CHAPTER 4: INTEREST RATES AND BOND PRICING

4.1 BONDS

A bond is a debt instrument that provides a periodic stream of interest payments to

investors while repaying the borrowed principal on a specified maturity date. The bond's
face value or par value is the price at which the bond is issued. The coupon rate is the
percentage of the face value paid to investors each year; the coupon is the dollar value of
these payments. A bond's maturity is the time until the bond is redeemed; i.e., the time
at which investors are repaid the bond's face value.

Bonds are issued by federal, state and local governments to finance budget deficits.
Corporations issue bonds to raise investment capital. Foreign governments and
corporations may also issue bonds in the domestic market.

A bond may be issued as a zero coupon bond; this is a bond that is sold to investors at a
discounted price and then redeemed at face value in the future. If an investor holds the
bond until maturity, he earns a capital gain equal to the difference between the
discounted price and the face value. Short-maturity bonds (with maturities of one year or
less) are often issued as zero coupon bonds. Longer-maturity bonds are usually issued as
coupon-bearing bonds.

4.2 BOND PRICING

The price of a bond equals the present value of its expected future cash flows. The cash
flows are discounted with a rate of interest that is appropriate to the maturity and risk of
the bond.

The bond pricing formula is:

where: P = the bond's price

C = the coupon payment
F = the face value of the bond
r = the periodic rate of interest
t = a time index
T = the maturity date of the bond

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EXAMPLE

Suppose that a bond has a face value of $1,000 and a coupon rate of 4%; the bond will
mature in four years. The bond makes annual coupon payments. The appropriate rate of
interest for discounting this bond's cash flows is assumed to be 3%. The price of the
bond is determined as follows:

P = 38.8350 + 37.7038 + 36.6057 + 924.0265 = $1,037.17

This is known as a premium bond since its market price exceeds its face value.

If the rate of interest is 4%, the price of the bond is:

P = 38.4615 + 36.9822 + 35.5599 + 888.9964 = $1,000.00

This is known as a par bond since its market price equals its face value.

If the rate of interest is 5%, the price of the bond is:

P = 38.0952 + 36.2812 + 34.5535 + 855.6106 = $964.54

This is known as a discount bond since its market price is less than its face value.

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SUMMARY

INTEREST RATE PRICE

3% 1,037.17
4% 1,000.00
5% 964.54

These results show that there is an inverse relationship between bond prices and interest
rates. Whenever the market rate of interest is less than a bond's coupon rate, the price of
the bond exceeds its face value. If the market rate of interest equals a bond's coupon rate,
the bond sells for its face value. If the market rate of interest is greater than a bond's
coupon rate, the price of the bond is less than its face value.

This relationship is summarized in the following table:

INTEREST RATE PRICE

market rate < coupon rate market price > face value
market rate = coupon rate market price = face value
market rate > coupon rate market price < face value

4.3 COMPOUNDING CONVENTIONS AND THE PRICING OF

BONDS

In actual practice, most coupon-bearing bonds in the United States pay coupons on a
semi-annual basis. In order to price these bonds, the formula must be adjusted as
follows:

1) the semi-annual rate of interest is used to discount cash flows

2) the number of time periods is doubled; each time period is now a semi-annual period
instead of a full year
3) semi-annual coupons are used instead of annual coupons

EXAMPLE

Using the previous example, the bond's price can be computed using semi-annual
coupons as follows:

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Annual rate of interest = 3%:

P = 19.7044 + 19.4132 + 19.1263 + 18.8437 + 18.5652 +

18.2908 + 18.0205 + 905.4653 = $1,037.43

Annual rate of interest = 4%:

P = 19.6078 + 19.2234 + 18.8464 + 18.4769 + 18.1146 +

17.7594 + 17.4112 + 870.5602 = $1,000.00

Annual rate of interest = 5%:

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 P = 19.5122 + 19.0363 + 18.5720 + 18.1190 + 17.6771 +

17.2459 + 16.8253 + 837.1615 = $964.1493

SUMMARY

With semi-annual compounding:

• the price of a premium bond rises

• the price of a par bond remains unchanged
• the price of a discount bond falls

4.4 ANNUAL PERCENTAGE RATE AND EFFECTIVE ANNUAL

RATE

The annual percentage rate (APR) is the rate of interest that applies to a full year with
interest compounded annually. APR indicates the simple interest, or interest on
principal, that is paid to investors. If interest is compounded more frequently, interest is
paid on interest; this is known as compound interest. A measure of interest rates that
incorporates both simple and compound interest is known as the effective annual rate
(EAR). The relationship between APR and EAR is given by the following formula:

where:

M = compounding frequency (number of periods per year)

EXAMPLE

If a bank charges an APR of 6% per year, compounded quarterly for a loan, what is the
effective annual rate?
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In this case, APR = 0.06 and M = 4:

In the event that interest rates are continuously compounded, which indicates an infinite
number of compounding periods, then the formula becomes:

EAR = eAPR - 1

EXAMPLE

If a bank charges an APR of 5% per year, compounded continuously, what is the

effective annual rate?

