Annex V: Vulnerability Factors Identification Checklist 1 Vulnerability Factors Identification

Appropriate checklists for different types of hospital buildings are given in this section. Checklists available for certain building types are taken from FEMA 310 Handbook for the Seismic Evaluation of Buildings, and checklist for some building types !hich are not included in FEMA 310 are developed as per "epal "ational #uilding Code. $he checklist covers the basic vulnerability factors related to building systems lateral force resisting systems connections and diaphragms !hich !ill be evaluated mostly based on visual observation.

1.1

Structural Assessment Checklist for Type 1 Buildings (Adobe, Stone in Mud, Brick in Mud)

Building System C "C "%A "& '(A)E* $he building shall be symmetrical in plan and regular in elevation. C "C "%A "& )+,),+$-," -" ).A"* $he breadth to length ratio of the building shall be !ithin 1*3. $he breadth to length ratio of any room or area enclosed by load bearing !alls inside the building shall be also !ithin 1*3. $he building height shall be not more than three times the !idth of the building. C "C "%A "& '$,+E/ (E-0($* $he floor to floor height of the building shall be in bet!een 123 m. C "C "%A "& "3M#E+ ,F '$,+E/'* $he building shall be up to t!o storeys only. C "C "%A "& F,3"4A$-,"* $he foundation !idth and depth shall be at least 56cm. Masonry unit shall be of flat2bedded stones or regular2si7ed !ell2burnt bricks. Mortar 8oints shall not be e9ceeding 10mm in any case. $here shall be no mud2packing in the core of the foundation. C "C "%A "& '.,)-"0 0+,3"4* $he slope of the ground !here the building lies shall not be more than 10o :1*3 vertical* hori7ontal; C "C "%A "& ).3M#.-"E* <alls of the foundation and superstructure shall be true to plumb line and the !idth of the !all shall be uniform. C "C "%A "& <A.. C,+E* $here shall be no mortar packing in the core of the !all. C "C "%A "& $(+,30(2'$,"E'* -n case of stone building the !alls shall have plenty of through2stones e9tending the !hole !idth of the !alls. $he ma9imum spacing of such through2stones shall be !ithin 1.1m hori7ontally and 0.=m vertically. C "C "%A "& <A.. $(-C&"E''* $he minimum !all thickness for different storey heights shall not be less than Masonry $ype 'tone #rick "o of 'torey ,ne 3>02>60 130 $!o >60 360

C "C "%A "& 3"'3)),+$E4 <A.. .E"0$(* $he ma9imum length of unsupported !all shall not be more than 11 times its thickness. -f the length of unsupported !all is more than 11 times its thickness buttressing shall be provided. C "C "%A "& (E-0($ ,F <A..'* $he thickness to height ratio of a !all shall not be more than 1*? for stone building and brick building.

