AP Psychology Outline Chapter 3: The Biological Bases of Behavior Red Definition Blue - !portant Points "reen - !

!portant People # Contri$utions

%ervous &yste!: The Basics '( %eurons ndividual cells in the nervous syste! that receive) integrate) and trans!it infor!ation( a( They are $asic lin*s that allo+ co!!unication +ithin the %ervous &yste!( $( &o!a Cell Body of the neuron that contains the nucleus and !uch of cells nor!al organs( c( Dendrite Parts of a %euron that receives infor!ation( d( A,on -ong fi$er that trans!its infor!ation a+ay to other neurons) !uscles) or glands( e( .yelin &heath nsulating .aterial that encases so!e A,ons( i( t speeds up to trans!ission of infor!ation( f( Ter!inal Button &!all *no$s +here neurotrans!itters are trans!itted activating neigh$oring neurons( g( &ynapse /unction +here infor!ation is trans!itted fro! one neuron to another( h( There is lots of variety a!ong %eurons) so not all neurons contain all these parts( 0( "lia Cells in %ervous &yste! that provides various support for neurons( a( "lial cells supply nourish!ent to neurons) re!ove neurons +aste products) and provide insulation around !any a,ons( The %eural !pulse: 1sing 2nergy to &end nfor!ation '( %eural !pulse The signal that !oves through the %euron( 0( All the &tudy of the %euron done on a &3uids %euron 45hich is !uch $igger than a 6u!ans7 By 6odg*in and 6u,ley( '( %euron At Rest The %euron at rest is a s!all $attery) fro! the uneven on charges fro! the fluid around it of &odiu! 4%a7 and Potassiu! 487( Resting Potential The &ta$le) %egative Charge +hen the Cell is inactive( 0( The Action Potential Action Potential A very $rief shift in a %euron9s electrical charge that travels along an a,on( A$solute Refractory Period .ini!u! length of ti!e after an action potential during +hich another action potential cannot $egin( Only a$out ' or 0 .illiseconds( All-Or-%one -a+ %eural !pulses either :ire or don9t fire( There is no 6alf:ire( A faster Rate of trans!ission !eans a stronger &ti!ulus( 3( The &ynapse &ynaptic Cleft The gap $et+een the ter!inal $utton of one neuron and the cell !e!$rane of another neuron( The t+o .e!$ranes of the different %eurons do not touch( %eurotrans!itters Che!icals that trans!it infor!ation fro! one %euron to another( &ynaptic ;esicles The $ody that %eurotrans!itters are trans!itted across the gap in( Pre-&ynaptic %euron The %euron that sends the &ignal across the "ap( Post-&ynaptic %euron The %euron that receives the &ignal(

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Receptor &ite - 5here the &ynaptic ;esicles $ind releasing the infor!ation into the ne+ %euron(

