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This is a summary. Please refer to the detailed article for more detail, quotes and references.
INTRODUCTION
According to the book Daniel itself the visions contained in the book were received from God
(4:24) by a person named Daniel (8:1), who lived in the sixth century B.C. (2:1),.
In contrast the vast majority of modern Biblical scholars (Critics) believe that Daniel was written
during the reign of Antiochus IV Epiphanies, a Greek king that ruled from 175 to 164 B.C., that
much of the traumatic events described in the book actually were history when the book was
written, and that the evil king in the book Daniel is Antiochus IV. Encyclopædia Britannica state
for instance: “The Book of Daniel presents a collection of popular stories about Daniel, a loyal
Jew, and the record of visions granted to him, with the Babylonian Exile of the 6th century BCE
as their background. The book, however, was written in a later time of national crisis—when the
Jews were suffering severe persecution under Antiochus IV Epiphanes (reigned 175–164/163
BCE).”
Conservative scholars believe that Daniel contains predictive prophecy. They should therefore
be able to defend their views against the general view of modern scholarship. The purpose of
this document is to do exactly that. The purpose is not to motivate for a specific interpretation,
except where a specific fulfillment supports the purpose of this document. The critical factor in
determining whether Daniel contains proper prophecy is the date when Daniel was written; in the
6th or 2nd century B.C.
This topic is of utmost importance. Fulfilled prophecy support the credibility of the Bible in an
age of uncertainty. Jesus referred to Daniel as a prophet and put it’s fulfillment in the future (Matt
24:15). If the book of Daniel is a fraud, then Christ was mistaken concerning it. Then He could
also have been mistaken about many other things. If Daniel is a fraudulent piece of literature,
then the reliability of other books of the Bible of Scripture may legitimately be questioned; in
particular the book of Revelation, because this book is based on Daniel
The Maccabean date hypothesis (that the Book of Daniel was written during the reign of Antiochis
IV) was originally advanced by the third-century A.D. philosopher Porphyrius in his work entitled
“Against Christians”. Before Porphyry the general consensus was that the book was written by
Daniel in the sixth century BC, and is truly inspired prophecy from God. Porphyry was more or
less dismissed by Christian scholarship until the time of the Enlightenment and scientific
revolution in the eighteenth century, when Porphyry's theory received increasing support from
prominent scholars. A number of highly esteemed academics wrote books in support of this view
in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. Since then, the majority of scholars generally accept the
Maccabean theory without much question.
In support of their view Critics state that Daniel become more and more detailed and accurate;
it has an excellent view of history after the time of Alexander the Great, especially during the
Maccabean struggles; but his history shows many inaccuracies during the Babylonian and
Persian periods. Daniel must therefore have been written during the persecution under Antiochus
Epiphanes and before his death, even before the success of the Maccabaean [Hasmonean]
revolt; that is to say between 167 and 164. It will be argued in this article that the opposite is true,
namely that Daniel is very accurate with respect to the 6th century BC, but it becomes inaccurate
when the prophecies are applied to Antiochus IV. It will for instance be illustrated that 11:2-19
correlates very well with the history until the death of Antiochus III, but as from 11:20 many
differences arise between the text and the history of the kings after Antiochus III.
EXTERNAL HISTORICAL EVIDENCE
Most of this document deals with “internal evidence”, namely comparing the contents and
prophecies of Daniel with circumstances and events in the 2nd and 6th century B.C. This section,
however, deals with “external” evidence, namely what documents other than Daniel says about
the book Daniel.
Old Testament
The fact that Daniel is part of the Bible supports the view that it contains real prophecy. It would
be a real surprise to find an allegedly pseudonymous work being accepted as Holy Scripture.
The LXX was begun c.260BC, but this early translation work was only of the Torah (5 books of
Moses). Apparently the translation of Daniel into Greek was not widespread till perhaps after
c.40AD. But still the point is that it was accepted as part of the Holy Scriptures.
The Jewish Bible is divided into three sections, The Law (Torah), the Prophets and the Writings.
