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Contents
4 GSM Parameter Configuration and Adjustment .................................................................................... 5 4.1 Network and Cell ID ....................................................................................................................... 5 4.1.1 Cell Global ID........................................................................................................................... 5 4.1.2 Base Station Identity Code ...................................................................................................... 7 4.2 Paging and Access Control Parameters .......................................................................................... 8 4.2.1 Number of Access Grant Reserved Blocks (BS_AG_BLK_RES or AG)......................................... 8 4.2.2 Frame Number Coding Between Identical Paging ................................................................... 9 4.2.3 Common Control Channel Configuration (CCCH-CONF)......................................................... 10 4.2.4 Extended Transmission Slots (TX_INTEGER) .......................................................................... 12 4.2.5 Minimum Access Level of RACH............................................................................................ 13 4.2.6 Random Access Error Threshold ........................................................................................... 14 4.2.7 Access Control Class (ACC).................................................................................................... 15 4.2.8 Maximum Retransmission Times (RET) ................................................................................. 16 4.2.9 Control Class of MS Maximum Transmit Power (MS-TXPWR-MAX-CCH)................................ 17 4.2.10 Power Offset (POWEROFFSET)............................................................................................ 18 4.2.11 IMSI Attach/Detach Allowed............................................................................................... 18 4.2.12 Direct Retry (DR) ................................................................................................................ 19 4.3 Serial Parameters of Cell Selection and Reselection..................................................................... 20 4.3.1 cell_bar_access .................................................................................................................... 20 4.3.2 cell_bar_qualify .................................................................................................................... 20 4.3.3 Minimum Received Level Allowing MS to Access (RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN) ............................... 22 4.3.4 Additional Reselection Parameter Indicator.......................................................................... 22 4.3.5 Cell Reselection Parameter Indicator .................................................................................... 23 4.3.6 Cell Reselection Offset, Temporary Offset, and Penalty Time................................................ 23 4.3.7 Cell Reselection Hysteresis (CRH).......................................................................................... 25 4.4 Parameters Affecting Network Functions .................................................................................... 26 4.4.1 Newly Established Cause Indicator (NECI) ............................................................................. 26
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Network topology design Selecting the location of base station Frequency planning Cell parameter configuration
The RF planning determines the coverage range of a cell, and the serving range of the cell is determined based on the combination of RF planning and cell parameter configuration. By this, the MS always enjoys optimal services and maximum network capacity at the best cell. This chapter discusses the meaning and effect of important parameters in GSM radio communication. Mastering the effect and impact of these parameters helps to configure network parameters and optimize the network in later stages. In a GSM network, abundant radio parameters are configured according to cells or partial areas; however, the parameter configuration might affect neighbor areas. Therefore, while configuring and adjusting parameters, you must pay attention to the impact of configuring parameters on other areas, especially neighbor areas.
Each GSM network in each country Each location area Each base station Each cell
Numbering the previous items aims as follows:
An MS can identify the serving network so that the MS can select a network in any environment. The network can obtain the precise location of the MS so that the network can process various service requests involving the MS.
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MCC consists of three decimal digits, ranging from 000 to 999. MNC consists of two decimal digits, ranging from 00 to 99. LAC ranges from 0 to 65535 CI ranges from 0 to 65535.
III. Configuration and Influence As a globally unique mobile identity, the MCC is uniformly distributed and managed by international telecommunication union (ITU). The MCC for China is 460 (decimal). The MNC is uniformly distributed by state telecommunication management organs. Now two GSM networks exist in China. The MNC for China Mobile is 00. The MNC for China Unicom is 01. The method for coding LAC is ruled by each country accordingly. This caters for China also (refer to GSM system from Ministry of Information Industry). At the early stage of network construction, the LAC is coded and distributed. The LAC is seldom changed in the later stages. The coverage areas related to the LAC is vital in the network. You can configure it as great as possible. No special restriction is on the distribution of CI. The CI ranges from 0 to 65535 (decimal). It must be ensured that two equivalent CIs exist in the same location area. This is determined in the system design. Except for special situations (such as constructing base stations), the CI must not be changed during the system operation. IV. Precautions You must pay attention to the following aspects:
The BSIC involves in decoding process of random access channel (RACH) to prevent base stations from connecting to the RACH sent to the neighbor cells by the MS by error. After the MS receives SCH messages, it judges that it has been synchronous to the cell. Decoding information on the downlink common signaling channel correctly requires training sequence code (TSC) used on common signaling channel. GSM regulations describe TSC in eight fixed formats, and the sequence number of them is 07. The cell BCC determines the TSC used by the common signaling channel of a cell. Therefore the BSIC helps inform the MS of the TSC used by the common signaling channel of the serving cell. In a call, the MS must measure the level of BCCH carrier of neighbor cells and report it to the base station according to regulations to neighbor cell list of BCCH. Meanwhile, the MS must provide measured BSIC of the carrier in the uplink measurement reports. When the neighbor cells of a cell include two or more cells with the same BCCH carrier, the base station can distinguish the cells by BSIC to avoid incorrect handover. In a call, the MS must measure signals of neighbor cells, and sends measurement reports to the network. The measurement report can contain information about six neighbor cells only, so the MS must be controlled to report the cells actually related to handover. The first three digits of BSIC (namely, NCC) aims as previously mentioned. Operators control the MS to report the neighbor cell information permitted by the serving cell NCC by broadcast parameters NCC permitted.
