FFT

ManywaystodecomposeanFFT Simplestisradix2 Computationmadeupofradix2butterflies

A B

X = A + BW Y = A BW

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FFT Dataflow Diagram

Dataflowdiagram
N=64 radix2 6stages of computation
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 63

Memory Locations

Input
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Radix 2, 8-point FFT

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Radix 2, 8-point FFT

Radix 2, 16-point FFT

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Radix 2, 8-point FFT

Radix 2, 32-point FFT

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Radix 2, 8-point FFT

Radix 2, 64-point FFT

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Radix 2, 256-point FFT

Radix 2, 256-point FFT

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Radix 4, 16-point FFT

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Radix 4, 64-point FFT

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Radix 4, 256-point FFT

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Radix 2, Decimation-In-Time (DIT)

Inputorderdecimatedneedsbitreversal Outputinorder Criticalpath: Butterfly:
B A B X = A + BW x Y = A BW A car-sav add +
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Radix 2, Decimation In Frequency (DIF)

Inputinorder Outputdecimatedneeds bitreversal Butterfly:
TwoCPAs Widermultiplier A B X=A+B Y = (A B) W Criticalpath: A B

+ ()
W

x +
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Radix 4, DIT Butterfly

DecimationinTime(DIT)orDecimationin Frequency(DIF)

A B C D

V W X Y

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Bit-Reversed Addressing
Normally:
DIT:bitreverseinputsbeforeprocessing
BIT REVERSAL

DIF:bitreverseoutputsafterprocessing

Reverseaddressingbitsforread/writeofdata
000(0) 001(1) 010(2) 011(3) 100(4) 101(5) 110(6) 111(7) 000(0)#Word0doesnotmovelocation 100(4)#Originalword1goestolocation4 010(2)#Word2doesnotmovelocation 110(6)#Originalword3goestolocation6 001(1) #Originalword4goestolocation1 101(5) #Word5doesnotmovelocation 011(3) #Originalword6goestolocation3 111(7) #Word7doesnotmovelocation

BIT REVERSAL

Addressing In Matlab (Especially helpful for FFTs)

Matlab
Matlabcannotindexarrayswithindexzero!

Inmatlab,doaddresscalculationsnormally
AddrA AddrB =0,2,4, =1,3,5,

thenusepointerswithanoffsetofonewhenever indexingarrays
AddrA =; AddrB =; A =data(AddrA+1); B =data(AddrB+1); data(AddrA+1)=X; data(AddrB+1)=Y;
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Higher Radices
Radix2andradix4arecertainlythemostpopular Radix4isontheorderof20%moreefficientthan radix2forlargetransforms Radix8issometimesused,butlongerradix butterfliesarenotcommonbecauseadditional efficienciesaresmallandaddedcomplexityisnon trivial(especiallyforhardwareimplementations)

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I. Common-Factor FFTs
Keycharacteristics
MostcommonclassofFFTs AlsocalledCooleyTukey FFTs FactorsofN usedindecompositionhavecommonfactor(s)

A)Radixr
N =rk, wherek isapositiveinteger Butterfliesusedineachstagearethesame Radixr butterfliesareused N/r butterfliesperstage k =logr N stages

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I. Common-Factor FFTs
B)Mixedradix
Radicesofcomponentbutterfliesarenotallequal Morecomplexthanradixr IsnecessaryifN rk Example
N=32 Couldcalculatewithtworadix4stagesandoneradix2stage

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II. Prime-Factor FFTs

Thelengthoftransformsmustbetheproductof relativelyprimenumbers Thiscanbelimiting,thoughitisoftenpossibleto findlengthsnearpopularpowerof2lengths (e.g.,7x11x13=1003) TheirgreatadvantageisthattheyhavenoWN twiddlefactormultiplications Irregularsortingofinputandoutputdata Irregularaddressingforbutterflies

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III. Other FFTs

SplitradixFFT
When N =pk,wherep isasmallprimenumberandk isa positiveinteger,thismethodcanbemoreefficientthan standardradixp FFTs SplitradixAlgorithmsforLengthpm DFTs, Vetterli and Duhamel,Trans.onAcoustics,Speech,andSignalProcessing, Jan.1989 A B C D
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V W Wa X Y
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Wb

III. Other FFTs

Winograd FourierTransformAlgorithm(WFTA)
TypeofprimefactoralgorithmbasedonDFTbuilding blocksusingahighlyefficientconvolutionalgorithm RequiresmanyadditionsbutonlyorderN multiplications Hasoneofthemostcomplexandirregularstructures

FFTW(www.fftw.org)
Csubroutinelibrarieshighlytunedforspecificarchitectures

Goertzel DFT
Notanormal FFTinthatitscomputationalcomplexityis stillorderN2 ItallowsasubsetoftheDFTs N outputtermstobe efficientlycalculated

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Signal Growth
NoteinDFTequationsignalcangrowbyN times ThisisalsoseenintheFFTinitsgrowthbyr timesin aradixr butterfly,andlogrN stagesintheentire transform:r ^(logrN) =N Thus,theFFTprocessorrequirescarefulscaling
Floatingpointnumberrepresentation
Easiestconceptually,butexpensivehardware.Typicallynot usedinefficientDSPsystems.

Fixedpointwithscalingby1/r everystage
Firststageisaspecialcase.Scalingmustbedoneontheinputs beforeprocessingtoavoidoverflowwithlargemagnitude complexinputswithcertainphases.

Blockfloatingpoint
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Efficient Computation of the IFFT

DesignaseparateprocessorforIFFTs ReuseaforwardFFTengineifavailabletocalculate
out = IFFT(in)

Swappingrealandimaginaryparts:
a = fft(imag(in) + i*real(in)); out = (imag(a) + i*real(a));

Usingconjugates:
a = fft(conj(in)); out = conj(a);

Asimpleindexingchange:
a = fft(in); out = [a(0) a(N-1:-1:1)]; out = [a(1) a(N :-1:2)]; % with normal indices % with weird matlab indices

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