In the Jewish Bible Daniel is included the Writings, not in the Prophets. Critics use this fact as
proof that Daniel was written after the collection of prophetic books had been closed (about 200
B.C.). (The Writings were closed later.) They reason that if Daniel was truly written in the sixth
century, it should have been placed among the Prophets. However, the indications (Septuagint,
Vulgate, and Christian Old Testament, Josephus and Matthew 24:15) indicate Daniel was initially
part of the Prophets in the Hebrew Bible. It was moved by the rabbis to discourage apocalyptic
and messianic expectations.
Ezekiel mentions a Daniel in 14:14, 20 and 28:3. Those brief descriptions are consistent with the
data in the book of Daniel, but Critics hold that the Ezekiel references were too early to refer to
the Daniel of the Book of Daniel. Daniel was about 8 years younger than Ezekiel, and was
promoted to Nebuchadnezzar’s “cabinet” (2:49) at least 14 years before Ezekiel wrote his book.
It therefore could quite possibly be references to the real Daniel. To whom else can it refer?
New Testament
In Matthew 24, the Olivet Discourse, Christ explicitly mentions Daniel and quote from his book.
He verified that the book was written by Daniel, calls Daniel a prophet and places the
'abomination that causes desolation’ (Dn11:31), the “time of trouble” (Dn12:1), and the Son of
man coming with the clouds of heaven (Dn7:13) in His future (Mat 26:64), which means that
Daniel must contain predictive prophecies.
Jesus used the title Son of Man as his preferred name for himself, often in connection with the
judgement. There should be no doubt that Christ viewed Daniel's Son of Man as referring to
Himself. This linked is made stronger by the additional of the words “coming on the clouds”
(Compare Dn7:13 to Matt 26:64 and similar verses). This is a direct claim by Jesus that he is the
Messiah.
In 2 Thessalonians Paul refers to the "lawless one's" coming as a prerequisite to the Second
Coming, which is most probably a reference to the evil king of Daniel.
Revelation is based in Daniel, as is indicated by:
o The beasts rising from the sea (Daniel 7; Rev 13),
o The time, times and half a time (Dn7:25; 12:7), and derivatives of it, which is found five
times in Revelation (11:2, 3; 12: 6, 14; 13:6).
o The beast from the sea (Rev 13) corresponds to the evil king of Daniel. (Both blaspheme
God, persecute the saints and pretend to be God.)
Other
The O.T. apocryphal book 'Wisdom of Jesus Son of Sirach', written around 200-180, comments
on the "famous men" as "our ancestors". It mentions many of the big names in the Bible, but not
Daniel. However, Sirach doesn't mention Ezra either, and in the scribal tradition, this is almost
incomprehensible. As long as Ezra is pre-Sirach and is not mentioned, then Daniel could be pre-
Sirach and not be mentioned. The anti-Enochian polemic/instruction might also be at play in
Sirach. If ben Sira is 'selling against' Enoch/Daniel/esoteric wisdom models, it would make sense
for him to 'ignore' Daniel, and even to 'downplay' Enoch.
The Jewish tradition always accepted the prophet Daniel as the author. In fact, Daniel's visions
contributed to an increasing diversity of views in first century Judaism on such issues as
salvation, redemption, resistance to Gentile rule, angels, resurrection, and the nature and mission
of the Messiah. Josephus (1st century) viewed Daniel as real prophecy.
The earliest copy of the book of Daniel is dated around 125-100. Its first indisputable reference
occurs in the book of 1Maccabees, written about 100 (2:59-60).
According to Daniel, the prophet Daniel achieved such high rank in the Babylonian and Persian
Empires that he was second only to the king. Many archaeological records are available from
both empires, but none mentions Daniel. There is no mention in the Jewish literature to
indicate an extraordinary prophet and high ranking official named Daniel/Belteshazzar was known
before the Hasmonean period (from 164). For Critics this is strong circumstantial evidence that
Daniel did not even exist, could not have written the book, and that the book was of later
authorship.
When the references start to appear in I Maccabees and in the Qumran scrolls, there is no
indication of a controversy around Daniel in early literature. When Daniel compiled the book
around 540 B.C., he certainly did not publish it on internet for the world to see. He was instructed
to “seal the book, even to the time of the end” (12:4). It would have taken a long time for the book
to become known widely, still a longer period before it was accepted as part of the sacred
literature and included in the canon. It probably started to become accepted as inspired only after
the prophecy regarding Greece was been fulfilled.