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AG is 1 when the CCCH and SDCCH share a physical channel. AG is 2 or 3 in other situations.
In network operation, take statistics of overload situations of AGCH and adjust AG accordingly. By default the immediate assignment messages are superior to paging messages to be sent in the network, so you need not reserve a channel for immediate assignment messages. In this situation, configure AG to 0.
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When the CCCH and SDCCH share a physical channel, there is (3 - AG) MFRs. When the CCCH and SDCCH share a physical channel, there is (9 - AG) MFRs.
According to the previous analysis, the greater the MFR is, the more the paging channels of the cell are (see the calculation of paging groups in GSM regulation 05.02). Theoretically, the capacity of paging channels does not increase with the increase of MFR. The number of buffers for buffering paging messages on each base transceiver station (BTS) increases. The paging messages are sent more evenly both in time and space, so it seldom occurs that the paging messages overflow in the buffers so call lost occurs (related to functions by equipment providers). However, to enjoy the previous advantages, you will have a longer delay of paging messages on the radio channels. The greater the MFR is, the greater the delay of paging messages in the space is, and the lower the average service performance of the system is. Therefore, the MFR is an important parameter in network optimization. The following principle caters for configuring MFR: The configured strategy for buffers of each equipment provider is different, so you must select the MFR properly so that the paging messages do not overflow on PCH. Based on this, configure the parameter as small as possible. In addition, you must measurement the overflow situations of PCH periodically while the network is running, and adjust MFR accordingly. IV. Precautions Any paging message of the same location area must be sent to all cells in the location areas at the same time, so the PCH capacity of each cell in the location area must be equivalent or close to each other. Otherwise, you must consider smaller PCH capacity as the evidence for designing location area.
000
001
010
18
100
27
110
36
III. Configuration and Influence When the CCCH and SDCCH share one physical channel, the CCCH has the minimum channel capacity. When the CCCH and SDCCH do not share a physical channel, the more physical channels that the CCCH uses, the greater the capacity is. The CCCH_CONF is determined by the operators based on combination of cell traffic model and paging capacity of the location area where a cell belongs to. It is determined in system design, and adjusted in network expansion. According to experiences, when the paging capacity in the location area is not high and cell has one or two carriers, it is recommended that the CCCH uses one physical channel and share it with SDCCH (in combination CCCH methods). This spares a physical channel for paging. Otherwise, the method that CCCH and SDCCH do not share one physical channel is used. When the cell TRX exceeds 6 and CCCH OVERLOAD occurs in the cell, it is recommended that the CCCH uses two or more basic physical channel and does not share them with SDCCH. IV. Precautions The CCCH_CONF must be consistent with the actual configuration of cell CCCH. In addition, you must consider the influence on the access grant reserved blocks. ventinel Page 11
Extended transmission slots T Maximum retransmission times RET T It is the number of slots between two sending when the MS keeps sending multiple channel request messages. S It is related to channel combination, and is an intermediate variable of access algorithm. It is determined by T and CCCH configuration.
II. Format The value of T is from 3 to 12, 14, 16, 20, 25, 32, and 50. The value of S ranges as listed in Values of S
Values of S
S in different CCCH combination methods T The CCCH and SDCCH does not share a physical channel 55 76 109 163 217 The CCCH and SDCCH share a physical channel 41 52 58 86 115
III. Configuration and Influence To access the network, the MS must originate an immediate assignment process. To begin the process, the MS sends (RET + 1) channel request messages on RACH. To reduce conflicts on RACH, the time for MS to send channel request messages must meet the following requirements:
The number of slots (not including slots for sending messages) between originating immediate assignment process by MS and sending the first channel
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The two parameters random access error threshold and minimum access level of RACH determine the validity of random access burst.
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Class 0 9: common users Class 11: users for PLMN management Class 12: users for security departments Class 13: common business departments (in charge of water, gas) Class 14: emergency services Class 15: PLMN staff
Users of class 09 have its access rights catering for home PLMN and visited PLMN. Users of class 11 and 15 have its access rights catering for visited PLMN only. Users of class 12, 13, and 14 have its access rights catering for in the country where home PLMN belongs to. II. Format The access control class consists of two parts:
Common access control class Value range: a check option, including class 0 disabled, , class 9 disabled. Recommended value: all 0. Special access control class Value range: a check option, including class 11 disabled, , class 15 d isabled. Recommended value: all 0.
If a class is configured to 1, it means that access is forbidden. For example, a common access class is configured to 1000000000; common users excluding class 0 users can access the network. III. Configuration and Influence C0C15 (excluding C10) are set by equipment room operators. Usually these bits are configured to 1. Proper configuration contributes to network optimization as follow:
When installing a base station, starting a base station, or maintaining and testing in some cells, configure C0 C15 (excluding C10) to 1. In this way, different users are prevented from accessing the network, so the installing and maintenance is less influenced.