EAR = e0.05 - 1 = 0.05127 = 5.127%

4.5 MEASURES OF INTEREST RATES

Several equivalent measures of interest rates can be used to obtain the prices of bonds.
These are known as:

• yield to maturity (YTM)

• spot rates
• forward rates
• discount factors

4.5.1 YIELD TO MATURITY (YTM)

Yield to maturity (YTM) is the internal rate of return of the cash flows of a bond or
other fixed-income instrument. It is the unique rate of interest at which the present value
of a bond's cash flows equals the market price of the bond.

EXAMPLE

A seven-year 5% coupon bond with a face value of $1,000 was issued four years ago.
The bond makes annual coupon payments to investors. The current three-year yield to
maturity is 3%. The price of the bond is computed as follows:
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where:
P = the bond's price
C = the annual coupon payment
F = the bond's face value
y = the yield to maturity

= 48.5437 + 47.1298 + 960.8987 = 1,056.57

The owner of the bond receives a $50 coupon payment each year; this is the product of
the 5% coupon rate and the face value of $1,000. At the end of the third year, the owner
also receives the face value of the bond. Therefore, the final cash flow is $50 + $1,000 =
$1,050. The three-year yield to maturity is used to discount all the cash flows of a three-
year bond.

Since the three-year yield is currently 3%, newly-issued three-year bonds carry a coupon
rate of 3%. Since this bond has a 5% coupon rate, it is more attractive to investors than
newly-issued three-year bonds. As a result, its market price is greater than its face value.
Selling the bond would result in a capital gain of $56.57.

One of the key characteristics of the yield to maturity measure is that all cash flows are
discounted by the same rate of interest. One shortcoming of the yield to maturity
measure is that it does not accurately reflect the rate of return to an asset unless:

• the asset is held to maturity

• the cash flows are reinvested at the yield to maturity

Since future reinvestment rates are uncertain, an asset's yield to maturity is unlikely to
match the actual rate of return to the investor.

4.5.2 SPOT RATES

The spot rate of interest is the yield to maturity of a zero-coupon bond. A zero-coupon
bond is sold at a discount from its face value; at maturity, the investor receives the face

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value from the issuer. The difference represents a capital gain to the investor, which
replaces coupon payments. One of the advantages of using spot rates to price financial
assets is that each cash flow is discounted by a unique rate of interest, which is a function
of its maturity. Spot rates may be computed directly from yields through a procedure
known as bootstrapping.

EXAMPLE

Suppose that a newly-issued three-year Treasury note makes annual coupon payments of
$60, and has a face value of $1,000. The price equals the face value of $1,000; this
implies that the yield to maturity equals the coupon rate of 6%. The yields on a newly-
issued one-year Treasury bill and a two-year Treasury note are 5% and 5.5%,
respectively. The two-year Treasury note has a face value of $1,000 and pays an annual
coupon of $55. The one-year Treasury bill has a face value of $1,000 and is sold at a
discounted price of $952.38. The one-year, two-year and three-year yields to maturity
are 5.0%, 5.5% and 6.0%, respectively.

This information can be used to compute the corresponding spot rates of interest. This
can be done by noting that each cash flow is discounted by the corresponding spot rate of
interest; i.e., a cash flow that occurs in one year is discounted by the one-year spot rate, a
cash flow that occurs in two years is discounted by the two-year spot rate, etc.

The one-year spot rate is obtained from the following formula, which shows the price of a
one-year zero coupon bond:

where:

F = face value
S(1) = the 1-year spot rate of interest

Since the bond is selling at a discounted price of $952.38:

Solving for S(1) gives:

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The two-year spot rate is derived from the pricing relationship for a two-year coupon
bond:

where:

C = coupon payment

In this case, each cash flow is treated as a zero coupon bond; therefore, each cash flow is
discounted by the spot rate with the corresponding maturity.