C "C "%A "& ,)E"-"0' -" <A..* $he ma9imum combined !idth of the openings on a !all bet!een t!o consecutive cross2!alls shall not be more than 36@ of the total !all length for one2storey building and not more than 16@ of the total !all length in t!o2 storey building. C "C "%A "& ),'-$-," ,F ,)E"-"0'* ,penings shall not be located at corners or 8unctions of a !all. ,penings shall not be placed closer to an internal corner of a !all than half the opening height or 1.6 times the !all thickness !hichever is greater. $he !idth of pier bet!een t!o openings shall not be less than half of the opening height or 1.6 times the !all thickness !hichever is greater. $he vertical distance bet!een t!o openings shall not be less than 0.=m or half the !idth of the smaller opening !hichever is grater. C "C "%A "& .,A4 )A$(* $he structure shall contain one complete load path for .ife 'afety and -mmediate ,ccupancy for seismic force effects from any hori7ontal direction that serves to transfer the inertial forces from the mass to the foundation. C "C "%A "& AE+$-CA. 4-'C,"$-"3-$-E'* All vertical elements in the lateral2force2resisting system shall be continuous to the foundation. C "C "%A "& MA''* $here shall be no change in effective mass more than 60@ from one story to the ne9t. C "C "%A "& $,+'-,"* $he distance bet!een the story center of mass and the story center of rigidity shall be less than 10@ of the building !idth in either plan dimension. C "C "%A "& MA',"+/ 3"-$'* $here shall be no visible deterioration of masonry units. C "C "%A "& <A.. C+AC&'* $here shall be no e9isting diagonal cracks in !all elements greater than 1%1=B or out2of2plane offsets in the bed 8oint greater than 1%1=B. C "C "%A "& MA',"+/ .A/23)* Filled collar 8oints of multi!ythe masonry !alls shall have negligible voids. C "C "%A "& AE+$-CA. +E-"F,+CEME"$* $here shall be vertical reinforcement at all corners and $28unctions of masonry !alls and it shall be started from foundation and continuous to roof. C "C "%A "& (,+-C,"$A. #A"4'* $here shall be steel or !ooden bands located at the plinth sill and lintel levels of the building in each floor. C "C "%A "& C,+"E+ '$-$C(* $here shall be reinforced concrete or !ooden elements connecting t!o orthogonal !alls at a vertical distance of at least 0.6m to 0.5m. C "C "%A "& 0A#.E #A"4* -f the roof is slopped roof gable band shall be provided to the building. Lateral Force Resisting System C "C "%A "& +E43"4A"C/* $he number of lines of !alls in each principal direction shall be greater than or eDual to 1. Diaphragms C "C "%A "& 4-A0,"A. #+AC-"0* All fle9ible structural elements of diaphragms such as 8oists and rafters shall be diagonally braced and each crossing of a 8oist%rafter and a brace shall be properly fi9ed. C "C "%A "& .A$E+A. +E'$+A-"E+'* Each 8oists and rafters shall be restrained by timber keys in both sides of !all.

1.2

Structural Assessment Checklist for Type Buildings and Stone in Cement Buildings)

Buildings (Brick in Cement

Building System C "C "%A "& .,A4 )A$(* $he structure shall contain one complete load path for .ife 'afety and -mmediate ,ccupancy for seismic force effects from any hori7ontal direction that serves to transfer the inertial forces from the mass to the foundation. C "C "%A "& <EA& '$,+/* $he strength of the lateral2force2resisting system in any story shall not be less than ?0@ of the strength in an ad8acent story above. C "C "%A "& ',F$ '$,+/* $he stiffness of the lateral2force2resisting system in any story shall not be less than 50@ of the stiffness in an ad8acent story above or belo! or less than ?0@ of the average stiffness of the three stories above or belo!. C "C "%A "& 0E,ME$+/* $here shall be no changes in hori7ontal dimension of the lateral2force2 resisting system of more than 30@ in a story relative to ad8acent stories. C "C "%A "& AE+$-CA. 4-'C,"$-"3-$-E'* All vertical elements in the lateral2force2resisting system shall be continuous to the foundation. C "C "%A "& MA''* $here shall be no change in effective mass more than 60@ from one story to the ne9t. C "C "%A "& $,+'-,"* $he distance bet!een the story center of mass and the story center of rigidity shall be less than 10@ of the building !idth in either plan dimension. C "C "%A "& 4E$E+-,+A$-," ,F C,"C+E$E* $here shall be no visible deterioration of concrete or reinforcing steel in any of the vertical2 or lateral2force2resisting elements. C "C "%A "& MA',"+/ 3"-$'* $here shall be no visible deterioration of masonry units. C "C "%A "& MA',"+/ E,-"$'* $he mortar shall not be easily scraped a!ay from the 8oints by hand !ith a metal tool and there shall be no areas of eroded mortar. C "C "%A "& 3"+E-"F,+CE4 MA',"+/ <A.. C+AC&'* $here shall be no e9isting diagonal cracks in !all elements greater than 1%1=B or out2of2plane offsets in the bed 8oint greater than 1%1=B. C "C "%A "& )+,),+$-,"'* $he height2to2thickness ratio of the shear !alls at each story shall be less than the follo!ing for .ife 'afety and -mmediate ,ccupancy* $op story of multi2story building* First story of multi2story building* All other conditions* F 16 13