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III. Configuration and Influence The greater the M is, the higher the success rate of call attempt is, and the higher the connection rate is, but the load of RACH, CCCH, and SDCCH increase. In cell with high traffic, if the RET is over great, overload of radio channels and congestion occur, so the connection rate and radio resource utilization declines sharply. If the RET is over small, the call attempt times of MS reduces, success rate reduces, so the connection rate reduces. Therefore, proper configuration of RET for each cell help utilize network radio resources and improve connection rate. For configuration of RET M, refer to the following methods:
For areas with low traffic, such as in suburban or rural areas, configure RET to 7 to increase the access success rate of MS.
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C1 = RLA_C - RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN - MAX((MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH - P), 0) RLA_C: average received level by MS RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN: minimum received level permitted for MS to access MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH: maximum power level of control channel (control class of MS maximum transmit power) P: Maximum transmit power level of MS
II. Format The range of MS-TXPWR-MAX-CCH is 031. For cells of GSM900 and GSM1800, the dBm values corresponding to the control class are different.
In a GSM900 network, the 32 control class of maximum transmit power corresponding to 0 31 is as follows:
the 32 control class of maximum transmit power corresponding to 0 31 is as follows: {30, 28, 26, 24, 22, 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 36, 34, 32}
Recommended values are 5 for GSM900 and 0 for GSM1800. III. Configuration and Influence MS-TXPWR-MAX-CCH determines the power class used before MS receives power control messages. For details, see protocol 0508. The smaller it is, the greater the output power of MS is. The MS near the base station interferes with neighbor channels of the cell, so the access to the network by other MSs and communication quality are influenced. The greater it is, the smaller the output power of MS is, and the lower the access success rate of MS at cell borders is. You must configure MS-TXPWR-MAX-CCH properly according to the serving range of the cell.
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If yes, the MS starts IMSI attach process (this is one of location updating). If no, the MS starts location updating process of cross location area.
After receiving the location updating message or IMSI message from MS, the network sets the IMSI as in working state. The parameter IMSI attach/detach allowed (ATT) is used for informing MS of the IMSI attach/detach process.
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4.3.2 cell_bar_qualify
I. Definition The cell_bar_qualify determines the priority of cells, namely, it enables MS to select some cell by preference.
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An exception is that the cell selection priority and cell reselection state are normal when the following conditions are met:
The cell belongs to the PLMN which the MS belongs to. The MS is in cell test operation mode. The cell_bar_access is 1. The cell_bar_qualify is 0. The access control class 15 is disabled.
III. Configuration and Influence The priority of all the cells are usually configured to normal, namely, cell_bar_qualify = 0. In microcell and dualband networking, operators might want MS to camps on the cell of some type by preference. In this situation, the equipment room operators can configure the priority of these cells to normal and other cells to low. During cell selection, when the proper cells with normal as the priority is not present (proper cells means that all parameters meet the conditions for cell selection, namely, C1 > 0, and the cell is allowed to access), the MS will select cells with low priority. IV. Precautions Pay attention to the following aspects:
When cell priority is used as a method to optimize network, the cell_bar_qualify only affects cell selection, without any influence on cell reselection. You must optimize the network by combining cell_bar_qualify and C2. During cell selection, when the proper cells with normal as the priority is not present, the MS will select cells with low priority. Therefore when the level of the cell with normal priority is low, and cells with low priority and high level are present, the MS will access the network slowly while powering on.
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When ADDITIONAL RESELECT is configured to N, the meaning is: if the rest bytes of SI4 (SI4RestOctets) are present, the MS must abstract and calculate parameters related to C2 and related cell reselection parameter PI.
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Y: The MS must calculate C2 by abstracting parameters from SIs of cell broadcast, and set C2 as the standard for cell reselection. N: The MS must set C1 as the standard, namely, C2 = C1.
III. Configuration and Influence The equipment room operators determine the value of PI. Configure PI to Y if related cells set C2 as the standard for cell reselection; otherwise, configure it to N.
Starts measuring signals level of BCCH carrier in neighbor cells. Records the 6 neighbor cells with greatest signal level. Abstract various SI and control information of each neighbor cell from the 6 cells.
When conditions are met, the MS hands over from the selected cell to another. This process is called cell reselection. The conditions include:
Cell priority Whether the cell is barred to access Radio channel level (important)
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1) When PENELTY_TIME 11111: C2 = C1 + CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET - TEMPORARY_OFFSET * H (PENALTY_TIME T) Wherein, if PENALTY_TIME - T (x) < 0, the function H(x) = 0; if x 0, H(x) = 1. 2) When PENELTY_TIME = 11111: C2 = C1 - CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET
T is a timer, with 0 as the initial value. When a cell is listed by MS in the list of cells with maximum signal level, start T with step of 4.62ms (a TDMA frame). When the cell is removed from the list, the associated T is reset. After cell reselection, the T of original cell works as PENALTY_TIME. Namely, temporary offset is not performed on the original cell. CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET (CRO) modifies cell reselecting time C2. TEMPORARY_OFFSET (TO) is supplemented to C2 from starting working of T to the prescribed time. PENALTY_TIME is the time for TEMPORARY_OFFSET having effect on C2. When PENALTY_TIME = 11111, the MS is informed of using C2 = C1 CRO. CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET, TEMPORARY_OFFSET, and PENALTY_TIME are cell reselection parameters.
