2e .etter use o& s$atial resour)e+ it )an %ou.le in)rease transmission )a$a)ity o& a wireless )ommuni)ation system un%er t'e )on%itions o& wit'out in)reasing t'e transmit $ower an% .an%wi%t'* T'ere&ore+ MIMO (Multi$le In$ut Multi$le Out$ut! te)'nology )ame into .eing*
The Classification of Multi-antenna Technology

A))or%ing to a)'ieve %i&&erent $ur$oses+ you )an use %i&&erent multi-antenna te)'ni<ues* &iversity o!e3 Multi$le antennas )an .e use% to $rovi%e %iversity to resist &a%ing o& ra%io )'annels* In t'is )ase+ &a%ing on %i&&erent antennas s'oul% 'ave a low )orrelation* Transmitte% on %i&&erent antennas in t'e same %ata 1iversity mo%e )an in%ire)tly in)rease t'e )a$a)ity 8um.er o& re)eive antennas may .e less t'an t'e num.er o& transmit antennas T6 %iversity mo%e
S(atial ulti(le=ing3 Transmitter an% re)eiver using two or more antennas+ s$atial multi$le6ing )an .e $er&orme%* It %i% not re%u)e t'e $ower e&&i)ien)y o& t'e $remise o& im$roving .an%wi%t' utili3ation+ or wit'out re%u)ing t'e $remise )overe% .y t'e limite% .an%wi%t' availa.le in a 'ig'er out$ut transmission rate* Sometimes S$atial multi$le6ing also )all MIMO* Transmitte% on %i&&erent antennas in t'e %i&&erent %ata 1iversity mo%e )an %ire)tly in)rease t'e )a$a)ity 8um.er o& re)eive antennas is not less t'an t'e num.er o& transmit antennas S$atial multi$le6ing mo%e
2ea for ing/ Multi-antenna )an $er&orm .eam&orming+ su)' as t'e ma6imi3ing o.De)tive o& t'e antenna gain in t'e s$e)i&ie% %ire)tion or su$$ress s$e)i&i) main inter&eren)e signal* A))or%ing to t'e )orrelation .etween %i&&erent antennas+ system )an a%o$t %i&&erent .eam&orming met'o%s* T'e %ata are weig'te% an% sent .y transmitter+ &orming narrow transmit .eam&orming energy an% aim at t'e target user+ t'ere.y im$roving %emo%ulation SI84 o& t'e target user an% re%u)ing t'e inter&eren)e o& non-target users* Feam&orming mo%e
M*MO Overview
MIMO is t'e 2ey te)'nology o& LTE system+ it relates to t'e use o& multi$le antennas at .ot' t'e transmitter (Multi$le In$ut! an% re)eiver (Multi$le Out$ut!* T'eoreti)al s'ow t'at t'e )'annel )a$a)ity in)reases linearly .y t'e num.er o& transmitter an% re)eiver+ so t'e )'annel )a$a)ity in MIMO mo%e is larger t'an in single antenna mo%e* MIMO )an .etter use s$a)e resour)e an% im$roves s$e)trum e&&i)ien)y+ so t'e signal o.tain array gain+ %iversity gain+ multi$le6ing gain an% inter&eren)e )an)ellation gain+ w'i)' )an im$roves system )a$a)ity+ )overage an% user t'roug'$ut* MIMO
'a!io Channel Access Mo!e

