When in some upcountries desalination?

when in some upcountries desalination and using sea water is resorted to such that they don't have any water scarcity why not we? Are we in dearth of knolwedge or the project is not viabe in India or cost factor. Who is holding this prog which will solve of water problem once and for all as along as seas are existing . Methods available for Desalination : istillation !"ulti!stage flash distillation #"$%& !"ultiple!effect evaporator #"' ("'& !)apor!compression evaporation #)*& 'vaporation+condensation "embrane processes 'lectrodialysis reversal #' ,& !,everse osmosis #,-& !.ano filtration & %orward osmosis#%-& "embrane distillation #" & %ree/ing 0eothermal desalination $olar humidification #1 12 "'1& "ethane hydrate crystallisation 1igh grade water recycling As of 3uly 45562 the two leading methods were reverse osmosis #67.48 of installed capacity world!wide& and multi!stage flash #9:.;8&.<6=<not in citation given= >he traditional process used in these operations is vacuum distillation?essentially the boiling of water at less than atmospheric pressure and thus a much lower temperature than normal. ue to the reduced temperature2 energy is saved.<citation needed= In the last decade2 membrane processes have grown very fast2 and most new facilities use reverse osmosis technology.<citation needed= "embrane processes use semi! permeable membranes and pressure to separate salts from water.<citation needed= "embrane systems typically use less energy than thermal distillation2 which has led to a reduction in overall desalination costs over the past decade. esalination remains energy intensive2 however2 and future costs will continue to depend on the price of both energy and desalination technology.rward osmosis employs a passive membrane filter that is hydrophilic and slowly permeable to water2 and blocks a portion of the solutes. <citation needed= Water is driven across the membrane by osmotic pressure created by food grade concentrate on the clean side of the membrane.<citation needed= %orward osmosis systems are passive in that they re@uire no energy input.<citation needed= >hey are used for emergency desalination purposes in seawater and floodwater settings.

Economics

A number of factors determine the capital and operating costs for desalinationA capacity and type of facility2 location2 feed water2 labor2 energy2 financing and concentrate disposal. esalination stills now control pressure2 temperature and brine concentrations to optimi/e the water extraction efficiency. .uclear!powered desalination might be economical on a large scale2 and there is a pilot plant in the former B$$,.<;= *ritics point to the high costs of desalination technologies2 especially for poor third world countries2 the impracticability and cost of transporting or piping massive amounts of desalinated seawater throughout the interiors of large countries2 and the byproduct of concentrated seawater2 which some environmentalists have claimed Cis a major cause of marine pollution when dumped back into the oceans at high temperaturesC<:= It should be noted that typically the reverse osmosis technology that is used to desalinate water does not produce this Chot waterC as a byproduct. Additionally2 depending on the prevailing currents of receiving waters2 the seawater concentrate byproduct can be diluted and dispersed to background levels within relatively short distances of the ocean outlet. While noting that costs are falling2 and generally positive about the technology for affluent areas that are proximate to oceans2 one study argues that C esalinated water may be a solution for some water!stress regions2 but not for places that are poor2 deep in the interior of a continent2 or at high elevation. Bnfortunately2 that includes some of the places with biggest water problems.C and CIndeed2 one needs to lift the water by 4555 m2 or transport it over more than D:55 km to get transport costs e@ual to the desalination costs. >hus2 desalinated water is only expensive in places far from the sea2 like .ew elhi2 or in high places2 like "exico *ity. esalinated water is also expensive in places that are both somewhat far from the sea and somewhat high2 such as ,iyadh and 1arare. In other places2 the dominant cost is desalination2 not transport. >his leads to relatively low costs in places like Eeijing2 Eangkok2 Farago/a2 Ghoenix2 and2 of course2 coastal cities like >ripoli.C<7= %or cities on the coast2 desalination is being increasingly viewed as an untapped and unlimited water storage. Israel is now desalini/ing water at a cost of ;9 cents per cubic meter.<H= $ingapore is desalini/ing water for 6I cents per cubic meter.<I= "any large coastal cities in developed countries are considering the feasibility of seawater desalination2 due to its cost effectiveness compared with other water supply options2 which can include mandatory installation of rainwater tanks or stormwater harvesting infrastructure. $tudies have shown that desalination is among the most cost!effective options for boosting water supply in major Australian state capitals.<citation needed= >he city of Gerth has been successfully<citation needed= operating a reverse osmosis seawater desalination plant since 455:2 and the West Australian government has announced that a second plant will be built to service the city's needs. A desalination plant is to be built in Australia's largest city2 $ydney2 and Wonthaggi2 )ictoria in the near future.<D5= >he Gerth desalination plant is powered partially by renewable energy from the 'mu owns Wind %arm<DD=. >he $ydney plant will be powered entirely from renewable sources<D4=2 thereby eliminating harmful greenhouse gas emissions to the environment2 a common argument used against seawater desalination due to the energy re@uirements of the technology. >he purchase or production of renewable energy to power