However, it is granted that one would expect references to this extraordinary prophet and high
ranking official earlier in the literature.
INTERNAL EVIDENCE
The remainder of this document deals with “internal evidence”, namely comparing the text of
Daniel with circumstances and events in the 2nd and 6th century.
LANGUAGE
Critics claim that the author of Daniel used Persian and Greek words that would not have been
known to residents of Babylon in the 6th century BCE. Some also claim that the book of Daniel is
written partly in Aramaic, a language popular among the Jews in the Second century B.C. but not
at the time of Nebuchadnezzar.
There are three Greek words in Daniel and they are all names of musical instruments. Such
names have always circulated beyond national boundaries as the instruments themselves have
become available to the foreign market, like the Italian piano and viola. Greek words are also
found in the Aramaic documents of Elephantine dated to the fifth-century B.C.
Actually, the fact that there are so few Greek words in Daniel is proof that Daniel was written
when the Bible states. Had Daniel been written in the second century B.C., there would certainly
have been more Greek words in the book because by that time a Greek-speaking government
had been in control of the Holy Land for 160 years. For instance, the LXX (Greek translation of
the OT) was begun c.260BC.
The Persian loan words in Daniel do not necessarily argue against an early date for the book
since Daniel, who lived under the Persians, could have placed the material in its final form at the
latter part of his life (about 530 B.C.). Four of the nineteen Persian words are not translated well
by the Greek renderings of about 100 B.C. implying that their meaning was lost or drastically
changed meaning, making it is unlikely that Daniel was written in 165 B.C. All of the 19 Persian
loan words found in Daniel have been shown to be of Old Persian and none of which were in use
later than 300 B.C.
The Aramaic langue was the common language used in Assyrian, Babylonian and Persian
communication. Aramaic in the 6th century was equivalent to English in our day. Aramaic was
not the common language in the Maccabean period (166 B.C) where Greek became the common
language.
Daniel’s Aramaic demonstrates grammatical evidences for an early date more closely
associated with the seventh and sixth centuries B.C. than with the second century B.C. 90% of
the Aramaic words in Daniel have been found in texts of the fifth century BC or earlier. The
study of K. A. Kitchen, endorsed by the famous Aramaic scholar E. Y. Kutscher, disposed of the
linguistic argument for good: “there is nothing to decide the date of composition of the Aramaic of
Daniel on the grounds of Aramaic anywhere between the late sixth and the second century BC.”
( K. A. Kitchen)
This apparent error can easily be used in support of the sixth century date of writing. If the
author of Daniel lived in the second century during the persecution in Palestine:
o He would naturally use his native system of dating, and not the ancient, relatively
unknown system of Babylonian dating.
o He would certainly use Scripture, and refer to historical sources, such as Jeremiah,
which uses the Palestinian dating system.
Belshazzar; son
Daniel indicates that Nebuchadnezzar was the father of Belshazzar (Da5:2), but according to the
Nabonidus cylinder Belshazzar is the son of Nabonidus. Critics believe that during the long
period of oral tradition the unimportant kings of Babylon might easily have been forgotten, and the
last king, who was vanquished by Cyrus, would have been taken by the 2nd century writer as the
successor of the well-known Nebuchadnezzar. (JE)
Conservatives have responded in two ways. Firstly that there is a distinct possibility that there
was a genetic relationship between Nebuchadnezzar and Belshazzar. If Nabonidus married a
daughter of Nebuchadnezzar in order to legitimize his usurpation of the throne back in 556 B.C., it
would follow that his son by her would be the grandson of Nebuchadnezzar. The word for ‘father’
could also mean grandfather. Further, the term “father” does not necessarily imply a blood
relationship. It may also specify a functional relationship.