When the cell reselection parameter PI is 1, the MS is informed of receiving values of three parameters on BCCH. If PI is 0, the MS judges that the previous three parameters are 0, namely C2 = C1.
If the C2 of a cell (in the same location area as the serving cell) calculated by MS is greater than the C2 of the cell where MS camps, and this lasts for over 5s, the MS reselects to camp on the cell. If the C2 of a cell (in different location area as the serving cell) calculated by MS is greater than the sum of C2 of the cell where MS camps and cell reselect hysteresis, and this lasts for over 5s, the MS reselects to camp on the cell. The interval between two reselections is at least 15s, and this avoids frequent cell reselection by MS. C2 is formed on the combination of C1 and artificial offset parameters. The artificial offset parameters help MS camp on or prevent MS from camping on some cell. This balances the traffic of the network.
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1) The cell reselection offset (CRO) is in decimal, with unit of dB. It ranges from 0 to 63, which means 0 to 126 dB (2 dB as the step). The recommended value is 0. 2) The temporary offset (TO) is in decimal, with unit of dB. It ranges from 0 to 7, which means 0 to 70 dB (10 dB as the step). The recommended value is 0. 3) The penalty time (PT) is in decimal, with unit of second. It ranges from 0 to 31. The value 0 to 30 means 20s to 620s (20s as the step). The value 31 is reserved for changing the effect direction of C2 by CRO. The recommended value is 0.
III. Configurationa and Influence The previous parameters can be adjusted accordingly in the following three situations:
1) When the communication quality is bad due to heavy traffic or other causes, change the parameters to enable MS not camps on the cell (the cell is exclusive from the MS). For this situation, configure PT to 31, so TO is ineffective. C2 = C1 CRO. The C2 is artificially lowered. So the probability for MS to reselect the cell decreases. In addition, the equipment room operators can configure CRO to a proper value according to the exclusive level of the cell by MS. The greater the exclusion is, the greater the CRO is. 2) For cells with low traffic and equipment of low utilization, change the parameters to enable MS to camp on the cell (the cell is prior). In this situation, configure CRO to 020 dB according to the priority. The higher the priority is, the greater the CRO is. TO is configured the same as or a little greater than CRO. PT helps avoid over frequent cell reselection, the recommended value of PT is 20s or 40s. 3) For cell with average traffic, configure CRO to 0, PT to 11111 so that C2 = C1. No artificial influence is on the cell.
IV. Precautions In whatever situations, the CRO must not be greater than 30 dB, because over great CRO leads to unstable network, such as complaints about signal fluctuation.
The signal level of neighbor cell (in different location area) is greater than that of the serving cell.
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Y means that the area support half-speed TCH. N means that the area cannot support half-speed TCH.
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GSM regulations allow frequency hopping channels to use BCCH (frequency hopping not in BCCH slots) . GSM regulations allow downlink power control over frequency hopping channels. The MS needs signal level of the measured neighbor cells, so the power of each slot on BCCH frequency is prohibited to change. The downlink power control does not involve carrier slots for BCCH which includes the frequency hopping.
For previous causes, when the MS measures the average downlink channel level with common methods, the measurement result is inaccurate for power control because the average value includes the downlink received level of BCCH carriers the power of which are not controlled, so the measurement report is inaccurate for power control. To avoid the influence on power control, when the MS calculates average received level during frequency hopping, the received level obtained from BCCH carrier slot must be removed (see GSM regulations 05.08). II. Format The value of PWRC includes 0 and 1, with meanings as follows:
When PWRC is 0, the measurement result by MS includes BCCH carrier. When PWRC is 1, the measurement result by MS does not include BCCH carrier.
III. Configuration and Influence The PWRC is usually configured to 0. Configure it to 1 if all the following conditions are met:
Channels have frequency hopping on two or more frequencies. One of the frequency is BCCH carrier frequency. The system uses downlink power control.
IV. Precautions The value of PWRC depends actually on the following parameters: ventinel Page 27
Lower interference to radio channels. Due to this, the average call quality of network is improved. Cut power consumption by MS
For the previous advantages, DTX is recommended to use.
YES: Downlink uses DTX. NO: Downlink does not use DTX.
III. Configuration and Influence Using downlink DTX affects call quality in a limit scale, but it is helpful in the following aspects:
Lower interference to radio channels. Due to this, the average call quality of network is improved.
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1: Call resetup is allowed in the cell. 0: Call resetup is forbidden in the cell.