Substituting gives:

The three-year spot rate is derived from the pricing relationship for a three-year bond:

Substituting gives:

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The following table shows the relationship between times to maturity, yields and spot
rates.

At the shortest maturity, the yield to maturity and the spot rate are equal, since the
shortest maturity securities are zero coupon bonds. As the time to maturity increases, the
spot rate rises above the yield at a progressively increasing rate. This relationship holds
whenever yields rise with maturity. If yields fall with maturity, this relationship is
reversed.

4.5.3 FORWARD RATES

A forward rate of interest is a rate that applies to a future time interval. For example, the
rate of interest that applies to a five-year loan beginning in one year is a forward rate of
interest. This is known as the five-year rate one year forward. Forward rates can be
derived from the relationship between current spot rates.

EXAMPLE

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Suppose that a bank currently pays a 5% rate of interest for one-year time deposits, and
6% for two-year time deposits. Suppose that an investor wishes to invest $1,000 for one
year starting in one year. Can the investor lock in a guaranteed rate of interest today?

Assuming that the quoted rates are applicable to both borrowing and lending, the investor
can replicate a one-year deposit in one year as follows:

• lend $1,000 for two years at the two-year rate of 6%

• borrow $1,000 for one year at the one-year rate of 5%

Initially, the two cash flows offset each other. In one year, the investor must repay
$1,000(1.05) = $1,050. In two years, the investor receives $1,000(1.06)2 = $1,123.60.
What rate of return does this represent? This is determined as follows:

(1,123.60)/(1,050) - 1 = 0.0701 = 7.01%

This rate is known as the one-year rate one year forward.

The forward rate of interest may be written as f(t,T), where t is the time at which the rate
begins and T is the time at which the rate matures. In this example, the one-year rate
one-year forward is written as f(1,2); the one-year rate two years forward is written as
f(2,3) and the two-year rate one-year forward is written as f(1,3).

Just as forward rates can be derived from spot rates, spot rates can be derived from
forward rates.

EXAMPLE

Referring to the same data from the previous examples, the one-year forward rate one
year forward is obtained from the following relationship:

Substituting the one-year and two-year spot rates into this equation gives:

The one-year rate two years forward is obtained from the following relationship:

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Substituting gives:

The following table shows the relationship between times to maturity, yields, spot rates
and forward rates in this example.

At the shortest maturity, the spot rate and forward rate are equal:

f(0,1) = S(1)

As the time to maturity increases, the forward rate rises above the spot rate at a
progressively increasing rate. This relationship holds whenever yields rise with maturity.
If yields fall with maturity, this relationship is reversed. In general, the relationship
between spot and forward rates is given as:

EXAMPLE

The two-year forward rate one-year forward can be determined as follows:

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4.5.4 DISCOUNT FACTORS

Discount factors represent the present value or price of $1 to be received at a specified

date in the future. These are sometimes known as pure discount bond prices. Discount
factors can be computed directly from spot rates, as follows:

where: d(t) = discount factor of maturity t

EXAMPLE

Based on the previous example, the one-year, two-year and three-year discount factors
are computed as follows:

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The following table shows the relationship between time to maturity, par yields, spot
rates, forward rates and discount factors in this example:

SUMMARY

Yields, spot rates, forward rates and discount factors are different methods of expressing
the same information. This can be seen by pricing the three-year bond from previous
examples using all four measures of interest rates.

PRICING WITH YIELDS

PRICING WITH SPOT RATES

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PRICING WITH FORWARD RATES

PRICING WITH DISCOUNT FACTORS

P = 60(0.95238) + 60(0.89821) + 1060(0.83865) = 1,000.00

4.6 DURATION AND CONVEXITY

Two of the most important measures of interest rate risk are duration and convexity.
Interest rate risk refers to the chance that the value of an investment will fall due to a
change in interest rates. Duration and convexity are used to determine the sensitivity of
an investment’s price to a change in interest rates.

4.6.1 MACAULAY DURATION

Duration is a measure of the sensitivity of a bond’s price to changes in the yield to

maturity. Duration enables an investor to directly compare the risk of bonds with
different face values, maturities, coupons, etc.

The concept of duration was first defined by Frederic Macaulay in 1938 in his book “The
Movement of Interest Rates, Bond Yields and Stock Prices in the United States Since
1856.” As a result, the form of duration that he suggested is known as Macaulay
duration. Macaulay duration is the sum of the present values of a bond's time-weighted
cash flows divided by the bond's price. In the special case of a zero coupon bond,
Macaulay duration equals the bond's maturity.