SISOSingle in$ut single out$ut
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% =,
SISO is t'e .asi) ra%io )'annel a))ess mo%e+ it is t'e %e&ault met'o% in ra%io )ommuni)ation system at t'e .eginning* SISO
MISO (1iversity transmitting mo%e! MISO+ multi$le in$ut single out$ut+ in ot'er wor%s+ it means two or multi-transmitter .ut one re)eiver* Fe)ause t'e same in&ormation transmitte% .y %i&&erent antenna+ w'i)' )an en'an)e t'e ro.ustness against &a%ing an% im$rove t'e transmission $er&orman)e in low S84 s)enarios* It )an .e use% at t'e same rate wit' lower transmission $ower .ut )annot im$rove t'e transmission rate* MISO
SIMO (1iversity re)eiving mo%e! SIMO is o$$osition wit' MISO* SIMO means single in$ut multi$le out$ut+ namely two or more re)eivers .ut one transmitters+ usually re&ers to t'e re)eive %iversity* SIMO is similar to transmit %iversity w'i)' is $arti)ularly suita.le &or low S84 s)enarios* In t'is s)enario+ i& you use %ual re)eiver+ in t'eory+ t'e gain will .e 0%F* Com$are% wit' transmit %iversity+ t'e )ell e%ge )overage 'as im$rove% .e)ause t'e S84 'as im$rove% w'en using re)eive %iversity* SIMO
MIMO (Multi$le in$ut multi$le out$ut! MIMO+ two or more re)eivers an% two or more transmitters* T'ese mo%el not only t'e sim$le sum o& SIMO an% MISO+ .e)ause multi$le %ata streams are simultaneously transmitte% in &re<uen)y %omain an% time %omain to &ully utili3e t'e ra%io )'annel in %i&&erent $at's* :or MIMO system+ it must 'ave at least e<ual to t'e num.er o& multi$le re)eivers transmit %ata stream* (8otes/ 8um.er o& transmit %ata stream is une<ual to num.er o& transmit antenna!*
MIMO
S7-M*MO5M7-M*MO5Co-M*MO *ntro!uction
T'e transmitter an% re)eiver %o not s$e)i&y a .ase station or 7E in $revious sli%e+ so we 'ave %i&&erent s)enarios in t'is $age* T'e $ur$ose o& t'e $re-)o%ing is .ase% on t'e o$timal transmission )'ara)teristi)s o& t'e )'annel+ so t'at w'en t'e signal is re)eive%+ it )an more easily .e se$arate% an% t'en restore% to t'e original %ata stream* T'e intention o& S7-MIMO is in)reasing t'e rate o& a single user+ w'i)' woul% also en'an)e t'e )a$a)ity o& t'e )ell* T'e &igure s'ows t'at two %i&&erent %ata streams are assigne% to t'e same 7E* S7-MIMO )an .e use% &or u$lin2 or %ownlin2* T'e se)on% s)enario is 2S2 multi-user MIMO(M7-MIMO!+ Dust use in u$lin2* M7-MIMO )anIt in)rease t'e rate o& a single user+ .ut )an en'an)e )ell )a$a)ity gain+ it is similar to S7MIMO or .etter* T'e &igure s'ows t'at two %ata streams )ome &rom %i&&erent 7Es+ t'e %istan)e o& two transmitters is &urt'er t'an t'e %istan)e o& single user in S7-MIMO* An% t'ere is not $'ysi)al )onne)tion .etween two transmitters+ w'i)' means no )'an)e o& t'roug' mi6ing two %ata &low to o$timi3e )'annel )o%ing* "owever+ .e)ause o& t'e s$atial se$aration met'o%+ im$rove t'e o$$ortunity o& e8o%eF )olle)t irrelevan)e )'annel o& 7E* T'us+ )om$are% to t'e $re-en)o%e% S7-MIMO+ it ma6imi3es t'e $ossi.le )a$a)ity gain* T'e ot'er a%vantage o& M7-MIMO is t'e 7E %oesnIt )onsume t'e s$en%ing an% $ower o& t'e transmitter+ .ut t'e )ell )a$a)ity stills )an im$rove* T'e t'ir%ly s)enarios is Co-MIMO+ t'e essen)e is t'e en% $oint o& two transmitters 'ave .een asso)iate%* T'e &igure s'ows t'at in 1L s)enario+ two e8o%eFs t'roug' s'aring %ata stream an% $re-)o%ing s$atial se$arate antenna )oo$eration met'o% to .etter )ommuni)ation wit' at least one 7E* T'is is t'e .est met'o%s in t'e )ell e%ge+ t'en+ t'e SI84 will su&&er .ut t'e ra%io )'annel is non-relate%+ so it will $otential en'an)e t'e system $er&orman)e* Co-MIMO is also $ossi.le to use in t'e u$lin2+ .ut it is %i&&i)ult to .e a$$lie% .e)ause t'ere is no $'ysi)al )onne)tion .etween 7E* M7-MIMO u$lin2 Co-MIMO $re-)o%ing is not use% .e)ause t'ere are not )onne)t 7Es* 7$lin2 Co-MIMO also names virtual MIMO* T'ere is not Co-MIMO in 0-## 4A $roto)ol+ it will .e stu%ie% an% a)'ieve in 0-## 45/410+ w'i)' will satis&ies t'e re<uirement o& IMT-A%van)e ,-*
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% =>
S7-MIMO+ M7-MIMO an% Co-MIMO
4TE A!o(t M*MO

LTE 1L/7L MIMO mo%e
Close%-loo$/ 8ee% t'e 7E &ee%.a)2 en)o%er sele)tion in&ormation+ suita.le &or low s$ee% s)enarios* O$en-loo$/ 8o nee% 7E &ee%.a)2 en)o%er sele)tion in&ormation+ %etermine .y e8o%eF+ suita.le &or 'ig' s$ee% s)enarios*
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% ==
The A!vantage of M*MO