III. Configuration and Influence When a connected MS passes coverage voids, call drop occurs easily. If call resetup is allowed, the average call drop rate (CDR) is lowered. However, call resetup takes longer time, and most users disconnects before completion of call resetup. Therefore call resetup is difficult to achieve, and even wastes abundant radio resources. In a word, call resetup is disabled.
Y: The MS reports Classmark3 to the network immediately after link setup. N: The MS is forbidden to report its Classmark3 to network initiatively.
III. Configuration and Influence The major information of Classmark3 is for dualband network, so do as follows:
Configure ECSC to N in single frequency GSM application areas. Configure ECSC to Y in dualband GSM application areas.
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Track of frequency points during frequency hopping The asynchronous neighbor cells using the same MA can avoid continuous frequency collision during frequency hopping by using different HSNs.
II. Format HSN is in decimal, ranging from 0 to 63, wherein:
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For GSM900 networks: 1 124 and 9751023. For GSM1800 networks: 512 885
III. Configuration and Influence MA is configured according to network designing requirements. IV. Precautions Chinese GSM networks do not cover all available frequency bands of GSM system, so configure MA in available frequency bands. The number of elements in each MA set cannot exceed 63. The MA cannot include BCCH carriers. The number of MA must not be multiples of 13 if all the following conditions are met:
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The voice or data quality is too poor to be received. Power control and handover cannot help to improve the quality.
A disconnection by force actually brings about a call drop, so the MS considers it a radio link failure that the voice or data service is actually too poor to be received. GSM regulations provide solutions to the previous problems as follows: Set a counter S in the MS. The initial value of S is provided at the beginning of talk, and it is the value of the parameter radio link failure counter. S changes as follows:
S decreases by 1 if the MS fails in decoding a correct SACCH message when the MS should receive the SACCH message. S increases by 2 if the MS succeed in decoding a correct SACCH message.
S cannot exceed the value for radio link failure counter. When S equals to 0, the MS originates call resetup or disconnects by force. II. Format The step from 4 to 64 is 4, with unit of SACCH period as follows:
For TCH, the SACCH period is 480ms. For SDCCH, the SACCH period is 470ms.
III. Configuration and Influence The value of the parameter radio link failure counter affects CDR and utilization of radio resources. Assume that cell A is a neighbor cell to cell B and the bordering coverage is poor. When an MS moves from P to Q while in talk,
If the radio link failure counter is over small, call drop occurs before crosscell handover. If the radio link failure counter is over great, the network releases related resources until radio link expires, though the voice quality is too poor when MS camps on cell B near P. Therefore, the utilization of radio resources declines.
Proper configuration of radio link failure counter is important, and is related to the actual situations. To configure radio link failure counter, refer to the following rules:
Configure it to between 52 and 64 in areas with over low traffic. Configure it to between 36 and 48 in areas with low traffic and great coverage radium Configure it to between 20 and 32 in areas with heavy traffic.
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S decreases by 1 if the MS fails in decoding a correct SACCH message when the MS should receive the SACCH message. S increases by 2 if the MS succeed in decoding a correct SACCH message.
S cannot exceed the value for radio link expiration of base station. When S equals to 0, the MS originates call resetup or disconnects by force, as shown in Error! Reference source not found.. II. Format RLT0_BS ranges from 4 to 64. III. Configuration and Influence Proper configuration of radio link expiration of base station affects CDR and utilization of radio resources. It is related to the actual situations. To configure radio link failure counter, refer to the following rules:
Configure it to between 52 and 64 in areas with over low traffic. Configure it to between 36 and 48 in areas with low traffic and great coverage radium Configure it to between 20 and 32 in areas with heavy traffic. Configure it to a greater value in areas with apparent voids or where call drop occurs frequently while the MS moves.
IV. Precautions RLT0_BS and RLC must be consistent.
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It guarantees communication quality. For a common single layer network structure, the value ranges from 90 dBm to 80 dBm. It helps allocate traffic between cells averagely. Especially in multi-layer network structure, to maintain MS in a network layer,
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Configure it to 25 in urban areas without PBGT handover. Configure it to 20 in single site of suburban areas. Configure it to 20 in urban areas with PBGT handover
III. Configuration and Influence When PBGT handover is enabled, the corresponding edge handover threshold can be lowered. When PBGT handover is disabled, and the edge handover threshold is over low, an artificial cross-cell non-handover occurs. Therefore call drop occurs or intra-frequency and side interference occur due to cross-cell talk.
Configure it to 30 in urban areas without PBGT handover. Configure it to 25 in single site of suburban areas. Configure it to 25 in urban areas with PBGT handover
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The uplink received level is higher than the uplink received power threshold of interference handover. The uplink received quality is lower than the uplink quality threshold of interference handover.
When handover switch is enabled, the interference handover occurs within the cell by preference. II. Format It ranges from 0 to 70, corresponding to RQ (QoS 0 to 7) x 10. The recommended value is 50. III. Configuration and Influence When frequency hopping is enabled, the voice quality is better with the same RQ, you can configure it to 60 or 70. When interference handover is triggered, select the candidates according to the sorted result. If the serving cell ranks first and its intracell handover is enabled, the MS selects the serving cell; otherwise it selects the second candidate cell.