C "C "%A "& MA',"+/ .A/23)* Filled collar 8oints of multi!ythe masonry !alls shall have negligible voids. C "C "%A "& AE+$-CA. +E-"F,+CEME"$* $here shall be vertical reinforcement at all corners and $28unctions of masonry !alls and it shall be started from foundation and continuous to roof. C "C "%A "& (,+-C,"$A. #A"4'* $here shall be steel or !ooden bands located at the plinth sill and lintel levels of the building in each floor. C "C "%A "& C,+"E+ '$-$C(* $here shall be reinforced concrete or !ooden elements connecting t!o orthogonal !alls at a vertical distance of at least 0.6m to 0.5m. C "C "%A "& 0A#.E #A"4* -f the roof is slopped roof gable band shall be provided to the building.

C "C "%A "& $(+,30(2'$,"E'* -n case of stone building the !alls shall have plenty of through2stones e9tending the !hole !idth of the !alls. $he ma9imum spacing of such through2stones shall be !ithin 1.1m hori7ontally and 0.=m vertically. Lateral Force Resisting System C "C "%A "& +E43"4A"C/* $he number of lines of shear !alls in each principal direction shall be greater than or eDual to 1. C "C "%A "& '(EA+ '$+E'' C(EC&* $he shear stress in the unreinforced masonry shear !alls shall be less than 16 psi for clay units and 30 psi for concrete units. Diaphragms C "C "%A "& ,)E"-"0' A$ '(EA+ <A..'* 4iaphragm openings immediately ad8acent to the shear !alls shall be less than 16@ of the !all length. C "C "%A "& ,)E"-"0' A$ EG$E+-,+ MA',"+/ '(EA+ <A..'* 4iaphragm openings immediately ad8acent to e9terior masonry shear !alls shall not be greater than > ft. long. C "C "%A "& ).A" -++E03.A+-$-E'* $here shall be tensile capacity to develop the strength of the diaphragm at re2entrant corners or other locations of plan irregularities C "C "%A "& 4-A)(+A0M +E-"F,+CEME"$ A$ ,)E"-"0'* $here shall be reinforcing around all diaphragms openings larger than 60@ of the building !idth in either ma8or plan dimension. C "C "%A "& 4-A0,"A. #+AC-"0* -f there is fle9ible diaphragms such as 8oists and rafters shall be diagonally braced and each crossing of a 8oist%rafter and a brace shall be properly fi9ed. C "C "%A "& .A$E+A. +E'$+A-"E+'* For fle9ible roof and floor each 8oists and rafters shall be restrained by timber keys in both sides of !all. Connections C "C "%A "& <A.. A"C(,+A0E* E9terior concrete or masonry !alls shall be anchored for out2of2plane forces at each diaphragm level !ith steel anchors or straps that are developed into the diaphragm. C "C "%A "& $+A"'FE+ $, '(EA+ <A..'* 4iaphragms shall be reinforced and connected for transfer of loads to the shear !alls and the connections shall be able to develop the shear strength of the !alls. C "C "%A "& A"C(,+ ')AC-"0* E9terior masonry !alls shall be anchored to the floor and roof systems at a spacing 3 ft. or less. Additional Factors for Stone Buildings C "C "%A "& "3M#E+ ,F '$,+E/'* $he number of storeys of the stone building shall be limited to 1 storeys. C "C "%A "& 3"'3)),+$E4 <A.. .E"0$(* $he ma9imum unsupported length of a !all bet!een cross2!alls shall be limited to 6m.