Receiving &ignals: Postsynaptic Potentials Post-&ynaptic Potential 4P&P7 A voltage change at the receptor site on a postsynaptic cell !e!$rane( P&P9s are not All-Or-Nothing Law; they are graded and increase=decrease the pro$a$ility of a neural i!pulse in the receiving Cell( 2,citatory P&P Positive ;oltage shift) ncreases li*elihood that Postsynaptic %euron +ill fire Action Potentials( nhi$itory P&P %egative ;oltage shift) decreases li*elihood that Postsynaptic %euron +ill fire Action Potentials( The ;oltage shift depends upon +hich Receptor &ites are activated in the Postsynaptic %euron( Reupta*e Process +hich %eurotrans!itters are sponged up fro! the synaptic cleft $y the Presynaptic .e!$rane( Thousands of %eurons are connected to Thousands of %eurons( f there is enough 2,citatory P&P9s) electrical voltage $uilds up to the threshold +here an Action Potential can $e fired( 6o+ever) !any nhi$itory P&P9s +ill cancel the effects of the 2,citatory P&P9s( %eurotrans!itters and Behavior Acetylcholine Trans!itter $et+een .otor %eurons and ;oluntary .uscles( Agonist Che!ical that !i!ics the action of a %eurotrans!itter( Antagonist Che!ical that opposes the action of a %eurotrans!itter( The Agonist causes P&P9s) +hile the Antagonist Bloc*s P&P9s( .onoa!ines 3 %eurotrans!itters: Dopa!ine) %orepinephrine) and &erotonin( Dopa!ine 1sed $y %eurons that Control ;oluntary .ove!ent( '( Degeneration of Dopa!ine leads to Par*inson9s disease( &erotonin Plays a pro!inent role in sleep) +a*efulness) and eating Behavior( A$nor!al levels of .onoa!ines lead to Psychological Disorders( Depression ? -o+ activation of %orepinephrine and &erotonin &ynapses( &chi@ophrenia Over activation of Dopa!ine &ynapses( '( &chi@ophrenia affects 'A of Population) and causes 6ospitali@ation !ore than any Psychological Disorder( 2ffects of Drugs li*e Cocaine and A!pheta!ines are caused $y te!porary increased activity at Dopa!ine and %orepinephrine &ynapses( "ABA "ABA and "lycine acts as inhi$itory effects at all synapses( Plays in An,iety) &ei@ures) and &leep( 2ndorphins nternally produced che!icals that rese!$le Opiates in structure and effects( Candace Pert # &olo!on &nyder: Morphine exerts its effects by binding to specialized receptors in the Brain. 42ndorphin Receptors7 2ndorphins contri$ute to !odulation of Pain and a variety of other things(

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Organi@ation of %ervous &yste! '( Peripheral %ervous &yste! # Central %ervous &yste! a( %erves Bundles of %euron :i$ers 4A,ons7 that are routed together in the Peripheral %ervous &yste!(

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Peripheral %ervous &yste! .ade up of all those nerves that lie outside the Brain and &pinal Cord( a( &o!atic %ervous &yste! .ade up of %erves that connect to voluntary s*eletal .uscles and to &ensory Receptors( i( Afferent %erve :i$ers A,ons that carry in+ard to Central nervous &yste! fro! the Periphery( ii( 2fferent %erve :i$ers A,ons that carry infor!ation out+ard fro! the Central %ervous &yste! to the Periphery of the Body( iii( &o!atic %erves let you BfeelC the +orld and !ove around in it( $( Autono!ic %ervous &yste! .ade up of %erves that connect to the heart) $lood vessels) s!ooth !uscles) and glands( i( "overned $y the Central nervous &yste!( ii( Controls auto!atic) involuntary) visceral functions( iii( Also controls physiological effect of 2!otions( '( :light-Or-:ight Response 5alter Cannon Organis!s respond to threat Physiologically $y preparing for attac*ing 4:ight7 or preparing to flee 4:ight7 iv( &y!pathetic Division Branch of the Autono!ic %ervous &yste! that !o$ili@es the $ody9s resources for e!ergencies( 4:ight-or :light) Adrenaline7 v( Parasy!pathetic Division Branch of the Autono!ic %ervous syste! that generally conserves Bodily Resources( 4Digestion) &lo+ing 6eart Rate) etc(7 Central %ervous &yste! a( Central %ervous &yste! Consists of the $rain and the &pinal Cord( i( Protected $y &heaths called the Meninges( '( nfla!!ation of the Meninges is called the Disease Meningitis( ii( Cere$rospinal :luid %ourishes the Brain=&pinal Cord and provides a protective cushion( iii( &pinal Cord Connects the Brain to the rest of the Body through the Peripheral %ervous &yste!( iv( Brain The Part of the Central %ervous &yste! in the &*ull( .ost !portant(

