Fundamentals in Networks

Fundamental Computer Networks Concepts

In the world of computers, networking is the practice

of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data, resources, and information.

Networks are built with a combination of computer

hardware and computer software. Simply, more than one computer interconnected through a communication medium for information interchange is called a computer network.

Networks may be classified according to a wide variety

of characteristics, such as the medium used to transport the data, communications protocol used, scale, topology, and organizational scope.

Networking History
ARPAnet: The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network was the world's first operational packet switching network and the progenitor of what was to become the global Internet. The initial purpose was to communicate with and share computer resources among mainly scientific users at the connected institutions. ARPANET took advantage of the new idea of sending information in small units called packets.

ALOHA: Aboriginal Lands of Hawaiian Ancestry. Its purpose was to link the University mainframe computer to client computers located on outer islands at University campuses. ALOHAnet became operational in June, 1971, providing the first public demonstration of a wireless packet data network.
TCP/IP: (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network (either an intranet or an extranet). When you are set up with direct access to the Internet, your computer is provided with a copy of the TCP/IP program just as every other computer that you may send messages to or get information from also has a copy of TCP/IP. The difference is that TCP is responsible for the data delivery of a packet and IP is responsible for the logical addressing. In other words, IP obtains the address and TCP guarantees delivery of data to that address. ISO Model: Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. Consisting of seven layers to describe networked systems. each element provides a set of services to the layer above.

DARPA:The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency is an agency of the United States Department of Defense (DoD) responsible for the development of new technologies for use by the military. DARPA has been responsible for funding the development of many technologies which have had a major effect on the world, including computer networking. packet switching: Refers to protocols in which messages are divided into packets before they are sent. that are typically routed from source to destination using network switches and routers. Each packet contains address information that identifies the sending computer and intended recipient. Using these addresses, network switches and routers determine how best to transfer the packet between hops (a hop represents one portion of the path between source and destination ) on the path to its destination.

Networking History, cont.

Networks are complex! many pieces: hosts routers links of various media applications protocols hardware, software
router: A hardware device designed to take incoming packets, analyzing the packets and then directing them to the appropriate locations, moving the packets to another network, converting the packets to be moved across a different network interface, dropping the packets, or performing any other number of other actions.

host: A computer that acts as a source of information or signals. The term can refer to any computer, from a centralized mainframe to a server to a client PC (user's machine). In a network, clients and servers are hosts because they are both sources of information in contrast to network devices, such as routers and switches, which are responsible only for directing traffic.

protocols
In computer protocols means a set of rules, a communication language or set of standards between two or more computing devices. Protocols exist at the several levels of the OSI (open system interconnectivity) layers model. In the telecommunication system, there are one more protocols at each layer of the telephone exchange. On the internet, there is a suite of the protocols known as TCP/IP protocols that are consisting of transmission control protocol, internet protocol, file transfer protocol, dynamic host configuration protocol, Border gateway protocol (which makes core routing decisions on the Internet ) and a number of other protocols.
Protocols Properties Different protocols perform different functions so it is difficult to generalize the properties of the protocols. There are some basic properties of most of the protocols. Detection of the physical (wired or wireless connection) How to format a message. How to send and receive a message. Negotiation of the various connections Correction of the corrupted or improperly formatted messages. Termination of the session.

Introduction: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1.3 Network core 1.4 Network access and physical media 1.5 Protocol layers, service models

Whats the Internet?

millions of connected computing devices: called

systems, or nodes (Hardware Devices)

hosts run network applications

hosts, end

PCs, workstations, servers PDAs, phones, toasters

communication links

End systems are not usually connected through direct links (point-

fiber, copper, radio, satellite transmission rate = bandwidth Measured in bits/second

to-point) but rather indirectly through Packet switches Packet switches have two famous forms:

Routers and link-layer switches: forward packets (chunks of data)

through the network Main working principle: takes packets arriving on one of the incoming communication links and forward that packet into one of the outgoing links.

Whats the Internet?

Route (path): the sequence

of communication links and packet switches traversed by a packet End systems access the Internet through ISP

router server local ISP

workstation mobile

Each ISP is a network of packet switches and communication links

regional ISP

company network

Whats the Internet?

protocols control sending &

receiving of msgs.

router server

workstation
mobile

e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, PPP

Protocols are the software part

of the Internet Internet standards define what each and every protocol does

local ISP

Internet: network of networks

IEEE: for network links

regional ISP

public Internet versus private intranet

company network

Whats a protocol?
human protocols: whats the time? I have a question introductions specific msgs sent specific actions taken when msgs received, or other events

network protocols: machines communicating rather than humans all communication activities in the Internet are governed by protocols

protocols define the format and order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on message transmission and receipt

Whats a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:
Hi Hi
Got the time?