T'e a%vantage o& MIMO
Array gain/ MIMO system uses t'e signal )orrelation an% noise non-)orrelation on ea)' antenna+ im$roves t'e average SI84 o& t'e )om.ine% signal+ an% o.tains t'e $er&orman)e gain* 1iversity gain/ MIMO system against t'e )'annel &a%ing o& t'e e&&e)t o& $er&orman)e+ re%u)e t'e &a%ing range o& )om.ine% signal an% o.tain $er&orman)e gain .ase on t'e signal %ee$ &a%ing non-)orrelation on ea)' antenna* Multi$le6ing gain/ On t'e $remise o& same .an%wi%t' an% same total transmission $ower+ in)rease t'e num.er o& s$atial )'annel(In)rease t'e num.er o& antennas! an% o.tain t'roug'$ut gain* Inter&eren)e )an)ellation gain/ Ma2e use o& I4C(Inter&eren)e 4eDe)tion Com.ining! an% t'e ot'er multi$le antenna inter&eren)e reDe)tion algorit'ms+ o.tain t'e gain on inter&eren)e s)enarios*
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% =A
eN2 ,ro!uct Overview

Objectives
On )om$letion o& t'is se)tion t'e $arti)i$ants will .e a.le to/ 1es)ri.e t'e "uawei e8F $ro%u)t &amily* 1es)ri.e t'e "uawei e8F $ro%u)ts an% a$$li)ation s)enarios* 1es)ri.e t'e "uawei e8F o$eration an% maintenan)e system*
The ?uawei eN2 Fa ily

T'e "uawei e8F (Evolve% 8o%e F! $ro%u)t &amily )onsists o& two )ore $ro%u)tsL t'e FTS0500(A! LTE an% t'e 1FS0500 LTE w'i)' &o)us on )ustomer innovations* T'e &ormer )omes in two versions+ t'e FTS0500 LTE is a )om$a)t in%oor ma)ro e8F w'ere as t'e FTS0500A LTE is an out%oor version* T'e 1FS0500 'owever 'as a %istri.ute% ar)'ite)ture ena.ling t'e ra%io unit to .e installe% at t'e mast 'ea% )lose to t'e antennas t'ere.y re%u)ing &ee%er loss an% im$roving system )overage*
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% A0
2TS+.DD9A; 4TE
T'e FTS0500(A! LTE &eatures a %istri.ute% ar)'ite)ture an% )onsists o& two .asi) mo%ulesL t'e FF70500 (Fase.an% Control 7nit! an% t'e L4:7 (LTE 4a%io :re<uen)y 7nit!* T'ese are inter)onne)te% t'roug' a C#4I (Common #u.li) 4a%io Inter&a)e! using ele)tri)al )a.les* :le6i.le )om.inations o& t'ese two .asi) mo%ules an% au6iliary %evi)es+ $rovi%es %iverse site solutions t'at are a$$li)a.le in %i&&erent s)enarios* FTS0500(A! LTE Ar)'ite)ture
2aseban! Control 7nit

FF70500
T'e FF70500 $er&orms t'e &ollowing &un)tions/ It $rovi%es su$$ort &or )onne)tion .etween t'e e8F an% t'e MME (Mo.ility Management Entity! or S--C (Serving -ateway!* It $rovi%es C#4I $orts &or )ommuni)ation wit' t'e L4:7 an% $ro)esses u$lin2 an% %ownlin2 signals* It $er&orms )entrali3e% management o& t'e entire FTS0500(A! LTE an% 1FS0500 LTE in terms o& OMM (O$erations an% Maintenan)e! an% signaling $ro)essing* It $rovi%es an OMM )'annel &or )onne)tion to LMT (Lo)al Maintenan)e Terminal! or iManager M2000* It $rovi%es t'e )lo)2 $ort+ alarm monitoring $ort an% 7SF (7niversal Serial Fus! $ort*
4TE 'a!io Fre8uency 7nit

T'e L4:7 $er&orms mo%ulation+ %emo%ulation+ %ata $ro)essing an% )om.ining an% %ivi%ing &or .ase.an% signals an% 4: signals* T'e L4:7 su$$orts %ou.le &ee%ers (2T6 G 246! as well as &our &ee%ers (,T6 G ,46! t'roug' a )om.ine% installation o& two L4:7s* L4:7
Cabinets
T'e in%oor ma)ro )a.inet FTS0500 LTE 'ouses t'e FF70500 an% u$ to si6 L4:7s* In a%%ition+ it also $rovi%es &un)tions su)' as $ower %istri.ution+ 'eat %issi$ation an% surge $rote)tion* T'e out%oor se$arate% ma)ro )a.inet FTS0500A LTE )onsists o& t'e 4:C (4a%io :re<uen)y Ca.inet! an% A#M00" (A%van)e% #ower Mo%ule wit' "eat e6)'anger )ooling! w'i)' are installe% in sta)2 mo%e*
Ot'er )on&igurations are availa.le a))or%ing to )ustomer re<uirements*
&2S+.DD 4TE
T'e 1FS0500 LTE &eatures a %istri.ute% ar)'ite)ture* T'e two .asi) mo%ules o& t'e 1FS0500 LTE )onsist o& t'e FF70500 an% 4470201 (4emote 4a%io 7nit! T'ese are inter)onne)te% t'roug' a stan%ar%i3e% C#4I using o$ti)al )a.les*
1FS0500 LTE Ar)'ite)ture
T'e Au6iliary 1evi)es are t'e su$$orting elements to t'e FF70500 an% 4M70201* T'ese $rovi%e installation s$a)e &or t'e FF70500 an% su$$ly $ower to t'e FF70500 an% 4470201* E6am$les o& au6iliary %evi)es in)lu%e t'e AM#00"+ IFFS2001 (Integrate% Fattery Fa)2u$ System wit' %ire)t )ooler!+ IFFS200T (Integrate% Fattery Fa)2u$ System wit' TEC )ooler! an% TMC11" (Transmission Ca.inet wit' 'eat e6)'anger )ooler!*
'e ote 'a!io 7nit