-oo*ing nside the Brain: Research !ethods '( 2lectrical Recording 2lectroencephalograph 422"7 - Device that !onitors the electrical activity of the Brain over ti!e $y attaching 2lectrodes t the scalp( 0( -esioning Destroying pieces of the Brain and o$serving the effects( .ostly done on Ani!als( 3( 2lectrical &ti!ulation of the Brain 42&B7 &ending a +ea* electric current into a $rain structure to sti!ulate 4activate7 it( <( Transcranial .agnetic &ti!ulation 4T.&7 Techni3ue using .agnets that per!its scientists to te!porarily enhance or depress activity in a specific area of the Brain( >( Brain- !aging Procedures CT( P2T) and .R scans can give scientists i!aging of the Brain and the parts of it that are aroused $y sti!uli( The Brain and Behavior '( 6ind$rain a( 6ind$rain ncludes the Cere$ellu! and t+o structures found in the lo+er part of the $rainste!: The .edulla and the Pons( i( .edulla Controls unconscious $ut vital functions li*e $reathing) $lood flo+) !uscle tone) and refle,es( ii( Pons Bridge of :i$ers that connects the Brainste! to the Cere$ellu!( iii( Cere$ellu! Controls coordination of !ove!ent) sense of e3uili$riu!) and $alance( '( Cere$ellu! is one of the first structures depressed $y Alcohol( $( .id$rain &eg!ent of Brainste! $et+een 6ind$rain and :ore$rain( i( Concerned +ith &enses: &ight) 6earing( ii( Reticular :or!ation n $oth the 6ind$rain and .id$rain) contri$utes to !uscle refle,es) $reathing) pain perception) sleep) and arousal(

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:ore$rain largest and !ost co!ple, region of Brain( ncludes the Thala!us) 6ypothala!us) -i!$ic &yste!) and Cere$ru!( i( Thala!us 5here all sensory infor!ation 42,cept &!ell7 !ust pass to get to the Cere$ral Corte,( ntegrates all &enses( ii( 6ypothala!us Regulates Basic Biological %eeds( Controls Autono!ic %ervous &yste! and 2ndocrine &yste!( '( Regulates the > :9s to &urvival( D:ighting) :leeing) :eeding) :Ec*ing 4.ating7F iii( -i!$ic &yste! -oosely connected net+or* $et+een cere$ral corte, and deeper areas( %ot +ell defined area( '( Controls 2!otion) .e!ory) and .otivation( iv( Cere$ru! -argest and !ost co!ple, part of Brain( Responsi$le for !ost co!ple, !ental activities( '( Controls -earning) Re!e!$ering) Thin*ing) and Consciousness itself( 0( Cere$ral Corte, 5rin*led outer layer of Cere$ru!( 3( Cere$ral 6e!ispheres Right and left halves of Cere$ru!( <( Corpus Callosu! &tructure that connects the t+o cere$ral 6e!ispheres( >( The -o$es Divisions of 6e!ispheres in the Brain( a( Occipital -o$e Pri!ary ;isual Corte,( &ense of &ight( $( Parietal -o$e Pri!ary &o!atosensory corte,( &ense of Touch( c( Te!poral -o$e Pri!ary Auditory Corte,( The &ense of 6earing( d( :rontal -o$e Pri!ary .otor Corte,( Controls !ove!ents of .uscles( -argest -o$e( The Plasticity of the Brain i( 2,perience sculpts features of the Brain structure( ii( Da!age=Destruction of Brain Tissue or &ensory path+ays leads to neural reorgani@ation( iii( Adult $rain can generate ne+ neurons( iv( Gounger Brains are !ore !allea$le than older Brains(