The downlink received level is higher than the downlink received power threshold of interference handover. The downlink received quality is lower than the downlink quality threshold of interference handover.
When handover switch is enabled, the interference handover occurs within the cell by preference. II. Format It ranges from 0 to 70, corresponding to RQ (QoS 0 to 7) x 10. The recommended value is 50.
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The uplink received level is higher than the uplink received power threshold of interference handover. The uplink received quality is lower than the uplink quality threshold of interference handover.
When handover switch is enabled, the interference handover occurs within the cell by preference. II. Format It ranges from 0 to 63, corresponding to 110 dBm to 47 dBm. The recommended value is 25. III. Configurationa and Influence When interference handover is triggered, select the candidates according to the sorted result. If the serving cell ranks first and its intracell handover is enabled, the MS selects the serving cell; otherwise it selects the second candidate cell.
1) Calculate related RF features. 2) Send physical messages (it the channel messages are encrypted, start encryption and decryption algorithm) in unit data to MSs. 3) Start timer T3105.
If the network does not receive correct layer 2 frames sent by MS until expiration of T3105, the network will resend the physical message and restart T3105. The maximum times for resending physical messages is determined by the parameter maximum repeated times of physical messages (NY1) II. Format NY1 ranges from 0 to 254. The recommended value is 20. III. Configuration and Influence When the network receives the handover access messages sent by MS, the physical channel (PCH) needs to be synchronous. If the communication quality on channels is guaranteed, the MS can receive physical messages correctly and send layer 2 frames to the network.
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0: According to signal strength of neighbor cells, the MS must report six allowed measurement reports of neighbor cells with strongest signals and known NCC, with the neighbor cells in whatever band. 1: The MS must report the allowed measurement report of a neighbor cell with known NCC and with strongest signals at each band expect for the band used by the serving cell. The MS must also report the neighbor cells of the band used by the serving cell in rest locations. If there are other rest locations, the MS must report conditions of other neighbor cells in any band. 2: The MS must report the allowed measurement report of two neighbor cells with known NCC and with strongest signals at each band expect for the band used by the serving cell. The MS must also report the neighbor cells of the
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If the traffic of each band is approximately equal, and operators do not select a band intentionally, you can configure the multiband indicator to 0 If the traffic of each band is obviously different, and operators want MS to select a band by preference, you can configure the multiband indicator to 3. For situations between the previous two, configure multiband indicator to 1 or 2. 4.8.13 Permitted Network Color Code (ncc permitted)
I. Definition During a talk, the MS must report the measured signals of neighbor cells to the base station, but each report includes only six neighbor cells. Therefore the MS is configured to report the potential handover target neighbor cells, instead of reporting unselectively and according to signal level. To enable previous functions, restrict MS to measure the cells with the fixed network color code (NCC). The NNC allowed by parameters list the NCCs of the cells to be measured by MS. The MS compares the measured NCC of neighbor cells and NCCs set allowed by parameters. If the measured NCC is in the set, the MS reports the NCC to the base station; otherwise, the MS discard the measurement report. II. Format The parameter ncc permitted is a bit mapping value, consisting of 8 bits. The most significant bit is bit 7 while the least significant bit is bit 0. Each bit corresponds to an NCC code 0 to 7 (see GSM regulations 03.03 and 04.08). If the bit N is 0 (N ranges from 0 to 7), the MS needs not to measure the level of the cell with NCC of N. Namely, it only measures the signal quality and level of the cells corresponding to bit number of 1 in NCC and ncc permitted configuration.
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Note:
In any situation, power control is prior to related handover for BSS. Only when the BSS fails to improve uplink signal strength and voice quality to the prescribed level, it starts handover. To reduce interference between neighbor cells, the power control of MS is restricted. Namely, the BTS controls MS to transmit power within the threshold. MSTXPWRMX is the maximum transmit power of MS controlled by BTS. II. Format MSTXPWRMX ranges from 0 to 31. The dBm values corresponding to GSM900 and GSM1800 cells are different:
The 32 maximum transmit power control classes for GSM900 are {39, 39, 39, 37, 35, 33, 31, 29, 27, 25, 23, 21, 19, 17, 15, 13, 11, 9, 7, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5} The 32 maximum transmit power control classes for GSM900 are {30, 28, 26, 24, 22, 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 36, 34, 32}
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If MSTXPWRMX is over great, the interference between neighbor cells increases. If MSTXPWRMX is over small, the voice quality declines and improper handover might occur. 4.9.2 Received Level Threshold of Downlink Power Increment (LDR)
I. Definition When the downlink received level of the serving cell is smaller than a threshold, the network must start power control to increase the transmit power of base station and to guarantee communication quality of MS. The received level threshold of downlink power increment defines the downlink received level threshold. When the downlink level received by MS is smaller than it, the base station starts power control to increase its transmit power. The parameter N1 means that at lease N1 sampling points must be measured before starting handover algorithm. The parameter P1 means the level of at least P1 sampling points in N1 sampling points is smaller than the threshold prescribed by received level threshold of downlink power increment. II. Format It ranges from 110 dBm to 47 dBm. N1 ranges from 1 to 32. P1 ranges from 1 to 32. III. Configuration and Influence The received level is between 60 dBm and 80 dBm in a GSM network, so configure received level threshold of downlink power increment to 85 dBm. N1 is related to propagation quality of radio channels within cell coverage range. To reduce influence by attenuation, configure N1 to between 3 and 5. Configure P1 to about 2/3 of N1.