desalination plants naturally adds to the capital and+or operating costs of desalination. 1owever2 recent experience in Gerth and $ydney indicates that the additional cost is acceptable to communities2 as a city may then augment its water supply without doing environmental harm to the atmosphere. >he 0old *oast desalination plant will be powered entirely from fossil fuels and at a time when the coal fired power stations have significantly reduced capacity due to the drought. At a rate of over 6 kWh per cubic meter to produce this will be the most expensive source of water in Australia. Environmental -ne of the main environmental considerations of ocean water desalination plants is the impact of the open ocean water intakes2 especially when co!located with power plants. "any proposed ocean desalination plants initial plans relied on these intakes despite perpetuating ongoing huge impacts on marine life. In the Bnited $tates2 due to a recent court ruling under the *lean Water Act these intakes are no longer viable without reducing mortality by ninety percent of the lifeforce of the oceanJ the plankton2 fish eggs and fish larvae.<D9= >here are alternatives including beach wells that eliminate this concern2 but re@uire more energy and higher costs while limiting output.<D6= -ther environmental concerns include air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from the power plants that provide electricity and+or thermal energy to the desalination plants. ,egardless of the method used2 there is always a highly concentrated waste product consisting of everything that was removed from the created fresh water. >his is sometimes referred to as brine2 which is also a common term for the byproduct of recycled water schemes that is often disposed of in the ocean. >hese concentrates are classified by the Bnited $tates 'nvironmental Grotection Agency as industrial wastes. With coastal facilities2 it may be possible to return it to the sea without harm if this concentrate does not exceed the normal ocean salinity gradients to which osmoregulators are accustomed. ,everse osmosis2 for instance2 may re@uire the disposal of wastewater with a salinity twice that of normal seawater. >he benthic community cannot accommodate such an extreme change in salinity and many filter!feeding animals would be destroyed when the water is returned to the ocean. >his presents an increasing problem further inland2 where one needs to avoid ruining existing fresh water supplies such as ponds2 rivers and a@uifers. As such2 proper disposal of concentrate needs to be investigated during the design phases. >o limit the environmental impact of returning the brine to the ocean2 it can be diluted with another stream of water entering the ocean2 such as the outfall of a wastewater treatment plant or power plant. While seawater power plant cooling water outfalls are not freshwater like wastewater treatment plant outfalls2 the salinity of the brine will still be reduced. If the power plant is medium to large si/ed and the desalination plant is not enormous2 the flow of the power plant's cooling water is likely to be at least several times larger than that of the desalination plant. Another method to reduce the increase in salinity is to spread the brine over a very large area so that there is only a slight increase in salinity. %or example2 once the pipeline containing the brine reaches the sea floor2 it can split off into many branches2 each one releasing the brine gradually along its length through small holes. >his method can be used in combination with the joining of the brine with power plant or wastewater plant outfalls.

>he concentrated seawater has the potential to harm ecosystems2 especially marine environments in regions with low turbidity and high evaporation that already have elevated salinity. 'xamples of such locations are the Gersian 0ulf2 the ,ed $ea and2 in particular2 coral lagoons of atolls and other tropical islands around the world. Eecause the brine is more dense than the surrounding sea water due to the higher solute concentration2 discharge into water bodies means that the ecosystems on the bed of the water body are most at risk because the brine sinks and remains there long enough to damage the ecosystems. *areful re!introduction can minimi/e this problem. %or example2 for the desalination plant and ocean outlet structures to be built in $ydney from late 45572 the water authority states that the ocean outlets will be placed in locations at the seabed that will maximise the dispersal of the concentrated seawater2 such that it will be indistinguishable from normal seawater between ;5 metres and 7; metres from the outlet points. $ydney is fortunate to have typical oceanographic conditions off the coast that allow for such rapid dilution of the concentrated byproduct2 thereby minimising harm to the environment. In Gerth2 Australia2 in 45572 a wind powered desalination plant was opened. >he water is sucked in from the ocean at only 5.D meter per second2 which is slow enough to let fish escape. >he plant provides nearly 65 million gallons of clean water per day. <4= Desalination compared to other water supply options Increased water conservation and water use efficiency remain the most cost effective priority for supplying water .<D;= While comparing ocean water desalination to wastewater reclamation for drinking water shows desalination as the first option2 using reclamation for irrigation and industrial use provides multiple benefits.<D:= Brban runoff and storm water capture also provide multiple benefits in treating2 restoring and recharging groundwater.<D7= Experimental techniques and other developments In the past many novel desalination techni@ues have been researched with varying degrees of success. $ome are still on the drawing board now while others have attracted research funding. %or example2 to offset the energy re@uirements of desalination2 the B.$. 0overnment is working to develop practical solar desalination. As an example of newer theoretical approaches for desalination2 focusing specifically on maximi/ing energy efficiency and cost effectiveness2 we may consider the Gassarell Grocess. -ther approaches involve the use of geothermal energy. An example would be the work being done by $ $B *I>I International *onsortium for Advanced >echnologies and $ecurity.<DH= %rom an environmental and economic point of view2 in most locations geothermal desalination can be preferable to using fossil groundwater or surface water for human needs2 as in many regions the available surface and groundwater resources already have long been under severe stress. ,ecent research in the B$ indicates that nanotube membranes may prove to be extremely effective for water filtration and may produce a viable water desalination process that would re@uire substantially less energy than reverse osmosis.

,easons for non use of esalination methods in India A ! *ost of productionJ !Kack of knowledgeJ ! involvement of the 0overnment !