447
T'e 4470201 is a remote ra%io unit w'i)' $er&orms mo%ulation+ %emo%ulation+ %ata $ro)essing an% )om.ining an% %ivi%ing &or .ase.an% signals an% 4: signals* T'e 4470201 su$$orts %ou.le &ee%ers (2T6 G 24E! an% )an also su$$ort &our &ee%ers (,T6 G ,46! t'roug' )om.ine% installation o& two 4470201s* It )an su$$ort a ma6imum o& t'ree )as)a%ing levels+ t'us meeting t'e &ast )a$a)ity e6$ansion re<uirements o& servi)e $rovi%ers*
Au=iliary &evices
T'e au6iliary %evi)es $rovi%e% .y "uawei )an .e )om.ine% wit' t'e .asi) mo%ules in a &le6i.le manner to su$$ort %evi)e installation s)enarios* E6am$les in)lu%e t'e/ AM#00" - t'is is a $ower system &or out%oor a$$li)ations in)lu%ing $ower su$$ly an% .attery .a)2u$* It also $rovi%es s$a)e to 'ouse t'e FF70500*
IFFS2001MT - t'is is a long %uration integrate% .attery .a)2u$ system* TMC11" - use% w'en greater s$a)e is re<uire% &or transmission e<ui$ment* It is utili3e% in out%oor environments an% )an 'ouse .ot' t'e FF70500 an% transmission e<ui$ment*
,ro!ucts an! A((lication Scenarios

Cit' )ontinuous )a$a)ity e6$ansion re<uire% wit' mo.ile networ2s+ site sele)tion &or t'e e8F 'as turne% into a .ottlene)2 %uring networ2 %e$loyment* Site sele)tion .e)omes in)reasingly )om$le6 to im$lement an% re<uires a%%itional investment in networ2 %e$loyment*
2TS+.DD9A; 4TE
T'e FTS0500(A! LTE is a )om$a)t in%oor / out%oor ma)ro e8F $rovi%ing t'e &ollowing &eatures/ T'e FF70500 an% L4:7 are installe% in t'e FTS0500 LTE in a )entrali3e% mo%e w'i)' 'el$s to re%u)e t'e )ost o& maintenan)e on t'e tower* T'e FTS0500 LTE is low weig't an% )om$a)t in si3e yet $rovi%es e6)ellent s)ala.ility in t'at it su$$orts sta)2 installation o& two FTS0500s* T'e FTS0500 &amily (LTE+ 7MTS an% -SM! )an s'are one in%oor ma)ro )a.inet w'i)' saves installation s$a)e an% &a)ilitates smoot' te)'nology evolution*
&2S+.DD 4TE
T'e 1FS0500 LTE is )'ara)teri3e% .y its small &oot$rint+ easy installation an% low $ower )onsum$tion t'us ena.ling it to .e installe% in t'e s$are s$a)e at an e6isting )ell site* T'e 447 is also )om$a)t an% lig't allowing it to .e installe% )lose to t'e antenna to re%u)e &ee%er loss an% t'us im$rove system )overage* T'us t'e 1FS0500 LTE ena.les servi)e $rovi%ers to e&&i)iently %e$loy a 'ig' $er&orman)e LTE networ2 wit' a low TCO (Total Cost o& Owners'i$! .y minimi3ing t'e investment in $ower+ s$a)e an% man$ower*
O(eration an! Maintenance

T'e FTS0500(A! LTE an% 1FS0500 LTE 'as t'e same OMM &un)tions an% t'us is su$$orte% .y t'e same OMM system*
The O(erations an! Maintenance Syste

