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http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000501.htm
Causes
There are many possible causes of kidney damage. They include: Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) Autoimmune kidney disease Blood clot from cholesterol (cholesterol emboli) Decreased blood flow due to very low blood pressure, which can result from: Burns Dehydration Hemorrhage Injury Septic shock Serious illness Surgery Disorders that cause clotting within the kidney's blood vessels Infections that directly injure the kidney, such as: Acute pyelonephritis Septicemia Pregnancy complications, including: Placenta abruptio Placenta previa Urinary tract blockage
Symptoms
Bloody stools Breath odor and metallic taste in mouth Bruising easily Changes in mental status or mood Decreased appetite Decreased sensation, especially in the hands or feet Fatigue Flank pain (between the ribs and hips) Hand tremor High blood pressure Metallic taste in mouth Nausea or vomiting, may last for days Nosebleeds Persistent hiccups Prolonged bleeding
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Seizures Shortness of breath Slow, sluggish movements Swelling due to the body keeping in fluid Swelling, usually in the ankles, feet, and legs Urination changes: Little or no urine Excessive urination at night Urination stops completely
Treatment
Once the cause is found, the goal of treatment is to help your kidneys work again and prevent fluid and waste from building up in the body while they heal. Usually, you have to stay overnight in the hospital for treatment. The amount of liquid you eat (such as soup) or drink will be limited to the amount of urine you can produce. You will be told what you may and may not eat to reduce the buildup of toxins that the kidneys would normally remove. Your diet may need to be high in carbohydrates and low in protein, salt, and potassium. You may need antibiotics to treat or prevent infection. Diuretics ("water pills") may be used to help remove fluid from your body. Medicines will be given through a vein to help control your blood potassium level. Dialysis may be needed for some patients, and can make you feel better. It can save your life if your potassium levels are dangerously high. Dialysis will also be used if: Your mental status changes, if you stop urinating You develop pericarditis You retain too much fluid You cannot eliminate nitrogen waste products from your body Dialysis will most often be short term. Rarely, the kidney damage is so great that dialysis may be permanently needed.
Support Groups
The stress of having an illness can often be helped by joining a support group where members share common experiences and problems.
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http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000501.htm
Prevention
Treating disorders such as high blood pressure can help prevent acute kidney failure.
Alternative Names
Kidney failure; Renal failure; Renal failure - acute; ARF; Kidney injury - acute
References
Molitoris BA. Acute kidney injury. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 122. Sharfuddin AA, Weisbord SD, Palevsky PM, Molitoris BA. Acute kidney injury. In: Taal MW, Chertow GM, et al, eds. Brenner & Rector's The Kidney. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: SaundersElsevier; 2011:chap 30.
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