1.3

Structural Assessment Checklist for Type ! Buildings ("einforced Concrete #rdinary$Moment$"esisting$%rame Buildings)

Building System C "C "%A "& .,A4 )A$(* $he structure shall contain one complete load path for seismic force effects from any hori7ontal direction that serves to transfer the inertial forces from the mass to the foundation. C "C "%A "& <EA& '$,+/* $he strength of the lateral2force2resisting system in any story shall not be less than ?0@ of the strength in an ad8acent story above or belo!. C "C "%A "& ',F$ '$,+/* $he stiffness of the lateral2force2resisting system in any story shall not be less than 50@ of the stiffness in an ad8acent story above or belo! or less than ?0@ of the average stiffness of the three stories above or belo!. C "C "%A "& 0E,ME$+/* $here shall be no changes in hori7ontal dimension of the lateral2force2 resisting system of more than 30@ in a story relative to ad8acent stories. C "C "%A "& AE+$-CA. 4-'C,"$-"3-$-E'* All vertical elements in the lateral2force2resisting system shall be continuous to the foundation. C "C "%A "& MA''* $here shall be no change in effective mass more than 60@ from one story to the ne9t. C "C "%A "& $,+'-,"* $he distance bet!een the story center of mass and the story center of rigidity shall be less than 10@ of the building !idth in either plan dimension. C "C "%A "& 4E$E+-,+A$-," ,F C,"C+E$E* $here shall be no visible deterioration of concrete or reinforcing steel in any of the vertical2 or lateral2force2resisting elements. C "C "%A "& MA',"+/ 3"-$'* $here shall be no visible deterioration of masonry units. C "C "%A "& MA',"+/ E,-"$'* $he mortar shall not be easily scraped a!ay from the 8oints by hand !ith a metal tool and there shall be no areas of eroded mortar. C "C "%A "& C+AC&' -" -"F-.. <A..'* $here shall be no e9isting diagonal cracks in infill !alls that e9tend throughout a panel are greater than 1%1=B or have out2of2plane offsets in the bed 8oint greater than 1%1=B. C "C "%A "& C+AC&' -" #,3"4A+/ C,.3M"'* $here shall be no e9isting diagonal cracks !ider than 1%1=B in concrete columns that encase masonry infills. Lateral Force Resisting System C "C "%A "& +E43"4A"C/* $he number of lines of shear !alls in each principal direction shall be greater than or eDual to 1. C "C "%A "& '(EA+ '$+E'' C(EC&* $he shear stress in the unreinforced masonry shear !alls shall be less than 16 psi for clay units and 30 psi for concrete units. C "C "%A "& <A.. C,""EC$-,"'* All infill !alls shall have a positive connection to the frame to resist out2of2plane forces and the connection shall be able to develop the out2 of2plane strength of the !all. C "C "%A "& 4EF.EC$-," C,M)A$-#-.-$/* 'econdary components shall have the shear capacity to develop the fle9ural strength of the elements and shall have ductile detailing.

C "C "%A "& +E-"F,+C-"0 A$ ,)E"-"0'* All !all openings that interrupt rebar shall have trim reinforcing on all sides. C "C "%A "& )+,),+$-,"'* $he height2to2thickness ratio of the infill !alls at each story shall be less than ?. C "C "%A "& ',.-4 <A..'* $he infill !alls shall not be of cavity construction. C "C "%A "& -"F-.. <A..'* $he infill !alls shall be continuous to the soffits of the frame beams. Diaphragms C "C "%A "& 4-A)(+A0M C,"$-"3-$/* $he diaphragms shall not be composed of split2level floors. C "C "%A "& ,)E"-"0' A$ '(EA+ <A..'* 4iaphragm openings immediately ad8acent to the shear !alls shall be less than 16@ of the !all length. C "C "%A "& ).A" -++E03.A+-$-E'* $here shall be tensile capacity to develop the strength of the diaphragm at re2entrant corners or other locations of plan irregularities. C "C "%A "& 4-A)(+A0M +E-"F,+CEME"$ A$ ,)E"-"0'* $here shall be reinforcing around all diaphragms openings larger than 60@ of the building !idth in either ma8or plan dimension. Connections C "C "%A "& $+A"'FE+ $, '(EA+ <A..'* 4iaphragms shall be reinforced and connected for transfer of loads to the shear !alls and the connections shall be able to develop the shear strength of the !alls. C "C "%A "& C,"C+E$E C,.3M"'* All concrete columns shall be do!eled into the foundation and the do!els shall be able to develop the tensile capacity of the column.