T'e OMM System )onsists o& t'e LMT (Lo)al Maintenan)e Terminal! an% t'e iManager M2000* T'e LMT is use% to maintain a single e8F via an Et'ernet )a.le &or lo)al maintenan)e or via an I# networ2 w'en remote maintenan)e is re<uire%* T'e iManager M2000 is use% to remotely maintain multi$le e8Fs wit' %i&&erent so&tware versions* OMM &un)tions t'us in)lu%e/ LMT $er&orms %ata )on&iguration+ alarm monitoring+ )ommissioning an% so&tware u$gra%es* T'e iManager M2000 $er&orms %ata )on&iguration+ alarm monitoring+ $er&orman)e monitoring an% so&tware u$gra%es
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% A,
OMM System
2enefits
T'e OMM system &rom "uawei o&&ers t'e &ollowing .ene&its/
Configuration Manage ent

Con&iguration management o& t'e e8F en)om$asses a num.er o& 2ey &eatures* T'ese in)lu%e easy a))essi.ility t'roug' t'e user &rien%ly -7I w'i)' $rovi%es s)enario s$e)i&i) )on&iguration wi3ar%s* :urt'ermore+ servi)e $rovi%ers using t'e "uawei networ2 $lanning tool i#lan are a.le to im$ort %ata t'us lowering t'e time nee%e% .y networ2 $lanners an% site o$timi3ation engineers* "ig' relia.ility is also ensure% t'roug' a num.er o& 2ey &eatures* T'ese su$$ort %ata )on&iguration+ <uery+ e6$ort .a)2u$ an% restoration in a%%ition to .eing a.le to roll.a)2 in .at)'es* :inally+ )on&iguration management is also su$$orte% t'roug' a 9nort'.oun%; 8MS (8etwor2 Management System! wit' t'e a.ility to a%%+ mo%i&y an% remove e8F )on&igurations t'roug' MML (Man Ma)'ine Language! )omman%s*
Fault Manage ent

:ault management wit'in t'e e8F $rovi%es easy &ault lo)ali3ation+ 'ig' relia.ility in a%%ition to various tra)ing an% monitoring met'o%s* Easy &ault lo)ali3ation is su$$orte% t'roug' a num.er o& &eatures in)lu%ing alarm 'an%ling suggestions an% alarm )orrelation* T'is ensures @#I (@ey #er&orman)e In%i)ator! servi)e level &ailures )an .e re)ti&ie% <ui)2ly an% a))urately* "ig' relia.ility is also ensure% t'roug' t'e in)lusion o& a )om$re'ensive &ault %ete)tion system w'i)' o$erates over all as$e)ts o& t'e e8FL 'ar%ware+ so&tware+ antenna+ transmission et)* Moreover+ &ault %ete)tion also e6ten%s to %oor status )ontrol+ smo2e+ water %amage an% tem$erature*
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% A
T'e e8F su$$orts various tra)ing &un)tions to )'e)2 t'e )om$ati.ility o& t'e inter&a)es* It also su$$orts real-time $er&orman)e monitoring in -7I mo%e t'us ena.ling t'e engineers to lo)ate $er&orman)e &ailures <ui)2ly*
,erfor ance Manage ent

#er&orman)e management &eatures multi$le monitoring an% re$orting $erio%s+ an% t'e a$$ro$riate measurement $oint allo)ation* :or e6am$le+ t'e e8F )an )olle)t $er&orman)e )ounters every 1 or >0 minutes in a%%ition to su$$orting real-time monitoring o& @#Is &or %uration o& one minute* Cit' regar%s $oint allo)ation+ t'e e8F )an su$$ort $er&orman)e measurement at system level or )ell level+ o& neig'.or )ells+ on inter&a)es an% %evi)e usage* T'is ai%s t'e engineer in &ault &in%ing*
Security Manage ent

Se)urity management su$$orts .ot' networ2 level an% user level se)urity servi)es* T'ese in)lu%eL en)ry$tion o& 2ey in&ormation regar%ing t'e user+ user a))ount management an% aut'enti)ation+ a))ess rig't )ontrol an% su$$ort &or in%ustry stan%ar% se)urity $roto)ols S:T# (Se)ure :ile Trans&er #roto)ol!+ SSL (Se)ure So)2et Layer! an% I#Se) (I# Se)urity!*
Software Manage ent

So&tware management wit'in t'e e8F en)om$asses a num.er o& 2ey &eatures* T'ese in)lu%e easy a))essi.ility+ 'ig' e&&i)ien)y an% t'e minimi3ing o& %isru$tion to servi)es %uring so&tware u$gra%es*
&e(loy ent Manage ent

T'e e8F %e$loyment solution )onsists o& automati) i%enti&i)ation o& t'e e8F t'roug' -#S .in%ing an% uni<ue .in%ing an% initial )on&iguration t'roug' a 7SF %rive* In a%%ition+ lo)al )ommissioning is not re<uire% as t'is &un)tion )an .e )arrie% out remotely at t'e 8MC*
E8ui( ent 5 *nventory Manage ent