Theme of stories
The visions in Daniel are received against the background of historical events presented as
occurring in the 6th century. If the book was written in the time of Antiochus IV, the stories in
Daniel should be thematically consistent with the history at the time of Antiochus IV. They should
parallel the crisis four centuries later. Conservative highlight the following the stories as
substantially different from the events and circumstances in the 2nd century:
o No affliction of the type ascribed here to Nebuchadnezzar ever afflicted Antiochus.
o Nebuchadnezzar and Darius were both converted after they had discovered their
mistakes, but this is in no way parallel to what will happen to the evil king in Danie.
o Daniel does not want the people to take up arms against godless rulers as the
Maccabees did: Daniel and his friends seem to be passive resisters.
o Whereas the evil king in Daniel deliberately attempted to root out the Jewish religion,
Nebuchadnezzar and Darius persecuted faithful Jews only inadvertently.
o The Maccabean revolt actually was a civil war between the orthodox and reformist
parties in the Jewish camp, but Daniel reflects the conflict as between the “despicable”
and the holy ones.
Critics point to the following parallels to the crisis under Antiochus IV:
• Daniel I tells of Daniel and his friends who risked their lives rather than to defile
themselves with unclean food. Under the tyranny of Antiochus Epiphanes Jews were
allegedly ordered under penalty of death to eat "unclean" meat.
• When Daniel's friends refused to obey the king's decree, they were thrown into a fiery
furnace, but God enabled them to walk through the fire unharmed. Second Maccabees
7 tells the story of seven brothers who refused to obey the pagan decrees of Antiochus.
They were then one by one roasted alive in pans, while their mother stood by watching
and urging them not to relent, promising that the god who had given them life "will in his
mercy give you back again breath and life" (v:23).
• Nebuchadnezzar and Belshazzar desecrated the sacred vessels from the temple in
Jerusalem, Nebuchadnezzar by taking them to Babylon to put in the house of his god
(1:2) and Belshazzar by sending for the vessels during the great festival for his lords so
that they could drink wine from them while praising their gods of gold, silver, brass, iron,
and wood (5:1-4). Antiochus Epiphanes also profaned the vessels of the temple. He
entered the temple and lay "his polluted hands on the sacred vessels" (2 Macc. 5:15-16).
The Revolt
If the book was written during the crisis under Antiochus IV, to call the Jews up to resist him, it is
difficult to understand why the book never say that their will be a revolt, or that the revolt will
succeed. The book only describes the sufferings of the saints (12:7), until they are rescued at the
end of the world, as we know it (12:1).
Critics explain this by saying that the latest attested historical event with which the author of
Daniel was familiar, was the desecration of the sanctuary and the massacres in 167 BCE, giving
this as the earliest date for the Book of Daniel. The writer did not mention the successful
Maccabaean response to it, or the joyous occasion of the recovery and rededication of the
sanctuary only three years later, suggesting that this had not yet occurred when the book was
written.
Civil war
Daniel paints a picture of a tyrant that opposes God and His saints as first principle. The reality
at the time of Antiochus IV was that the events were, to a large extent, the result of infighting
between the Jews. The influence of the Hellenistic culture was strong, even before Antiochus IV
forced it down on the peoples of his kingdom (1 Macc 1:11-14). The leading Jews promoted
these practices (2 Macc 4:7-10), with a minority resisting it (1 Macc 2:19). The Maccabean war
began in 167 B.C.E. with a rebellion against a pro-Seleucid Jewish group that ruled Judea. In
164 B.C.E. a native Maccabean army captured Jerusalem.
Antiochus IV did not oppose God and the saints as first principle. He wrote to his whole kingdom
that all should abandon his particular customs. (1M1:41-43). He also robbed other temple
treasures (2 Macc 9:2) to pay his debt to the Romans. He attacked Jerusalem because he
thought that the city was revolting (II Macc 5:5-16).
Son of man; Messiah (not abbreviated)
One like the Son of man comes with the clouds of heaven to the Ancient of Days (7:13). If Daniel
was a pseudographer written in the 2nd century BC, why would the writer present a character like
the “Son of man”, and why would the inspired writers of the NT accept this as a prediction of
Jesus Christ?
On the other hand the Jews expected the Messiah. Daniel also predicts the Messiah in chapter
9. But why is there no Messiah in chapters 7, 8 and 10-12? Would a late writer not include a
Messiah that would lead the Jews to world dominance, as we see in the New Testament they
expected? The prophecies of the Old Testament predicted that the other nations will see how
good Israel’s laws are, and how healthy and wealthy the people are, and would join with them,
until the whole world had joined with them, except a hostile minority. Why is this perspective not
in Daniel, if it was written in the 2nd century?