A more convenient form of duration that is closely related to Macaulay duration is known
as modified duration.

4.6.2 MODIFIED DURATION

Modified duration equals:

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 D = modified duration
P = the bond’s price
ΔP = change in the bond’s price = P1 – P0
Δy = change in the bond’s yield = y1 – y0

Modified duration equals the slope of the price-yield curve, normalized by the bond’s
price. The price-yield curve is shown in the following diagram:

The price-yield curve is negatively-sloped due to the inverse relationship between bond
prices and yields. The slope of this curve at a given point is illustrated by a tangent line.

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The slope equals dP/dy, which is approximated as P/y in the modified duration
formula. Since this slope is negative, in order to avoid negative units, the modified
duration of a bond is obtained by multiplying the slope by -1, then dividing by the price
of the bond.

4.6.3 COMPUTING MODIFIED DURATION

Computing modified duration requires computing the first derivative of the bond pricing
function. As an alternative approach, modified duration may be derived by first
computing Macaulay Duration, then converting to modified duration as follows: D =
DMAC/(1+y).

where:

DMAC = Macaulay Duration

y = yield to maturity

NUMERICAL EXAMPLE

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Assume that a ten-year U.S. Treasury note that was issued five years ago with an annual
coupon rate of 6% and a face value of $1,000. Also assume that newly-issued (“on-the-
run”) five-year Treasury notes offer a coupon rate of 3%.

This information can be used to compute the bond’s market price and duration, as shown
in the following table:

where:

CF = cash flow
PVIF = present value interest factor (using a yield to maturity of 3%)
PVCF = present value of cash flow = CF*PVIF
tPVCF = time-weighted present value of cash flow = t*PVCF

The bond’s market price is the sum of the present value cash flows (PVCF), or
$1,137.3912. The bond’s Macaulay duration is calculated as the sum of the time-
weighted present value cash flows (tPVCF) divided by the bond’s market price (P). This
equals:

The bond’s modified duration is calculated as the Macaulay duration divided by one plus
the bond’s yield to maturity: D = DMAC/(1+y). This equals 4.5025/(1.03) = 4.3714. This

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result indicates that if the yield rises by one basis point (one one-hundredth of a
percentage point), the price of the bond will change by approximately:

D = (-ΔP/Δy)(1/P)

ΔP = -DPΔy

ΔP = (-4.3714)(1137.3912)(0.0001)

ΔP = -$0.497

Conversely, if the yield falls by one basis point, the price of the bond will rise by
approximately $0.497. In percentage terms, the change of the bond’s price is computed
as:

ΔP/P = -DΔy

ΔP/P = (-4.3714)(0.0001)

ΔP/P = -0.000437 = -0.0437%

4.6.4 DOLLAR DURATION

The dollar duration of a bond equals modified duration times the price of the bond:

D$ = -DP = ΔP /Δy

where: D$ is dollar duration

EXAMPLE

Based on the previous example, the modified duration of a five-year 6% coupon bond
with a face value of $1,000 and a price of $1,137.39 is 4.3714. The dollar duration of
this bond is:

(4.3714)(1,137.39) = $4,971.99

4.6.5 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE DURATION

Duration is a function of a bond's maturity and coupon rate. Duration is an increasing

function of maturity, since a longer maturity bond has more cash flows that are affected
by changes in yield. Duration is a decreasing function of coupon rate. Zero coupon
bonds are most heavily affected by changes in yield since all cash flows take place on a

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single date; with coupon-bearing bonds, the impact of changes in yield is spread out
among the coupon payments.

EXAMPLE

The following table shows the modified duration of four bonds: a 5 year zero coupon
bond, a 5 year 5% coupon bond, a 10 year zero coupon bond and a 10 year 5% coupon
bond. The yield curve is flat at 4% (i.e., yield is 4% for all maturities.)

BOND MODIFIED DURATION

5 year 0% coupon 4.81
5 year 5% coupon 4.38
10 year 0% coupon 9.62
10 year 5% coupon 7.88

The table shows that the modified duration of the 5 year zero coupon bond is greater than
the modified duration of the 5 year 5% coupon bond. Similarly, the modified duration of
the 10 year zero coupon bond is greater than the modified duration of the 10 year 5%
coupon bond.