1.4

Structural Assessment Checklist for Type & and Type ' Buildings ("einforced Concrete (ntermediate$Moment$"esisting$%rame and Special$Moment$"esisting$%rame Buildings)

Building System C "C "%A "& .,A4 )A$(* $he structure shall contain one complete load path for seismic force effects from any hori7ontal direction that serves to transfer the inertial forces from the mass to the foundation. C "C "%A "& A4EACE"$ #3-.4-"0'* An ad8acent building shall not be located ne9t to the structure being evaluated closer than >@ of the height. C "C "%A "& <EA& '$,+/* $he strength of the lateral2force2resisting system in any story shall not be less than ?0@ of the strength in an ad8acent story above or belo!. C "C "%A "& ',F$ '$,+/* $he stiffness of the lateral2force2resisting system in any story shall not be less than 50@ of the stiffness in an ad8acent story above or belo! or less than ?0@ of the average stiffness of the three stories above or belo!. C "C "%A "& 0E,ME$+/* $here shall be no changes in hori7ontal dimension of the lateral2force2 resisting system of more than 30@ in a story relative to ad8acent stories. C "C "%A "& AE+$-CA. 4-'C,"$-"3-$-E'* All vertical elements in the lateral2force2resisting system shall be continuous to the foundation.

C "C "%A "& MA''* $here shall be no change in effective mass more than 60@ from one story to the ne9t. C "C "%A "& $,+'-,"* $he distance bet!een the story center of mass and the story center of rigidity shall be less than 10@ of the building !idth in either plan dimension. C "C "%A "& 4E$E+-,+A$-," ,F C,"C+E$E* $here shall be no visible deterioration of concrete or reinforcing steel in any of the vertical2 or lateral2force2resisting elements. Lateral Force Resisting System C "C "%A "& +E43"4A"C/* $he number of lines of moment frames in each principal direction shall be greater than or eDual to 1. $he number of bays of moment frames in each line shall be greater than or eDual to 3. C "C "%A "& -"$E+FE+-"0 <A..'* All infill !alls placed in moment frames shall be isolated from structural elements. C "C "%A "& '(EA+ '$+E'' C(EC&* $he shear stress in the concrete columns shall be less than 100 psi or 1 f c H . C "C "%A "& AG-A. '$+E'' C(EC&* $he a9ial stress due to gravity loads in columns sub8ected to overturning forces calculated using the Iuick Check shall be less than 0.10 f c . Alternatively the a9ial stresses due to overturning forces alone calculated using the Iuick Check shall be less than 0.30 f c . C "C "%A "& F.A$ '.A# F+AME'* $he lateral2force2resisting system shall not be a frame consisting of columns and a flat slab%plate !ithout beams. C "C "%A "& '(,+$ CA)$-AE C,.3M"'* $here shall be no columns at a level !ith height%depth ratios less than 56@ of the nominal height%depth ratio of the typical columns at that level. C "C "%A "& ", '(EA+ FA-.3+E'* $he shear capacity of frame members shall be able to develop the moment capacity at the top and bottom of the columns. C "C "%A "& '$+,"0 C,.3M"%<EA& #EAM* $he sum of the moment capacity of the columns shall be 10@ greater than that of the beams at frame 8oints. C "C "%A "& #EAM #A+'* At least t!o longitudinal top and t!o longitudinal bottom bars shall e9tend continuously throughout the length of each frame beam. At least 16@ of the longitudinal bars provided at the 8oints for either positive or negative moment shall be continuous throughout the length of the members. C "C "%A "& C,.3M"2#A+ ').-CE'* All columns bar lap splice lengths shall be greater than 60 db and shall be enclosed by ties spaced at or less than ? d b. C "C "%A "& #EAM2#A+ ').-CE'* $he lap splices for longitudinal beam reinforcing shall not be located !ithin lb%> of the 8oints and shall not be located !ithin the vicinity of potential plastic hinge locations. C "C "%A "& C,.3M"2$-E ')AC-"0* Frame columns shall have ties spaced at or less than d%> throughout their length and at or less than ? db at all potential plastic hinge locations. C "C "%A "& '$-++3) ')AC-"0* All beams shall have stirrups spaced at or less than d%1 for throughout their length. At potential plastic hinge locations stirrups shall be spaced at or less than the minimum of ? db or d%>. C "C "%A "& E,-"$ +E-"F,+C-"0* #eam2column 8oints shall have ties spaced at or less than ?db. C "C "%A "& E,-"$ ECCE"$+-C-$/* $here shall be no eccentricities larger than 10@ of the smallest column plan dimension bet!een girder and column centrelines.