Right Brain=-eft Brain: Cere$ral -aterality '( Roger &perry &tudied &plit Brain in 'HIJ9s( 5on %o$el Pri@e for 5or*( 0( &plit Brain Research a( &plit-Brain &urgery Corpus Callosu! 4Connects the t+o 6e!ispheres7 is cut to reduce severity of 2pileptic &ei@ures( $( 2ach 6e!isphere9s pri!ary connections are to the opposite side of the $ody( i( Right Brain Controls the -eft side of Body) -eft $rain controls Right side of Body( 3( 6e!ispheric &peciali@ation of ntact $rain a( Perceptual Asy!!etries -eft=Right i!$alances $et+een the cere$ral he!ispheres in the speed of visual or auditory processing( $( -eft 6e!isphere ? ;er$al Processing) -anguage) speech) reading) +riting( c( Right 6e!isphere ? %onver$al processing) spatial) !usical) and visual-recognition tas*s( 2ndocrine &yste! '( 2ndocrine &yste! Consists of "lands that secrete che!icals into the $loodstrea! that help control $odily functioning( 0( 6or!ones The che!ical .essengers in the 2ndocrine &yste!( a( 6or!ones travel throughout the $ody !uch slo+er than %eurotrans!itters( $( They regulate !any physical and Behavioral functions( 3( Pituitary "land Based in the 6ypothala!us) it releases the 6or!ones into the $ody( <( The 2ndocrine &yste! is in charge of the Adrenaline effect(

6eredity and Behavior '( Behavioral "enetics :ield that studies the influence of "enetic :actors on Behavioral Traits( 0( Basic Principles of "enetics a( Chro!oso!es &trands of D%A that carry "enetic nfor!ation( $( Kygote &ingle Cell for!ed $y the union of a &per! and 2gg( c( "enes D%A seg!ents that serve as *ey units in 6ereditary Trans!ission( i( Chro!oso!es co!e in 03 Pairs) <I Total( d( 6o!o@ygous T+o genes in a specific Pair are the &a!e( e( 6etero@ygous T+o genes on a specific pair are Different( i( Do!inant "ene "ene that is 2,pressed +hen paired "enes are different( ii( Recessive "ene "ene that is .as*ed +hen paired "enes are different( f( "enotype Persons "enetic .a*eup( g( Phenotype 5ays in +hich a "enotype is sho+n in O$serva$le Characteristics( h( Polygenic Traits Characteristics that are influenced $y !ore than ' Pair of "enes( 3( 6eredity Research .ethods a( :a!ily &tudies Researchers co!pare Blood relatives to see ho+ !uch they are si!ilar in a trait( i( .ore si!ilarity +ill $e found a!ong fa!ily !e!$ers +ho share !ore genes( 42(g( &i$lings(7 $( T+in &tudies Researchers assess hereditary influence $y co!paring the rese!$lance of dentical and :raternal T+ins on a specific trait( c( dentical T+ins 2!erge fro! one Kygote that splits for un*no+n reasons( d( :raternal T+ins 2!erge fro! t+o eggs $eing si!ultaneously fertili@ed $y different sper! cells( i( dentical T+ins are genetically 'JJA &a!e( ii( :raternal T+ins are genetically >JA &a!e( e( Adoption &tudies Assess 6ereditary influence $y e,a!ining the rese!$lance $et+een adopted children and $oth Biological and Adoptive parents( <( "enetic .apping Process of deter!ining the location and che!ical se3uence of specific genes on specific chro!oso!es( >( nterplay of 6eredity and 2nviron!ent a( Both 6eredity and 2nviron!ent effect Behavior( 2volutionary Bases of Behavior '( Charles Dar+in a( :itness The reproductive success of an individual organis! in co!parison to population( i( B&urvival of the :ittestC $( %atural &election 6erita$le characteristics that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are !ore li*ely to $e passed on to latter generations( i( %atural selection +or*s on populations) not individual organis!s( Refine!ents to 2volution 0( Theodore Do$@hans*y By using the 6ereditary +or* of "regor .endel) synthesi@ed 2volution into a +idely accepted theory on 'H>J9s( 3( Adaptation nherited characteristic that increased in a population through %atural &election) $ecause it solved a pro$le! of survival or Reproduction +hen it e!erged( <( nclusive :itness ndividuals o+n reproductive success plus the effects the organis! has on the reproductive success of others( a( The !ore closely genetically related one is) the !ore li*ely to perfor! &elf-&acrifice( Behavior as an Adaptive Trait Behavior Adapts over "enerations to help avoid Predators and to Reproduce(