The modified duration of the 10 year zero coupon bond is greater than the modified
duration of the 5 year zero coupon bond, and the duration of the 10 year 5% coupon bond
is greater than the modified duration of the 5 year 5% coupon bond.

4.7 DOLLAR VALUE OF A BASIS POINT (DV01)

A closely related measure of interest rate risk is known as the dollar value of a basis
point (DV01), sometimes known as the price value of a basis point (PVBP). This is
computed as follows:

DV01 equals the dollar change in price of a bond due to a one basis point (one-hundredth
of a percent) change in the yield to maturity. It can also be written as:

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EXAMPLE

For a bond with a modified duration of 5 and a price of $1,000, the dollar duration equals
(5)(1,000) = $5,000. The dollar value of a basis point is therefore (5,000)(10,000) =
$0.50.

4.8 CONVEXITY

If more accuracy is needed in computing the change in a bond’s price due to a change in
yield, the bond’s convexity is incorporated into the calculation.

Convexity is computed as follows:

where:

Δ2P = the second difference of P

= P2 – 2P1 + P0

Δy2 = the second difference of y

= y2 – 2y1 + y0

Convexity will always be positive for bonds that do not contain any embedded options.
Convexity can be negative if a bond is callable. By incorporating convexity, the change
in a bond’s price due to a given change in yield can be estimated more precisely, as
follows:

The percentage price change is computed as:

NUMERICAL EXAMPLE

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Returning to the example of the ten-year U.S. Treasury note that was issued five years
ago, the convexity is computed as follows:

The bond’s convexity is calculated as the sum of t(t+1)CF/(1+y)t+2 divided by the bond’s
price. This equals 27912.0418/1137.3912 = 24.5404.

Combining the bond’s duration and convexity shows that if the yield rises by one basis
point, the price of the bond will change by approximately:

ΔP = -DPΔy + 0.5CP(Δy)2

ΔP = (-4.3714)(1137.3912)(0.0001) + 0.5(24.5404)(1137.3912)(0.0001)2

ΔP = -$0.497199 + $0.000014 = -$0.497185

The percentage change is approximately:

ΔP/P = -DΔy + 0.5C(Δy)2

ΔP/P = (-4.3714)(0.0001) + 0.5(24.5404)(0.0001)2

ΔP/P = -0.000437 = -0.0437%

For a bond with a short maturity, the additional accuracy gained from including
convexity is minimal. For bonds with longer maturities, the difference will be much

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greater. If a bond contains any embedded options, including the convexity can lead to a
substantial improvement in computing the sensitivity of the bond’s price to changes in
yield.

4.9 TREASURY STRIPS

STRIPS (Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal Securities) are

synthetically created zero coupon Treasury securities. In the Treasury market, only
Treasury bills are issued as zero coupon bonds; Treasury notes and bonds are issued as
coupon-bearing bonds. A zero coupon bond offers the advantage of a known rate of
return since there are no coupons to reinvest at unknown future rates of interest. In order
to satisfy the demand for longer-maturity zero coupon Treasury securities, the STRIPS
program was instituted in 1985. With a STRIP, a financial institution sells a Treasury
note or bond to the U.S. Treasury in exchange for coupon STRIPS and a principal
STRIP. These STRIPS can then be sold to individual investors.

For example, if a two-year Treasury note has a face value of $1,000,000 and a coupon
rate of 5%, this can be stripped into four zero coupon bonds, known as coupon strips,
each with a face value of $25,000 and maturities of six months, one year, eighteen
months and two years. These strips mature at the same time as the semi-annual coupons
paid by the underlying two-year Treasury note. In addition, a two-year principal strip is
created with a face value of $1,000,000.

STRIPS can be reconstituted into coupon bearing bonds. While any coupon STRIPS of
the appropriate size and maturity may be used, a bond can only be reconstituted from its
own principal STRIP.

CHAPTER 4 KEY CONCEPTS

1) A bond is a debt instrument; it is characterized by its face value, coupon rate and
maturity. Bonds are issued mainly by federal, state and local governments, corporations
and foreign entities.

2) A bond is priced by computing the present value of its expected future cash flows. A
premium bond sells for a price greater than its face value, a par bond sells for its face
value and a discount bond sells for a price less than its face value.

3) Pricing bonds with semi-annual coupons requires adjustments to the number of time
periods, the size of the coupons and the interest rate used to discount the cash flows.

4) The annual percentage rate (APR) is the rate paid with annual compounding. The
effective annual rate (EAR) shows the rate paid with more frequent compounding.