C "C "%A "& '$-++3) A"4 $-E (,,&'* $he beam stirrups and column ties shall be anchored into the member cores !ith hooks of 136J or more. C "C "%A "& 4EF.EC$-," C,M)A$-#-.-$/* 'econdary components shall have the shear capacity to develop the fle9ural strength of the elements and shall have ductile detailing. Diaphragms C "C "%A "& 4-A)(+A0M C,"$-"3-$/* $he diaphragms shall not be composed of split2level floors. C "C "%A "& ).A" -++E03.A+-$-E'* $here shall be tensile capacity to develop the strength of the diaphragm at re2entrant corners or other locations of plan irregularities. C "C "%A "& 4-A)(+A0M +E-"F,+CEME"$ A$ ,)E"-"0'* $here shall be reinforcing around all diaphragms openings larger than 60@ of the building !idth in either ma8or plan dimension. Connections C "C "%A "& C,"C+E$E C,.3M"'* All concrete columns shall be do!eled into the foundation and the do!els shall be able to develop the tensile capacity of the column.

1.5

Structural Assessment Checklist for Type ) Buildings (Shed type building)

Building System C "C "%A "& '(A)E* $he building shall be symmetrical in plan and regular in elevation. C "C "%A "& "3M#E+ ,F '$,+E/'* $he building shall be up to t!o storeys only. C "C "%A "& F,3"4A$-,"* $he foundation !idth and depth shall be at least 56cm. Masonry unit shall be of flat2bedded stones or regular2si7ed !ell2burnt bricks. Mortar 8oints shall not be e9ceeding 10mm in any case. $here shall be no mud2packing in the core of the foundation. C "C "%A "& '.,)-"0 0+,3"4* $he slope of the ground !here the building lies shall not be more than 10o :1*3 vertical* hori7ontal; C "C "%A "& 3"'3)),+$E4 <A.. .E"0$(* $he ma9imum length of unsupported !all shall not be more than 11 times its thickness. -f the length of unsupported !all is more than 11 times its thickness buttressing shall be provided. C "C "%A "& (E-0($ ,F <A..'* $he thickness to height ratio of a !all shall not be more than 1*? for stone building and 1*11 for brick building. C "C "%A "& ,)E"-"0' -" <A..* $he ma9imum combined !idth of the openings on a !all bet!een t!o consecutive cross2!alls shall not be more than 36@ of the total !all length. C "C "%A "& ),'-$-," ,F ,)E"-"0'* ,penings shall not be located at corners or 8unctions of a !all. ,penings shall not be placed closer to an internal corner of a !all than half the opening height or 1.6 times the !all thickness !hichever is greater. $he !idth of pier bet!een t!o openings shall not be less than half of the opening height or 1.6 times the !all thickness !hichever is greater. $he vertical distance bet!een t!o openings shall not be less than 0.=m or half the !idth of the smaller opening !hichever is greater. C "C "%A "& (,+-C,"$A. #A"4'* $here shall be steel or !ooden bands located at the plinth sill and lintel levels of the building in each floor.