Latter end
The horn arises in the latter time of the kingdom of the four horns. (8:23): “at the latter end of
their rule” (RSV), or “in the latter period of their rule” (NASB). The Greek kingdom existed from
312 to 30 B.C. Antiochus IV reigned somewhere in the middle of this period (175-164 B.C.), not
at the end of it. The Critics’ defense will probably be that the author thought that he lived in the
latter times. This is nevertheless an important indicator, namely that this power arise while the
Greek Empire comes to its end, which means it must be Rome.
Seleucus IV
Dan 11:20 refers to “a raiser of taxes” that “shall be destroyed” “within few days”, “neither in
anger, nor in battle”. Critical apply this to Seleucus IV, but he reigned for 13 years, which is
longer than Antiochus IV did. He was murdered, which does not fit the “neither in anger”. Nor
was he a “raiser of taxes” any more than his father.
Vile
The king in 11:21 is called “vile” in the very first verse dealing with him. The context implies that
he is “vile” even before he becomes king. That would be the reason why they do not “give him”
the honour of the kingdom (11:21). This would not apply to Antiochus IV.
Deceit
There is ample evidence that the horn or vile person gains authority and rules through deceit.
Words such as “flatteries” (11:21 KJV), “intrigue” (11:21 NASB), “hypocrisy” (11:34 NASB),
“cunning” (8:25 RSV), “deceit” (8:25 RSV) are used. History does not confirm that Antiochus IV
applied deceit more that any of the kings before him.
For emphasis this point is explained in this paragraph in different words. The people do not make
him king, but somehow he does become king. He does not use violence or war to become king.
He gains power by saying one thing and then doing something else. He concludes agreements
with people but breaks the agreement whenever it suites him. The people did not want him to
become king, because in their view he is contemptible. They do not make him king, but slowly he
becomes king through political maneuvering. This does not describe Antiochus IV.
Supported by few
The vile person will initially be supported by few (11:23). Antiochus IV was a Seleucid prince and
brother to the murdered king. After Heliodorus killed his brother (the previous king), the mighty
people of the empire made Antiochus IV king, and killed Heliodorus. Antiochus was supportered
by many.
Magnify himself
“The king shall will exalt and magnify himself above every god. Neither shall he regard the
God of his fathers, nor have regard for any god: for he shall magnify himself above all” (11:36-
37). This was definitely not true of Antiochus IV. He promoted the religion of his fathers.
The vile king will serve and promote a “strange god”, unknown to his fathers (11:38-39). This
does not fit Antiochus either. His aim was that all people should serve the gods of his fathers.
1150 Days
Critics interpret the "2300 evenings and mornings" as "half-days", or 1150 full days. This will fit
better the time periods of the crisis under Antiochus IV. He put a stop to temple services for 1105
days. But the 2300 “evening morning” should not be understood not as 2300 sacrifices, or “half-
days”, but as 2300 full days, for the following reasons:
a) In the Bible the morning sacrifice is always mentioned first (Eg Ex 29:38-46),
while in Daniel the evening is mentioned first. The place in the Bible that does talk
about “evening and morning” is Genesis 1, where the two together refers to a single
day.
b) The Bible speaks of the two daily sacrifices as a single sacrifice (Ex 29:42).
c) “2300 evenings and mornings” should be read as 2300 evenings and 2300
mornings, because evenings and mornings are inseparable. If one says 2300
summers and winters, it means 2300 years, because summers and winters are
inseparably linked.
If the 2300 “evening morning” is properly understood as 2300 days, which is more than 6 years,
and then it does not fit the Antiochus IV thesis at all.
1260 Days
Daniel 12 starts with Michael standing up in a time of extreme trouble and saving everybody
whose names are written in the book of life. Then those that sleep in the dust of the earth awake,
some to everlasting life, and some to everlasting contempt. The wise will shine like stars (2:1-3).