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5) Several equivalent measures of interest rates can be used to price bonds; these are:

yield to maturity (YTM)

spot rates
forward rates
discount rates

6) Duration and convexity are measures of interest rate risk. The two basic types of
duration are Macaulay Duration and modified duration. Duration is used to indicate
the sensitivity of a bond's price to changes in the yield to maturity. Convexity is a
second-order measure of this sensitivity.

7) The dollar value of a basis point (DV01) is a measure of bond price sensitivity that is
closely related to modified duration. It shows the dollar change in the price of a bond due
to a change in yield of one basis point.

8) Treasury STRIPS are synthetically created zero coupon bonds; they are "stripped"
from the coupons and principal of Treasury notes and bonds.
CHAPTER 4 PROBLEMS

1. Which of the following is true?

a. if a bond's coupon rate exceeds the yield to maturity, the bond's price is greater than its
face value
b. if a bond's coupon rate exceeds the yield to maturity, the bond's price equals its face
value
c. if a bond's coupon rate exceeds the yield to maturity, the bond's price is less than its
face value
d. none of the above

2. If the annual percentage rate on a loan is 5% and compounding takes place quarterly,
the effective annual rate is:
a. 5.0000%
b. 5.0304%
c. 5.0945%
d. 5.1024%

3. If the yield curve is upward-sloping,

a. spot rates = forward rates
b. spot rates ≥ forward rates
c. spot rates ≤ forward rates
d. spot rates decrease with maturity

4. A five-year zero coupon bond has a yield to maturity of 4%. What is its modified
duration?
a. 5.0000
b. 4.8076
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c. 4.9600
d. none of the above

5. A bond's modified duration is 4 and its yield to maturity is 5%. The bond has a face
value of $1,000 and a market price of $1,090. If the yield curve shifts up by one basis
point, the dollar change in the price of the bond is:
a. $0.436
b.-$0.436
c. $4.36
d.-$4.36

6. A bond's modified duration is 6 and its yield to maturity is 4%. The bond has a face
value of $1,000 and a market price of $890. If the yield curve shifts down by ten basis
points, the percentage change in the price of the bond is:
a. 0.06%
b.-0.06%
c. 0.60%
d.-0.60%

7. Which of the following is true of convexity?

a. convexity is always positive for a non-callable bond
b. convexity is always negative for a non-callable bond
c. convexity equals duration when a bond sells for its face value
d. none of the above

8. A bond's modified duration is 5 and its convexity is 25. The yield to maturity is 3%,
and the bond's price is $1,100. If the yield curve shifts up by one hundred basis points,
what is the change in the bond's price?
a. 55.00
b. 56.375
c. -55.00
d. -56.375

9. Which of the following has the largest modified duration?

a. a three-year 10% coupon bond
b. a three-year zero coupon bond
c. an eight-year 10% coupon bond
d. an eight-year zero coupon bond

10. Which of the following has the smallest modified duration?

a. a three-year 10% coupon bond
b. a three-year zero coupon bond
c. an eight-year 10% coupon bond
d. an eight-year zero coupon bond

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CHAPTER 4 SOLUTIONS

1. A

2. C

3. C

4. B

The Macaulay duration of a five-year zero coupon bond is 5. Modified

duration equals Macaulay duration divided by one plus the yield to maturity.
Therefore, the modified duration of this bond is 5/(1.04) = 4.8076.

5. B

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 The modified duration equals 4 and the yield to maturity equals 5%. The face
value equals $1,000 and the market price equals $1,090. The yield curve shifts up
by one basis point. The dollar change in the price of the bond is:

ΔP = -DPΔy

ΔP = (-4)(1,090)(0.0001)

ΔP = -$0.436

6. C

The modified duration equals 6 and the yield to maturity equals 4%. The face
value equals $1,000 and the market price equals $890. The yield curve shifts
down by ten basis points. The percentage change in the price of the bond is:

ΔP/P = -DΔy

ΔP/P = -(6)(-0.0010) = 0.0060 = 0.60%

7. A

8. D

The modified duration equals 5 and the convexity is 25. The yield to maturity
equals 3% and the bond's price equals $1,100. The yield curve shifts up by one
hundred basis points. The dollar change in the price of the bond is:

ΔP = -DPΔy + 0.5CP(Δy)2

ΔP = -(5)(1100)(0.01) + 0.5(25)(1100) (0.01)2

ΔP = -55 + 1.375 = -$53.625

9. D

10. A

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