T'e e<ui$ment management &un)tion in)or$orates a num.er o& &un)tions su)' as inventory re$orting &or t'e main e<ui$ment (me)'ani)al an% ele)tri)al! t'roug' t'e iManager M2000*
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% A>
Glossary
Nu erics 1> HAM (Hua%rature Am$litu%e Mo%ulation 2- (Se)on% -eneration! 0- (T'ir% -eneration! 0-## (T'ir% -eneration #artners'i$ #roDe)t! ,- (:ourt' -eneration! A AC@ (A)2nowle%gement! AM (A)2nowle%ge% Mo%e! AM#S (A%van)e% Mo.ile Tele$'one System! AMS (A%a$tive MIMO Swit)'ing! A#8 (a))ess #oint 8ame! A4H (Automati) 4e$eat 4e<uest! AS (A))ess Stratum! ACS (A%van)e% Cireless Servi)es! 2 FCC" (Froa%)ast Control C'annel! FC" (Froa%)ast C'annel! C CATT (C'ina A)a%emy o& Tele)ommuni)ations Te)'nology! CC (C'ase Com.ining! CCC" (Common Control C'annel! CCE (Control C'annel Element! C11 (Cy)li) 1elay 1iversity! C1MA (Co%e 1ivision Multi$le A))ess! C:I (Control :ormat In%i)ator! C# (Cy)li) #re&i6!
C#C (Continuous #a)2et Conne)tivity! CHI (C'annel Huality In%i)ator! C4C (Cy)li) 4e%un%an)y C'e)2! C-48TI (Cell - 4a%io 8etwor2 Tem$orary I%enti&ier! CS (Cir)uit Swit)'e%! CS (Cy)li) S'i&t! CS- (Close% Su.s)ri.er -rou$! & 1AI (1ownlin2 Assignment In%e6! 1-AM#S (1igital - A%van)e% Mo.ile #'one System! 1C (1ire)t Current! 1CC" (1e%i)ate% Control C'annel! 1C-"S1#A (1ual Cell - "S1#A! 1CI (1ownlin2 Control In&ormation! 1CS (1igital Cellular Servi)e! 1:T (1is)rete :ourier Trans&orm! 1L (1ownlin2! 1L-SC" (1ownlin2 - S'are% C'annel! 1L-SC" (1ownlin2 S'are% C'annel! 14F (1e%i)ate% 4a%io Fearer! 14S (1emo%ulation 4e&eren)e Signal! 14E (1is)ontinuous 4e)e$tion! 1SSS (1ire)t Se<uen)e S$rea% S$e)trum! 1TC" (1e%i)ate% Tra&&i) C'annel! 1TE (1is)ontinuous Transmission! 1w#TS (1ownlin2 #ilot Time Slot!
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% A=
E EA4:C8 (E-7T4A A.solute 4a%io :re<uen)y C'annel 8um.er! E1-E (En'an)e% 1ata 4ates &or -lo.al Evolution! E--SM (E6ten%e% -SM! EMM (E#S Mo.ility Management! e8F (Evolve% 8o%e F! E#C (Evolve% #a)2et Core! E#LM8 (E<uivalent "#LM8! E#S (Evolve% #a)2et System! E-4AF (E#S 4a%io A))ess Fearer! ESM (E#S Session Management! ETACS (E6ten%e% Total A))ess Communi)ation System! ETSI (Euro$ean Tele)ommuni)ations Stan%ar%s Institute! E-7T4A (Evolve% - 7niversal Terrestrial 4a%io A))ess! E-7T4A8 (Evolve% - 7niversal Terrestrial 4a%io A))ess 8etwor2! E?-1O (Evolution-1ata O$timi3e%! F :11 (:re<uen)y 1ivision 1u$le6! :1M (:re<uen)y 1ivision Multi$le6ing! :1MA (:re<uen)y 1ivision Multi$le A))ess! :EC (:orwar% Error Corre)tion! ::T (:ast :ourier Trans&orm! :"SS (:re<uen)y "o$$ing S$rea% S$e)trum! :M (:re<uen)y Mo%ulation! :ST1 (:re<uen)y S'i&t Time 1iversity! G -:(2! (-alois :iel% (2!! -# (-uar% #erio%! -#4S (-eneral #a)2et 4a%io System! -SM (-lo.al System &or Mo.ile )ommuni)ations! -SMA (-SM Asso)iation! -7TI (-lo.ally 7ni<ue Tem$orary I%enti&ier!
? "A4H ("y.ri% A4H! "A4H ("y.ri% Automati) 4e$eat 4e<uest! "e8F ("ome e8F! "I ("A4H In%i)ator! "#LM8 ("ome #LM8! "S1#A ("ig' S$ee% 1ownlin2 #a)2et A))ess! "S#A ("ig' S$ee% #a)2et A))ess! "S-SCC" ("ig' S$ee% - S'are% Control C'annel! "S7#A ("ig' S$ee% 7$lin2 #a)2et 1ata! * I1:T (Inverse 1is)rete :ourier Trans&orm! IEEE (Institute o& Ele)tri)al an% Ele)troni)s Engineers! I::T (Inverse :ast :ourier Trans&orm! IMEI (International Mo.ile E<ui$ment I%entity! IMS (I# Multime%ia Su.system! IMSI (International Mo.ile Su.s)ri.er I%entity! IMT A%van)e% (International Mo.ile Tele)ommuni)ations A%van)e%! IMT2000 (International Mo.ile Tele)ommuni)ations - 2000! I# (Internet #roto)ol! I4 (In)remental 4e%un%an)y! IS-10> (Interim Stan%ar% 10>! ISI (Inter Sym.ol Inter&eren)e! IT7 (International Tele)ommuni)ation 7nion! 4 LCI1 (Logi)al C'annel I%enti&ier! LC4 (Low C'i$ 4ate! LTE (Long Term Evolution! M MAC (Me%ium A))ess Control! MFS:8 (MFMS over Single :re<uen)y 8etwor2! MCS (Mo%ulation an% Co%ing S)'eme! M-C (Me%ia -ateways!