Then Daniel is instructed to seal the book until the time of the end. At that time many will study
the visions, and knowledge of it will increase. (Dn12:4)
Then somebody asks “How long shall it be to the end of these wonders?” (12:6) referring to the
wonderful things in the previous verses (Dan12:1-4). Then a man, clothed in linen, standing
above the waters of the river, held both his hands up unto heaven, and swore by him that live for
ever “that it shall be for a time, times, and a half; and when he shall have accomplished to
scatter the power of the holy people, all these things shall be finished”. (Dn12:7)
This answer refers to a different time period. It refers back to Daniel 7, where the “time, times,
and a half” (3½ times) was first mentioned as a period of persecution. Still Daniel does not
understand (12:8), and the man in linen provides further information: “from the time that the daily
sacrifice shall be taken away, and the abomination that makes desolate set up, there shall be a
1290 days” (12:11).
This is a clarification of the “time, times and dividing of a time” (3½ times) of 12:7. The question
is what the relationship between the 1290 days and the 3½ times is. For this we will have to go to
the book of Revelation. There we will read that the 3½ times is therefore equal to 1260 days
(compare Rev 12:6, 12:14, 11:2 and 11:3).
According to Daniel 12:11 the 1260 days (3½ times) and the 1290 days have the same end point.
This means that the 1290 starts 30 days before the 3½ times. The sanctuary will therefore be
desecrated 30 days before the start of the persecution of the saints, and this does not fit the time
of Antiochus IV. In the 2nd century it was the other way around. The persecution of the “saints”
started before the temple was desecrated. Remember that these events were history from a
second century writer’s perspective, and should therefore reflect historical reality.
Further, if the 2300 days is taken as 1150 days, and if it starts at the beginning of the 1290 days,
then it ends 140 days before the end of the 1290 days, which means that the saints are persecu-
ted for 140 days after the sanctuary has been cleansed. This also does not fit the time of Antio-
chus IV. If the 2300 days are taken as real days, then it continues for more than 1000 days after
the end of persecution, and does not fit the 2nd century either.
1335 Days
The man in linen then continues: “Blessed is he that waits, and comes to the 1335 days” (12:12).
The implied starting date for the 1335 days is the same as the 1290 days, which means that there
are 45 days between the date on which persecution ends and some unidentified joyous event.
The author of Daniel therefore envisaged quite a complex end time. Why would a second
century writer present such a complex future view? Presumably a 2nd century writer would
envisage a single end date.
Discussion
In Daniel 9 the angel promises a period of 70 weeks grace for Israel and Jerusalem, to achieve
the wonderful things mentioned in 9:24. It is interesting to note that the 70 years of exile to
Babilon was linked to the sabbatical year principle, namely that the land should rest every
seventh year. The 70 years was the penalty for the previous 420 years of sin (70 weeks of years
= 490 years; deduct the 70 = 420). Then it is interesting to note that it was about 420 years from
the time of king Saul to the beginning of the 70 years. But now the emphasis is on a new cycle of
490 years
Both Critics and conservatives interpret the 70 weeks of Daniel 9 as 490 years, but apply it very
differently. Critics apply the last week (seven years) to the crisis period under of Antiochus IV,
while conservatives interpret the Messiah the Prince (9:25) as Jesus Christ.
A “time, times and half a time” and “2300 evening morning” are strange expressions of time. 70
weeks is another strange way of expressing time. In the same way in which strange animals and
horns are used to represent real empires and kings, these strange time periods represent real
time periods. These strange time periods should therefore not be interpreted literally. The 70
weeks prophecy introduces the concept that a day represents a year. This raises the possibility
that this principle might also apply to the other strange time periods Daniel. In other words, that
the “2300 evening morning” may be equal to 2300 years, and the “time, times and half a time”
may be equal to 1260 years.
The 70 weeks consists of three successive periods of 7 weeks, 62 weeks and 1 week (9:24-27).
Some translations of 9:25 put the Messiah after the first 7 weeks, but fair treatment of the text
requires that the Messiah in 9:26 be the same as the Messiah in 9:25, which means that the
Messiah is cut off after the 62 weeks (9:26). The Messiah therefore appears at the end of the 62
weeks, as in the NASB, NIV, KJV, Young’s Literal and many other translations.
