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Magnetic dipole
Dipole moment m.
Electric current I. The magnetic field and magnetic moment, due to an electric current or natural magnetic dipoles, either generates the same field profile. A magnetic dipole is the limit of either a closed loop of electric current or a pair of poles as the dimensions of the source are reduced to zero while keeping the magnetic moment constant. It is a magnetic analogue of the electric dipole, but the analogy is not complete. In particular, a magnetic monopole, the magnetic analogue of an electric charge, has never been observed. Moreover, one form of magnetic dipole moment is associated with a fundamental quantum propertythe spin of elementary particles. The magnetic field around any magnetic source looks increasingly like the field of a magnetic dipole as the distance from the source increases.
An electrostatic analogue for a magnetic moment: two opposing charges separated by a finite distance. Each arrow represents the direction of the field vector at that point.
Magnetic dipole
The magnetic field of a current loop. The ring represents the current loop, which goes into the page at the x and comes out at the dot.
with 4 r2 being the surface of a sphere of radius r; and the magnetic flux density (strength of the B-field) in teslas is
Alternatively one can obtain the scalar potential first from the magnetic pole limit,
and hence the magnetic field strength (or strength of the H-field) in ampere-turns per meter is
The magnetic field is symmetric under rotations about the axis of the magnetic moment.
Magnetic dipole If a magnetic dipole is formed by taking a "north pole" and a "south pole", bringing them closer and closer together but keeping the product of magnetic pole-charge and distance constant, the limiting field is
or
where r is the distance between dipoles. The force acting on m1 is in the opposite direction. The torque can be obtained from the formula
Notes References
Chow, Tai L. (2006). Introduction to electromagnetic theory: a modern perspective. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN978-0-7637-3827-3. Jackson, John D. (1999). Classical Electrodynamics (3rd ed.). Wiley. ISBN0-471-30932-X. OCLC 224523909 (http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/224523909). Furlani, Edward P. (2001). Permanent Magnet and Electromechanical Devices: Materials, Analysis, and Applications (http://books.google.com/?id=irsdLnC5SrsC&dq=permanent+magnet+and+ electromechanical+devices&printsec=frontcover&q=3.130). Academic Press. ISBN0-12-269951-3. Schill, R. A. (2003). "General relation for the vector magnetic field of a circular current loop: A closer look". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 39 (2): 961967. Bibcode: 2003ITM....39..961S (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ abs/2003ITM....39..961S). doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2003.808597 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2003. 808597).
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