Issue 01 (2010-0 -01! "uawei #ro$rietary an% Con&i%ential Co$yrig't ( "uawei Te)'nologies Co*+ Lt% AA
MIF (Master In&ormation Flo)2! MIMO (Multi$le In$ut Multi$le Out$ut! MME (Mo.ility Management Entity! MSC (Mo.ile Swit)'ing Centre! Msg0 ("ig'er Layer Message! M7-MIMO (Multi 7ser - MIMO! N 8AC@ (8egative A)2nowle%gement! 8AS (8on A))ess Stratum! 81I (8ew 1ata In%i)ator! O O:1M (Ort'ogonal :re<uen)y 1ivision Multi$le6ing! O:1MA (Ort'ogonal :re<uen)y 1ivision Multi$le A))ess! , #A#4 (#ea2 to Average #ower 4atio! #FC" (#'ysi)al Froa%)ast C'annel! #CC" (#aging Control C'annel! #C:IC" (#'ysi)al Control :ormat In%i)ator C'annel! #C" (#aging C'annel! #CS (#ersonal Communi)ations Servi)e! #1CC" (#'ysi)al 1ownlin2 Control C'annel! #1C# (#a)2et 1ata Convergen)e #roto)ol! #18--C (#a)2et 1ata 8etwor2 -ateway! #1SC" (#'ysi)al 1ownlin2 S'are% C'annel!+ #: (#aging :rame! #--SM (#rimary -SM! #" (#ower "ea%room!+ #"IC" (#'ysi)al "y.ri% A4H In%i)ator C'annel! #"4 (#ower "ea%room 4e$ort!+ 2-A #"U (#'ysi)al Layer! PL (#at'loss! #LM8 (#u.li) Lan% Mo.ile 8etwor2! #MI (#re)o%ing Matri6 In%i)ator! #O (#aging O))asion!
#4AC" (#'ysi)al 4an%om A))ess C'annel! #4F (#'ysi)al 4esour)e Flo)2! #S (#a)2et Swit)'e%! #-S (#arallel to Serial! #SS (#rimary Syn)'roni3ation Signal! #TM (#oint-To-Multi$oint! #T# (#oint-To-#oint! #7CC" (#'ysi)al 7$lin2 Control C'annel! #7SC" (#'ysi)al 7$lin2 S'are% C'annel! E HoS (Huality o& Servi)e! H## (Hua%rati) #ermutation #olynomial! H#S@ (Hua%rature #'ase S'i&t @eying! ' 4 (Cell 4an2ing! 4A (4an%om A))ess! 4AC" (4an%om A))ess C'annel! 4A8 (4a%io A))ess 8etwor2! 4A#I1 (4an%om A))ess #ream.le I%enti&ier! 4A-48TI (4an%om A))ess 48TI! 4F (4a%io Fearer! 4F (4esour)e Flo)2! 4F- (4esour)e Flo)2 -rou$s! 4E (4esour)e Element! 4E- (4esour)e Element -rou$! 4--SM (4ailways -SM! 4I (4an2 In%i)ation! 4I? (4esour)e In%i)ation ?alue! 4LC (4a%io Lin2 Control! 48C (4a%io 8etwor2 Controller! 44C (4a%io 4esour)e Control! 4S (4e&eren)e Signals! 4S4# (4e&eren)e Signal 4e)eive% #ower! 4S4H (4e&eren)e Signal 4e)eive% Huality! 4SSI (4e)eive% Signal Strengt' In%i)ator! 4? (4e%un%an)y ?ersion! S S (Cell Sele)tion! SAC (Sto$ An% Cait!
SC-:1MA (Single Carrier :re<uen)y 1ivision Multi$le A))ess! S:FC (S$a)e :re<uen)y Flo)2 Co%ing! S:8 (System :rame 8um.er!+ S--C (Serving -ateway! SI (System In&ormation! SIF (System In&ormation Flo)2! SIF 1 (System In&ormation Flo)2 Ty$e1! SI-48TI (System In&ormation 4a%io 8etwor2 Tem$orary I%enti&ier! SM (S$atial Multi$le6ing! SMS (S'ort Message Servi)e! S-# (Serial to #arallel! S4 (S)'e%uling 4e<uest! S4F (Signaling 4a%io Fearer! S4S (Soun%ing 4e&eren)e Signal! SSS (Se)on%ary Syn)'roni3ation Signal! STC (S$a)e Time Co%ing! S7-MIMO (Single 7ser - MIMO! T TA (Timing Alignment! TAC (Tra)2ing Area Co%e! TACS (Total A))ess Communi)ations System! TAI (Tra)2ing Area I%entity! TF (Trans$ort Flo)2! TFS (Trans$ort Flo)2 Set! TFS (Trans$ort Flo2 Si3e! T1 (Transmit 1iversity! T1-C1MA (Time 1ivision C1MA! T11 (Time 1ivision 1u$le6! T1MA (Time 1ivision Multi$le A))ess! T1-SC1MA (Time 1ivision Syn)'ronous C1MA! T: (Trans$ort :ormat! T:T (Tra&&i) :low Tem$late! TM (Trans$arent Mo%e! T#C (Transmit #ower Control! T#MI (Transmitte% #re)o%ing Matri6 In%i)ator! TTI (Time Transmission Interval! TE (Transmit! 7 7CI (7$lin2 Control In&ormation! 7E (7ser E<ui$ment!
7L (7$lin2! 7L-SC" (7$lin2 S'are% C'annel! 7M (7na)2nowle%ge% Mo%e! 7MF (7ltra Mo.ile Froa%.an%! 7$#TS (7$lin2 #ilot Time Slot! 7SIM (7niversal Su.s)ri.er I%entity Mo%ule! @ ?4F (?irtual 4esour)e Flo)2! : CC1MA (Ci%e.an% C1MA! CiMAE (Corl%wi%e Intero$era.ility &or Mi)rowave A))ess! F BC (Ba%o&&-C'u!
Cautione! :or!s t'e $ort su$$orts se)urity $rote)tion &un)tion
7SF
IMSI/IMEI/I# A%%ress
T'e $riva)y-relate% in&ormation may .e anonymity &or userWs $riva)y $rote)tion