C "C "%A "& C,+"E+ '$-$C(* $here shall be reinforced concrete or !ooden elements connecting t!o orthogonal !alls at a vertical distance of at least 0.6m to 0.5m. C "C "%A "& 0A#.E #A"4* -f the roof is slopped roof gable band shall be provided to the building. C "C "%A "& MA',"+/ 3"-$'* $here shall be no visible deterioration of masonry units. C "C "%A "& AE+$-CA. +E-"F,+CEME"$* $here shall be vertical reinforcement at all corners and $28unctions of masonry !alls and it shall be started from foundation and continuous to roof. C "C "%A "& AE+$-CA. 4-'C,"$-"3-$-E'* All vertical elements in the lateral2force2resisting system shall be continuous to the foundation. C "C "%A "& E,-"$ ECCE"$+-C-$/* $here shall be no eccentricities larger than 10@ of the smallest column plan dimension bet!een girder and column centrelines. C "C "%A "& '$-++3) A"4 $-E (,,&'* $he beam stirrups and column ties shall be anchored into the member cores !ith hooks of 136J or more. C "C "%A "& $here shall be no visible rusting corrosion cracking or other deterioration in any of the steel elements or connections in the vertical or lateral Kforce Kresisting systems

Diaphragms C "C "%A "& 4-A0,"A. #+AC-"0* All fle9ible structural elements of diaphragms such as 8oists rafters and purlins shall be diagonally braced and each crossing of a 8oist%rafter%purlin and a brace shall be properly fi9ed. Connections C "C "%A "& <A.. A"C(,+A0E* E9terior concrete or masonry !alls shall be anchored for out2of2plane forces at each diaphragm level !ith steel anchors or straps that are developed into the diaphragm.

1.6

Structural Assessment Checklist for Type Buildings (Brick in Cement Buildings and Stone in Cement Buildings) (%le*ible roof)

Building System C "C "%A "& '(A)E* $he building shall be symmetrical in plan and regular in elevation. C "C "%A "& "3M#E+ ,F '$,+E/'* $he building shall be up to t!o storeys only if built stone in cement mortar and three stories only if brick in cement mortar C "C "%A "& 3"'3)),+$E4 <A.. .E"0$(* $he ma9imum length of unsupported !all shall not be more than 11 times its thickness. -f the length of unsupported !all is more than 11 times its thickness buttressing shall be provided. C "C "%A "& (E-0($ ,F <A..'* $he thickness to height ratio of a !all shall not be more than 1*? for stone building and 1*11 for brick building. C "C "%A "& ,)E"-"0' -" <A..* $he total length of openings in a !all are not to e9ceed 60@ of the length of the !all bet!een consecutive cross !alls in single storey construction >1 @ in t!o storey construction and 33 @ in three storey buildings. C "C "%A "& ),'-$-," ,F ,)E"-"0'* ,penings shall not be located at corners or 8unctions of a !all. ,penings shall not be placed closer to an internal corner of a !all than 1%> the opening height or =00mm !hichever is greater. $he !idth of pier bet!een t!o