The events described in 9:24-27 cannot occur in the sequence given in the text. For instance:
o The last part of 9:25 (building street and wall) must take place before the first part of the
same verse (the arrival of Messiah the Prince).
o In 9:26 the city and sanctuary are destroyed, but in 9:27 he causes sacrifices to cease. If
the sanctuary is destroyed there is no need to cause sacrifices to cease.
It is therefore proposed that the text be read as presented in the tables below. In this
representation the first parts of each of the verses 25 to 27 refer to Messiah the Prince, while the
second parts refer to the city; first it’s rebuilding and then its destruction:
24: 70 weeks
upon thy people and holy city
are determined
Finish the transgression Make an end of sins
To: Make reconciliation for iniquity Bring in everlasting righteousness
Seal up the vision and prophecy Anoint the most Holy
Messiah City
25: From the going forth of the com-
mandment to restore and to build the street shall be built again, and the wall, even in
Jerusalem unto the Messiah the troublous times
Prince shall be 7 weeks and 62 weeks
26: After 62 weeks shall Messiah be the people of the prince that shall come shall destroy
cut off the city and the sanctuary; and the end thereof shall be
not for himself with a flood, and unto the end of the war desolations
are determined.
27: He shall confirm the covenant with
for the overspreading of abominations he shall make it
many for one week: and in the midst of
desolate, even until the consummation, and that
the week he shall cause the sacrifice
determined shall be poured upon the desolate
and the oblation to cease
The 490 years start with the commandment to restore Jerusalem (9:25). The text does not say
what happens at the end of the first 7 weeks (49 years). One possibility is that the restoration of
the city will then be completed. The 62 weeks end with the appearance of Messiah the Prince.
Many conservatives put a “gap” between the 62 weeks and the last week, but the writer was not
aware of such a gap. In the “midst” of the last week (seven years) “he” causes the sacrifice and
the oblation to cease. “Midst” is not necessarily precisely in the middle of the seven years. The
event defining the end of the last seven years, and therefore the end of the full 490 years is not
clear from the text, except that that is when “he” no longer “confirms” the covenant (9:27).
Critical view
The interpretation of the Critics may therefore be presented in the following table:
70 weeks start Destruction of Jerusalem (586 B.C.)
End of first 7 weeks Cyrus issues the decree of liberation (538 B.C.)
End of 7+62 weeks The murder of the deposed high priest Onias III (171 B.C.)
Temple desecrated by an abomination—the silver altar erected by
Midst of the last week
Antiochus Epiphanes (December 6, 167 B.C.)
CRISIS
End of the 490 years Temple services restored on December 14, 164 B.C.
The Cross
The text of Daniel 9 does not fit the Critics’ interpretation, and must be interpreted as referring to
the cross, for the following reasons:
1. The six-fold purpose of the 70 weeks is given in 9:24, for instance “to bring an end to sin
and to bring in eternal righteousness”. This is the solution to the human sin problem
(9:24), and does not fit Antiochus IV. It does fit the cross.
2. Daniel 9 implies that the sin problem will be solved through the “Messiah the Prince”
(9:25). He will be cut off (killed; 9:26) and put an end to sacrifices (9:27). This looks very
much like a prediction of the Jesus Christ and of His death o the cross, after which the
sacrificial system lost its meaning. The writer of Daniel could not have believed that the
sin problem will be solved through Onias III, who was killed 4 years before Antiochus IV
desecrated the temple.
3. The conflict in the time of Antiochus IV was more of the nature of a civic war than that of
conflict with an external oppressor. The severest condemnation of the writer of I
Maccabees goes, not to the Seleucid politicians, but to the lawless apostates among his
own people. It is difficult to see how a second century writer could write 9:24 to describe
a mostly civil war between a pro-Hellenistic and an anti-Hellenistic Jewish factions.
4. In the Critic’s view the Messiah of 9:25 is Cyrus and the Messiah in 9:26 is Onias III. But
there is not a Messiah after 7 weeks (as explained above).
5. Other Bible passages use the term “messiah” exclusively for people that rescue Israel
from danger. This could not be applied to Onias, as he died four years before the crisis.