Oea000041 Lte Sae System Overview Issue 1.03

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LTE/SAE System Overview Training Manual Contents

Contents LTE/SAE System Overview Training Manual

LTE/SAE System Overview Training Manual , -lossary

, -lossary LTE/SAE System Overview Training Manual

LTE/SAE System Overview Training Manual , -lossary

Evolution of Cellular Networks

First Generation Mobile Syste s

Secon! Generation Mobile Syste s

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Se)on% -eneration Mo.ile Systems

Thir! Generation Mobile Syste s

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Fourth Generation Mobile Syste s

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LTE/SAE System Overview Training Manual , -lossary

, -lossary LTE/SAE System Overview Training Manual

LTE/SAE System Overview Training Manual , -lossary

"S7#A (4elease >!

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'elease . an! 2eyon!

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+G,, Evolution3 Fro

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4TE Technical Obiectives

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E#S 8etwor2 Ar)'ite)ture-2-/0- Co-e6isten)e

Ope a!" #$ IP%Se &i'e

6# 7ser E8ui( ent

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7ser E<ui$ment :un)tional Elements

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Mobility Manage ent Entity

The Serving Gateway 9S-G:;

The ,&N Gateway

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E-7T'AN ,rotocol Stack Structure

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'a!io 'esource Control

,acket &ata Convergence ,rotocol

'a!io 4ink Control

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<" A((lication ,rotocol

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Control Trans ission ,rotocol

G,'S Tunneling ,rotocol - 7ser

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4TE Air *nterface ,rinci(les

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&ivision Multi(le=ing Overview

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:re<uen)y 1ivision Multi$le

Time 1ivision Multi$le

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Fast Fourier Transfor s

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Inverse :ast :ourier Trans&orm

4TE FFT Si>es

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OF&M Sy bol Ma((ing

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