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4.10.3 T3105
I. Definition See the protocol 0408 and 0858. When sending physical information, the network starts T3105. If the timer expires before receiving any correct frames from MS, the network resends physical information and restarts the T3105. The maximum repeated times is Ny1. II. Format T3105 ranges from 0 to 255, with unit of 10ms. III. Configuration and Influence The physical information is sent on FACCH. The time for sending four TDMA in a time on FACCH is about 18ms. If the next physical information is just sent 18ms after the first one, probably the first physical information is still being sent. The minimum time for sending physical information continuously and most quickly is 20ms. IV. Precautions T3105 is related to the timer NY1. If T3105 is small, configure NY1 to a greater value. If a handover trial fails and the T3105 of the target cell expires for Ny times before the original cell receives the HANDOVER FAILURE message, the target BTS sends the CONNECTION FAILURE INDICATION message to the target BSC. ventinel Page 54
4.10.4 T3107
I. Definition T3107 is a BSC timer, restricting the time for executing TCH assignment instruction. It caters for TCH assignment of intracell handover and channel assignment of calling. II. Format T3107 ranges form 0s to 255s. The recommended values are as follows:
10s when channel resources are enough. 5s when channel resources are limited.
III. Configuration and Influence T3107 starts after the BSC sends the ASS_CMD message to BTS. It stops after the BSC receives the ASS_CMP or ASS_FAIL message sent by BTS. If T3107 expires, the system judges that the MS disconnects to the network, so the occupied resource is released to other MSs. According to the measured statistics result of network, the channel assignment is complete within 2s. If the BSC does not receive ASS_CMP message after 2s, the assignment command fails. If the radio link is bad and some information must be resent, the process might be prolonged to 5s. To avoid premature disconnection, configure T3107 to 10s. In this way, the MS can reuse the original channel when handover or assignment fails. Therefore the call drop due to intracell handover decreases or the system service quality of re-assignment is improved (if the system supports re-assignment function). However, the channel resource might be wasted for several seconds. When the network capacity is limited, you must save the resource as possible.
4.10.5 T3109
I. Definition The BSC restricts the releasing resource of SACCH by T3109. II. Format T3109 ranges from 3s to 34s. The recommended T3109 is as follows: ventinel Page 55
4.10.6 T3111
I. Definition T3111 is a connection release delay timer, used in deactivation of delayed channel after disconnection of major signaling link. T3111 aims to spare some time for repeated disconnections. When BSC receives the REL_IND message sent by BTS, T3111 starts. For time protection, T3111 stops until expiration and the BSC sends the RF_CHAN_REL message to BTS. II. Format T3111 ranges from 0s to 5s. The recommended value is 2s. III. Configuration and Influence After the disconnection of major signaling link, T3111 delays the release of channels. It allows the base station to retransmit the instruction for releasing radio channels to MS within delayed time. After the base station sends a release request massage, the radio resources remain for T3111 time. If the system capacity is small, configure T3111 as short as possible. The minimum value of T3111 is 2s, over five multiples of the time for resending MS the instruction for releasing radio channel resources. A greater T3111 might be of no help, but affects congestion of SDCCH and TCH easily.
The signaling flow of the network increases sharply and the utilization of radio resource declines. When the period is over long, the processing capability of network elements (NE, including MSC, BSC, and BTS) is directly affected. The MS must transmit signals with greater power, so the average standby time is shortened sharply.
Therefore, configure T3212 according to resource utilization in various aspects of network. T3212 is configured by equipment room operators. Its value depends on the flow and processing capability of each NE. Configure T3212 as follows:
Configure T3212 to a greater value (such as 16 hours, 20 hours, or even 25 hours) in areas with heavy traffic and signaling flow. Configure T3212 to a smaller value (such as 3 hours or 6 hours) in areas with low traffic and signaling flow. Configure T3212 to 0 in areas with traffic overrunning the system capacity.