6. Daniel 9 does not say that the destroyer prince will cut off Messiah the Prince. The des-
troyer prince is introduced only after Messiah the Prince is cut off (9:26). This does not
fit the Antiochus IV thesis, but it does fit the cross thesis, where the Romans destroyed
the city in the year 70.
7. The Hebrew of 9:27 does not read to “conclude” an agreement, but to “confirm” an
agreement for one week. The agreement therefore existed before the last seven years,
which implies that it is the covenant between God and Israel. Antiochus IV did not
conclude or confirm an agreement with anybody for one week.
8. Jesus did confirm the covenant for one week (seven years). The last seven starts with
the coming (RSV) of the anointed (RSV). This could be the beginning of His ministry,
when He was baptized and anointed with the Holy Ghost (Acts 10:37, 38). In the “midst”
(KJV) of the next seven years he cause sacrifice to end (9:27). This could be the
crucifixion, where the Lamb of God was killed, and sacrifices lost their meaning, because
they pointed forward to the Lamb of God. But this was not the end of the period of grace
for the Jews. The message continued to go to Jews only (Acts 10:47-11:3, 18, 19) until
Peter had the dream of the animals (Acts 10:11, 12), whereby God showed him not to
“call any man common or unclean” (Acts 10:28). This could be the end of the last seven.
9. In 11:22 the “vile person” breaks the “prince of the covenant”, which must be the same
one the one that confirms the covenant for one week (9:27). But the latter in interpreted
by Critics as Antiochus. Putting the two verses together, it would mean that Antiochus
breaks himself.
10. AE did not “destroy the sanctuary” (9:26). He defiled the temple. Refer to 1Macc.1:30-
31, 39 quoted above.
11. According to the critical view (as explained above) the complete period (586-164) is 422
years, but it should be 490 years (9:24). It is unlikely that an informed writer in 165 BC
would make such a big mistake.
12. The situation is actually worse. Critics start the 490 years with the destruction of
Jerusalem (586), but it should begin with the issue of a word to restore Jerusalem (9:25).
There are four such “words” in history. The first candidate is the one used by the Critics.
It was issued by Cyrus' in 539 B.C.E. Using this “word” would reduce the period to 529-
164=365 years.
13. But this cannot be the “commandment” referred to by Daniel because the city was still in
ruins 100 years later when Artaxerxes issued his decree in his twentieth year (444 B.C.)
(Neh. 2:2). If we use Artaxerxes’s order, the actual period until the time of Antiochus
world be 444-164=280 years, while the prophecy requires 490 years.
14. If the decree of Artaxerxes in Ezra 7 (458 BC) is the starting point, Daniel 9 gives a fairly
accurate date for Christ’s crucifixion c. AD 32.
If Daniel 9 predicts the cross, then Daniel undeniably contains proper prophecy, as copies of
Daniel (Dead Sea Scrolls) have been available to the Qumran sect before the crucifixion.
PHILOSOPHY
If the evidence for a sixth-century date of composition is so certain, why do scholars reject it in
favor of an unsupportable Maccabean hypothesis? The reason is that most scholars embrace a
liberal, naturalistic, and rationalistic philosophy. Naturalism and rationalism are ultimately based
on faith rather than on evidence; therefore, this faith will not allow them to accept the supernatural
predictions" (Bruce K. Waltke, "The Date of the Book of Daniel." Bibliotheca Sacra 133 [1976]: 329).
Most scholars simply cannot admit that an Almighty God inspired Daniel to write down events that
were to happen centuries later. The visions of Daniel are so precisely and succinctly written, they
are breath-taking. But the scholars, steeped in human reason and intellectual vanity, refuse to
recognize the miracle of Daniel.
If Daniel is rejected because of miracles, then all of scripture must be rejected.
Judaism and Christianity are founded on the supernatural workings of a personal God who acts in
human history, is in control of human history, and is knowledgeable about human future. Based
on this assumption, it is possible to allow the Book of Daniel not to be a book written by the
Prophet Daniel. For those who view omniscience as part of God’s character, the foretelling of
future of events is not out of the ordinary. To admit that Daniel was given incredible visions of the
future is to acknowledge that an almighty, authoritative God exists.
AJ van Niekerk Aniekerk@pgwc.gov.za