openings shall not be less than half of the opening height or =00mm !hichever is greater. $he vertical distance bet!een t!o openings shall not be less than =00mm or half the !idth of the smaller opening !hichever is greater. C "C "%A "& .,A4 )A$(* $he structure shall contain one complete load path for .ife 'afety and -mmediate ,ccupancy for seismic force effects from any hori7ontal direction that serves to transfer the inertial forces from the mass to the foundation. C "C "%A "& <EA& '$,+/* $he strength of the lateral2force2resisting system in any story shall not be less than ?0@ of the strength in an ad8acent story above. C "C "%A "& ',F$ '$,+/* $he stiffness of the lateral2force2resisting system in any story shall not be less than 50@ of the stiffness in an ad8acent story above or belo! or less than ?0@ of the average stiffness of the three stories above or belo!. C "C "%A "& 0E,ME$+/* $here shall be no changes in hori7ontal dimension of the lateral2force2 resisting system of more than 30@ in a story relative to ad8acent stories. C "C "%A "& AE+$-CA. 4-'C,"$-"3-$-E'* All vertical elements in the lateral2force2resisting system shall be continuous to the foundation. C "C "%A "& MA''* $here shall be no change in effective mass more than 60@ from one story to the ne9t. C "C "%A "& 4E$E+-,+A$-," ,F C,"C+E$E* $here shall be no visible deterioration of concrete or reinforcing steel in any of the vertical2 or lateral2force2resisting elements. C "C "%A "& MA',"+/ 3"-$'* $here shall be no visible deterioration of masonry units. C "C "%A "& MA',"+/ E,-"$'* $he mortar shall not be easily scraped a!ay from the 8oints by hand !ith a metal tool and there shall be no areas of eroded mortar. C "C "%A "& 3"+E-"F,+CE4 MA',"+/ <A.. C+AC&'* $here shall be no e9isting diagonal cracks in !all elements greater than 1%1=B or out2of2plane offsets in the bed 8oint greater than 1%1=B. C "C "%A "& MA',"+/ .A/23)* Filled collar 8oints of multi!ythe masonry !alls shall have negligible voids. C "C "%A "& AE+$-CA. +E-"F,+CEME"$* $here shall be vertical reinforcement at all corners and $28unctions of masonry !alls and it shall be started from foundation and continuous to roof. C "C "%A "& (,+-C,"$A. #A"4'* $here shall be steel or !ooden bands located at the plinth sill and lintel levels of the building in each floor. C "C "%A "& C,+"E+ '$-$C(* $here shall be reinforced concrete or !ooden elements connecting t!o orthogonal !alls at a vertical distance of at least 0.6m to 0.5m. C "C "%A "& 0A#.E #A"4* -f the roof is slopped roof gable band shall be provided to the building. C "C "%A "& $(+,30(2'$,"E'* -n case of stone building the !alls shall have plenty of through2stones e9tending the !hole !idth of the !alls. $he ma9imum spacing of such through2stones shall be !ithin 1.1m hori7ontally and 0.=m vertically. Lateral Force Resisting System C "C "%A "& +E43"4A"C/* $he number of lines of shear !alls in each principal direction shall be greater than or eDual to 1. C "C "%A "& '(EA+ '$+E'' C(EC&* $he shear stress in the unreinforced masonry shear !alls shall be less than 16 psi for clay units and 30 psi for concrete units

Diaphragms C "C "%A "& 4-A0,"A. #+AC-"0* All fle9ible structural elements of diaphragms such as 8oists and rafters shall be diagonally braced and each crossing of a 8oist%rafter and a brace shall be properly fi9ed. C "C "%A "& .A$E+A. +E'$+A-"E+'* Each 8oists and rafters shall be restrained by timber keys in both sides of !all. Connections C "C "%A "& <A.. A"C(,+A0E* E9terior masonry !alls shall be anchored for out2of2plane forces at each diaphragm level !ith steel anchors or straps that are developed into the diaphragm. C "C "%A "& A"C(,+ ')AC-"0* E9terior masonry !alls shall be anchored to the floor and roof systems at a spacing of >ft or less for life safety and 3 ft. or less for immediate occupancy