TCP connection request TCP connection response

Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross

2:00

<file>

time Q: Other human protocols?

Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1.3 Network core 1.4 Network access and physical media 1.5 Protocol layers, service models

A closer look at network structure:

network edge: applications and hosts network core:

routers network of networks

access networks,

physical media:

communication links connect the edges via the core

The network edge:

end systems (hosts):

Any device/machine connected at the edge of network Run (host) application programs
e.g. Web, email

client/server model

HW view: SW view:

Clints: desktop PC or mobile devices Servers: more powerful machines Client program & server program

client requests & receives service from always-on server

e.g. Web browser/server; email client/server

peer-peer model:

minimal (or no) use of dedicated servers e.g. Skype

Network edge: connection-oriented service

Goal: data transfer between end
systems

TCP service Connection

handshaking: setup (prepare

for) data transfer ahead of time

Only the end systems are aware

Hello, hello back human protocol set up state in two communicating hosts

oriented implies : reliable, in-order bytestream data transfer

of the connection type. (connection oriented) TCP - Transmission Control Protocol

ALL data delivered without error Achieved through the use of acknowledgements and retransmissions

Internets connection-oriented service

Network edge: connectionless service

Goal: data transfer

between end systems

same as before!

Apps using TCP:

HTTP (Web), FTP (file

NO handshaking faster

transfer), SMTP (email)

UDP - User Datagram

Protocol: connectionless unreliable data transfer no flow control no congestion control

Apps using UDP:

streaming media,

teleconferencing, Internet telephony

Introduction: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1.3 Network core 1.4 Network access and physical media 1.5 Protocol layers, service models

Network Topology

The Network Core

mesh of interconnected

routers the fundamental question: how is data transferred through net? circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call: telephone net packet-switching: data sent thru net in discrete chunks
Illustration of a partial mesh network

Introduction: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1.3 Network core 1.4 Network access and physical media 1.5 Protocol layers, service models

Access networks and physical media

Q: How to connect end systems to edge router?
residential access nets institutional access

networks (school, company) mobile access networks

Residential access: point-to-point access

Dialup via modem (voiceband

modem) up to 56Kbps direct access to router (often less) Cant surf and phone at same time: cant be always on ADSL: asymmetric digital subscriber line up to 1 Mbps upstream (today typically < 256 kbps) up to 8 Mbps downstream (today typically < 1 Mbps)

Residential services often have higher downstream rates than upstream, while institutional services are often symmetric.

Company access: local area networks

company/univ local area

network (LAN) connects end system to edge router Ethernet: shared or dedicated link connects end system and router 10 Mbs, 100Mbps, Gigabit Ethernet

Wireless access networks

shared

connects end system to router

wireless access network

router
base station

via base station aka access point

wireless LANs (WiFi): 802.11b: 11 Mbps (2.4 GHz ISM) 802.11g: 54 Mbps (2.4 GHz ISM) 802.11a: 54 Mbps (5 GHz ISM)
wider-area wireless access provided by telco operator 3G ~ 384 kbp WAP/GPRS in Europe

mobile hosts

Home networks
Typical home network components: ADSL or cable modem router/firewall Ethernet wireless access point
wireless laptops wireless access point

to/from cable headend

cable modem

router/ firewall Ethernet

Physical media: radio

signal carried in

Radio link types:

WLAN (e.g., Wifi) 2Mbps, 11Mbps, 54 Mbps

electromagnetic spectrum no physical wire bidirectional propagation environment effects:

wide-area (e.g., cellular) e.g. 3G: hundreds of kbps

satellite Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or multiple smaller channels) 270 msec end-end delay geosynchronous versus low altitude

reflection obstruction by objects interference

Internet protocol stack

application: supporting network

applications

FTP, SMTP, HTTP

application transport network link

transport: host-host data transfer TCP, UDP network: routing of datagrams from

source to destination

IP, routing protocols

link: data transfer between

neighboring network elements

PPP, Ethernet

physical

physical: bits on the wire

Network Communications
ISO Level Service Level

5-7 Applications: HTTP, SMTP, FTP, ..

4 Transport: TCP and UDP 3 Network: IP for addressing and routing packets 1-2 Data Link and Physical Transport:
for detecting and correcting errors

(Ethernet, Wireless,)

Media Access Control address (MAC address)