To configure T3212 properly, you must permanently measure the processing capability and flow of each UE in the running network, such as:
The processing capability of MSC and BSC A interface, Abis interface, and Um interface The capability of HLR and VLR
If any of the previously listed NEs is overloaded, you can consider increasing T3212. IV. Precautions T3212 cannot be over small. Otherwise, the signaling flow at each interface increases sharply and the MS (especially handset) consumes increasing power. If the T3212 is smaller than 30 minutes (excluding 0), the network will be fiercely impacted. ventinel Page 57
4.10.8 T3122
I. Definition T3122 defines the period that the MS must wait for before the second trial calling if the first trial calling fails. It aims to avoid congestion of SDCCH due to repeated trial calling by MS and to relieve system load. II. Format T3122 ranges from 0s to 255s. The recommended value is 10s. III. Configuration and Influence The value of T3122 is included in the immediate assignment reject message. After the MS receives the immediate assignment reject message (no channels for signaling, A interface failure, overload of central processing unit, namely, CPU), it can send new trial calling request after T3122. T3122 aims to relieve radio signaling and voice channel resources. T3122 also help avoid systematic overload. When the CPU is overloaded, the system multiplies T3122 by a factor (determined by processorLoadSupconf) to increase T3122 through overload control. In peak load time, you can manage network access by increasing T3122. Namely, you can increase the interval between two continuous trial callings to relieve network load.
4.10.9 T3124
I. Definition T3124 is used in occupation process in asynchronous handover. It is the time for MS to receive the physical information send by network side.
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1) 2) 3) 4)
Deactivate the new channel Restart the original channel Reconnect to TCH Trigger to setup primary signaling link
Then the MS sends the HANDOVER FAILURE message on the primary signaling link and return normal operation before trial handover. The parameters for returning the original channel are those before response to the HANDOVER COMMAND message (such as in encryption mode).
4.10.10 T11
I. Definition T11 is an assignment request queue timer. II. Format T11 is determined by equipment room operators. It indicates the maximum queuing delay for assignment request. III. Configuration and Influence When the BSC is sending the ASSIGNMENT REQUEST message, no TCHs are available. The ASSIGNMENT REQUEST message must be put to a queue and the BSC sends the QUEUING INDICATION message to MSC. Meanwhile, T11 starts timing. When the BSC sends the ASSIGNMENT COMPLETE message (TCH is successfully assigned) or the ASSIGNMENT FAILURE message (TCH is not assigned) to MSC, T11 stops timing. If T11 expires, the corresponding ASSIGNMENT REQUEST message is removed from queue and the BSC sends a CLEAR REQUEST message with the cause of no radio resource available ventinel Page 59
4.10.11 T200
I. Definition T200 is important (both the MS and base station have T200) at Um interface in data link layer LAPDm. LAPDm has different channels, such as SDCCH, FACCH, and SACCH, and the transmission rate of different channel is different, so T 200 must be configured with different values. The type of the channels corresponding to T200 is the value of the T200. II. Format Different channels corresponds different values of T200. According to the protocol, when SAPI = 0 and SAPI = 3, the T200 of corresponding data link is dependently implemented, depending on delay of synchronous processing mechanism and process in layer 1 and layer 2.
III. Configuration and Influence T200 avoids deadlock in sending data in data link layer. The data link layer changes the physical link in which error occurs easily to data link with no errors. At the two ends of the data link communication system, a confirm-to-resend mechanism is used. Namely, receiving a message by the receiver must be confirmed by the sender.
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The potentially-existing lost frames in radio link must be detected as possible. Necessary retransmission of frames must start at the earliest possible moment. If the response is delayed due to UE failure, the T200 cannot expire before receiving and processing the next frame from the opposite end. If T200 expires and no other frames are sent by preference, the related frames must be resent in the message block. T 200 starts immediately after next PH-READY-TO-SEND. 4.10.12 N200
I. Definition N200 is the resending times after expiration of T200. II. Format To configure N200, follow rules below:
1) When SAPI = 0 or 3, N200 depends on the state and the channel used. When multiframe operation is set up, it ensures a common time value for layer 2 link failure in all channels. For layer 2 link establishment and release, configure N200 to 5. 2) In timer recovery state, configure N200 as below: 5 (SACCH) 23 (SDCCH) 34 (FACCH of full rate) 29 (FACCH of half rate) 3) When SAPI is unequal to 0 or 3, configure N200 to 5, as shown in Table 7-2 Situations of SAPI unequal to 0 or 3. Table 7-2 Situations of SAPI unequal to 0 or 3
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Tresp Trmax Note 3 MS: 11 51 BSS: 32 0 FACCH/Full rate 9 26 39 0 FACCH/Half rate 10 34 44 3 SDCCH MS: 11 51 51 Note 1 BSS: 32 3 SACCH(with TCH) 25/129 Note 2 312 416 Note 2 The TDMA frame is the measurement unit of values in this table, equal to 120/26ms (approximately 4.615ms) Note 1: It caters for the process without SAPI 0 transmission. Otherwise, it does not have a upper limit due to the priority of SAPI 0 transmission. Note 2: You can configure it to a greater value only when PCH is unavailable due to SAPI frame transmission if SAPI = 3. Note 3: It caters only for sending monitoring frames that are available and without F equal to 1. 0 SDCCH
III. Configuration and Influence If the BSC fails in receiving lay 2 response message after multiple resending, it sends the ERROR INDICATION message (T200 expires) to layer 3. The BSC takes statistics of ERROR INDICATION message by corresponding traffic measurement counter. When T200 or N200 is configured to an over small value, call drop occurs probably due to ERROR INDICATION.
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